The New SouthThe New South

SS8H7: Student will evaluate key political, social, SS8H7: Student will evaluate key political, social, and economic changes that occurred in Georgia and economic changes that occurred in Georgia between 1877-1918between 1877-1918

a. Evaluate the impact of the Bourbon Triumvirate, a. Evaluate the impact of the Bourbon Triumvirate, Henry Grady, International Cotton States Exposition, Henry Grady, International Cotton States Exposition, Tom Watson and the Populists, Rebecca Latimer Tom Watson and the Populists, Rebecca Latimer Felton, the 1906 Atlanta Riot, the Leo Frank case, Felton, the 1906 Atlanta Riot, the Leo Frank case, and the [effect that] the county unit system had on and the [effect that] the county unit system had on Georgia during this period. Georgia during this period.

Bourbon TriumvirateBourbon Triumvirate

Redemption EraRedemption Era : period after Reconstruction and before the “New : period after Reconstruction and before the “New South”South”

• Redeem the state from the hardships of Reconstruction (i.e.…The Redeem the state from the hardships of Reconstruction (i.e.…The Republican Party)Republican Party)

• The Bourbon TriumvirateThe Bourbon Triumvirate: Joseph Brown, Alfred Colquitt, and : Joseph Brown, Alfred Colquitt, and John GordonJohn Gordon

• Democrats who wanted stronger economic ties with northern industry but Democrats who wanted stronger economic ties with northern industry but maintain “old South traditions” maintain “old South traditions” (White Supremacy)(White Supremacy)

• The three men dominated Georgia politics for a quarter centuryThe three men dominated Georgia politics for a quarter century

Alfred ColquittJoseph Brown

John Gordon

The Bourbon TriumvirateThe Bourbon Triumvirate

• Democrats controlled Georgia’s government after Democrats controlled Georgia’s government after Reconstruction.Reconstruction.

• Powerful Democratic leaders, known as the Powerful Democratic leaders, known as the “Bourbon Triumvirate” were Joseph E. Brown, “Bourbon Triumvirate” were Joseph E. Brown, Alfred H. Colquitt, and John B. Gordon. Alfred H. Colquitt, and John B. Gordon.

• Their goals were:Their goals were:

– expand Georgia’s economy and ties with expand Georgia’s economy and ties with industries in the North;industries in the North;

– maintain the tradition of white supremacy.maintain the tradition of white supremacy.

Joseph BrownJoseph Brown

• Opened law office in Opened law office in Canton, GACanton, GA

• State senatorState senator• JudgeJudge• N. Georgia farmerN. Georgia farmer• 1857: elected governor1857: elected governor

– State’s rights activistState’s rights activist– Remained until June Remained until June

1865—lost popularity by 1865—lost popularity by asking Georgians to go asking Georgians to go along with Rad. Repub. along with Rad. Repub. Policies, believing it Policies, believing it would shorten would shorten ReconstructionReconstruction

Governor Joseph Brown

Alfred ColquittAlfred Colquitt

• Princeton Law SchoolPrinceton Law School

• State congressmanState congressman– Served at Georgia’s Served at Georgia’s

secession conventionsecession convention

• Maj. Gen. in Maj. Gen. in Confederate ArmyConfederate Army

• 1876: elected Governor1876: elected Governor– State debt reducedState debt reduced– New state constitution New state constitution

(1877)(1877)Alfred ColquittAlfred Colquitt

John B. GordonJohn B. Gordon

• Lt. Gen. in Confederate ArmyLt. Gen. in Confederate Army• US Senator from GA: 1872-1880US Senator from GA: 1872-1880

– Resigned 1880 (scandal)Resigned 1880 (scandal)– Gov. Colquitt appointed Joseph E. Gov. Colquitt appointed Joseph E.

Brown to fill his placeBrown to fill his place– Revolters within his own party Revolters within his own party

(Democrat) felt that a corrupt deal (Democrat) felt that a corrupt deal had been struckhad been struck

– Rebecca Latimer Felton was Rebecca Latimer Felton was critical of his involvementcritical of his involvement

• Contributed to the Compromise of Contributed to the Compromise of 1877—gave Rutherford B. Hayes 1877—gave Rutherford B. Hayes the presidency in exchange for the presidency in exchange for the removal of Federal troops the removal of Federal troops from the South from the South

• Manager of coal mineManager of coal mine• Rumored Head of Georgia’s KKK Rumored Head of Georgia’s KKK

during Reconstructionduring Reconstruction• 1886: elected Governor1886: elected Governor• Brought new industry to GeorgiaBrought new industry to Georgia

Lt. Gen. John B. GordonLt. Gen. John B. Gordon

The Bourbon TriumvirateThe Bourbon Triumvirate group of three (Brown, Colquitt, Gordon)—wanted to group of three (Brown, Colquitt, Gordon)—wanted to

strengthen economic ties with the North, while keeping white strengthen economic ties with the North, while keeping white supremacy—considered old Southern traditionssupremacy—considered old Southern traditions

SuccessesSuccesses

• State taxes loweredState taxes lowered

• State war debts State war debts reducedreduced

• Business and Business and industry expandedindustry expanded

FailuresFailures

• Did not improve lives of Did not improve lives of poorpoor

• Education sufferedEducation suffered

• Did not reform Did not reform prisonsprisons

• Poor working conditions Poor working conditions in factoriesin factories

Decline of the Bourbon TriumvirateDecline of the Bourbon Triumvirate

• ““Independent Democrats” criticized the Bourbons Independent Democrats” criticized the Bourbons for not attending to the needs of the poor or for not attending to the needs of the poor or improve education and working conditions in improve education and working conditions in factories. factories.

• Leaders William and Rebecca Felton worked to Leaders William and Rebecca Felton worked to improve conditions for poor Georgians using improve conditions for poor Georgians using newspapers to highlight problems in the state.newspapers to highlight problems in the state.

• The convict lease system “rented” prisoners to The convict lease system “rented” prisoners to companies to use as workers. It took many years companies to use as workers. It took many years for the poor conditions the prisoners endured to for the poor conditions the prisoners endured to be brought to light and changed. be brought to light and changed.

The New South EraThe New South Era

• Challengers to the Bourbon Triumvirate wanted Challengers to the Bourbon Triumvirate wanted Georgia to be more industrialized.Georgia to be more industrialized.

• Henry Grady was a speaker and newspaper Henry Grady was a speaker and newspaper editor. editor.

• Grady described Georgia as a place which could Grady described Georgia as a place which could have competitive industry and more efficient have competitive industry and more efficient farming.farming.

• Grady envisioned improved race relations in a Grady envisioned improved race relations in a “New South” which left its antebellum past behind. “New South” which left its antebellum past behind.

““The New South”The New South”

• New SouthNew South: A : A phrase used to phrase used to describe southern describe southern progress in the late progress in the late 1800s…1800s…IndustryIndustry!!

– Henry W. GradyHenry W. Grady: : first to use the first to use the phrase…editor for phrase…editor for the Atlanta the Atlanta ConstitutionConstitution

Henry W. GradyHenry W. Grady

Example of Georgia IndustryExample of Georgia Industry

Henry Grady: “Voice of the New Henry Grady: “Voice of the New South”South”

• 1880: became managing editor 1880: became managing editor of the Atlanta Constitutionof the Atlanta Constitution– Known for his controversial Known for his controversial

editorialseditorials• Visited northern cities and Visited northern cities and

spoke about the “New South”spoke about the “New South”– Southern economy was Southern economy was

growing as agriculture was growing as agriculture was replaced by industry (textile replaced by industry (textile mills, coal mining, tobacco mills, coal mining, tobacco factories)factories)

– Pointed out that race relations Pointed out that race relations had improved (had they?)had improved (had they?)

– Ability to sell the New South Ability to sell the New South brought jobs, recognition, and brought jobs, recognition, and investments to GA economyinvestments to GA economy

• Principal planner for 1881 Principal planner for 1881 International Cotton ExpositionInternational Cotton Exposition

• Increased circulation of Atlanta Increased circulation of Atlanta Constitution from 10,000 to Constitution from 10,000 to 140,000 (used interview 140,000 (used interview process)process)

• Died in 1889 at 39Died in 1889 at 39

Georgia’s GrangesGeorgia’s Granges• Grange: Groups of Southern Grange: Groups of Southern

sharecroppers, tenant farmers, sharecroppers, tenant farmers, and farmers with small plots of and farmers with small plots of landland– Faced growing debtsFaced growing debts– Could not feed/clothe their Could not feed/clothe their

familiesfamilies– Could not pay their debts to Could not pay their debts to

merchants/landownersmerchants/landowners• 18721872: Georgia’s Granges become : Georgia’s Granges become

political (Along with others in the political (Along with others in the South and Midwest).South and Midwest).– Applied Applied political pressure political pressure

(lobbying)(lobbying) to state legislature and to state legislature and forced the formation of a State forced the formation of a State Department of Agriculture Department of Agriculture (1(1stst in in the nation)the nation)

– Established Grange-owned Established Grange-owned stores and cotton gins to stores and cotton gins to reduce costs for farmersreduce costs for farmers

– Helped establish that farmers Helped establish that farmers wanted to improve their liveswanted to improve their lives

The National GrangeThe National Grange

The Farmers’ AllianceThe Farmers’ Alliance

• Farmers’ AllianceFarmers’ Alliance: began as social : began as social organizations in the Northwest and the organizations in the Northwest and the South.South.

– Formed Formed co-opsco-ops: purchased goods and : purchased goods and equipment directly from producers and sold to equipment directly from producers and sold to farmers at farmers at wholesale priceswholesale prices -cost of -cost of production (No taxes).production (No taxes).

– Called for more U.S. production of paper Called for more U.S. production of paper moneymoney

– Higher credit limits to farmersHigher credit limits to farmers

The Populist MovementThe Populist Movement

Rose from farmers and workers who were becoming Rose from farmers and workers who were becoming tired, poor, and discouraged!tired, poor, and discouraged!

• The GrangeThe Grange: name used for the : name used for the “Patrons of Husbandry”,“Patrons of Husbandry”, a group organized to allow social gatherings where farmers a group organized to allow social gatherings where farmers could talk about common problems.could talk about common problems.– Early 1870s prices began to dropEarly 1870s prices began to drop– Banks not lending as much money to farmersBanks not lending as much money to farmers

The Populist PartyThe Populist PartyThe Farmers’ Alliance joined The Farmers’ Alliance joined

with labor organizations with labor organizations (unions) to form this new (unions) to form this new

political party.political party.

Platform:Platform:1.1. 8 hour workday8 hour workday2.2. Gov’t ownership of Gov’t ownership of

railroad, telephone, railroad, telephone, and telegraphand telegraph

3.3. Graduated federal Graduated federal income taxincome tax

4.4. Direct election of U.S. Direct election of U.S. SenatorsSenators

5.5. Restriction of Restriction of immigrationimmigration

6.6. Use of Australian Use of Australian Ballot:Ballot:

Ballot printed by gov’t, Ballot printed by gov’t, distributed at voting distributed at voting places, and collected in places, and collected in secret sealed boxes.secret sealed boxes.

1892 Election1892 Election: : Democrat Democrat Grover Cleveland won…Grover Cleveland won…Populist candidate: James Populist candidate: James B. WeaverB. Weaver

James B. WeaverJames B. Weaver

White and black farmersWhite and black farmers

Tom WatsonTom Watson• Georgia’s best known Georgia’s best known

Populist.Populist.• 18821882: elected to Georgia : elected to Georgia

General AssemblyGeneral Assembly• 18901890: elected to Congress : elected to Congress

with backing of Farmers’ with backing of Farmers’ AllianceAlliance– Introduced the Introduced the Rural Rural

Free Delivery Bill Free Delivery Bill (RFD):(RFD): required the required the postmaster general to postmaster general to find a way to deliver mail find a way to deliver mail to rural homes free of to rural homes free of chargecharge

– Created a boom in the Created a boom in the building of roads, bridges, building of roads, bridges, and other improvements and other improvements needed for the delivery to needed for the delivery to rural areas. rural areas.

• 18961896: ran as vice-: ran as vice-president under William president under William Jennings Bryant (Lost)Jennings Bryant (Lost)

Tom Watson, PopulistTom Watson, Populist

Rebecca FeltonRebecca Felton

• A leader towards A leader towards suffragesuffrage-votes, -votes, particularly for women.particularly for women.

• Pushed for Pushed for temperancetemperance-anti-alcohol-anti-alcohol• Popular writer for the “Atlanta Constitution”Popular writer for the “Atlanta Constitution”

• Used paper as a Used paper as a forumforum (Way to communicate ideas… (Way to communicate ideas…TV, paper, radio, speech…)TV, paper, radio, speech…)

• Began Began Georgia Training School for GirlsGeorgia Training School for Girls in in AtlantaAtlanta

• With With Margaret Olivia Slocum SageMargaret Olivia Slocum Sage

• First female U.S. SenatorFirst female U.S. Senator in nation’s history in nation’s history• Replaced another Senator due to death (24 hours)Replaced another Senator due to death (24 hours)

Rebecca and William Rebecca and William FeltonFelton

• Roots of Roots of PopulistPopulist MovementMovement

• Led a group of independent Led a group of independent Democrats against the Democrats against the TriumvirateTriumvirate

• From CartersvilleFrom Cartersville

William FeltonWilliam Felton: U.S. : U.S. Congressman; served in GA Congressman; served in GA General AssemblyGeneral Assembly– Worked to improve Worked to improve

education, prison reform, education, prison reform, and paved the way for and paved the way for controls and limits on controls and limits on alcohol.alcohol.

Rebecca Latimer FeltonRebecca Latimer Felton

Picture of 1930 ProhibitionPicture of 1930 Prohibition

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

• New inventions and leaps forward in technologyNew inventions and leaps forward in technology• The rise of the factory and industryThe rise of the factory and industry

– Assembly LineAssembly Line– Poor, difficult and dangerous working conditions Poor, difficult and dangerous working conditions

(Laissez-faire)(Laissez-faire)

• Rise of the Rise of the City (Urban)City (Urban)• Labor Organizations: UnionsLabor Organizations: Unions

– Worked for the improvement of safety and working Worked for the improvement of safety and working conditions in the work place.conditions in the work place.

• Religious and Religious and Charitable (Philanthropic)Charitable (Philanthropic) organizations came to the aid of workers and organizations came to the aid of workers and child laborers.child laborers.

The Progressive MovementThe Progressive Movement

Goal: Progress!Goal: Progress!

SocietySociety BusinessBusiness GovernmentGovernment•fight poverty fight poverty

•improve improve working working conditionsconditions

•votes for votes for womenwomen

•prison reformprison reform

•outlaw outlaw alcoholalcohol

•break up large break up large corporationscorporations

•regulate regulate businessesbusinesses

•decrease decrease corporate power corporate power in governmentin government

•greater voice greater voice of “the of “the people”people”

•more votersmore voters

•did not seek did not seek to increase to increase participation participation of blacks in of blacks in electionselections