THE NEW SOUTH AND THE FRONTIER
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Transcript of THE NEW SOUTH AND THE FRONTIER
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THE NEW SOUTH THE NEW SOUTH AND AND
THE FRONTIERTHE FRONTIER
Unit IVDUnit IVD
AP United States HistoryAP United States History
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Fundamental Questions
►Did the Civil War and Reconstruction solve the nation’s issues?
►How better off was the nation after the Civil War and Reconstruction?
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The “New” South
►The Compromise of 1877 withdrew federal troops from former Confederate states, ended Reconstruction with a promise of development
►New vision From slave-dependency to self-sufficient and
diverse agricultural Industrialization and infrastructure Redemption…
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Southern Agriculture
► Cotton remained the dominant crop Cotton farms doubled Large supply of world’s cotton drove prices down
► Diversity of crops Peanuts, sweet potatoes, soybeans Tobacco and cigarette companies
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Sharecropping
► 50% white farmers and 75% black farmers► Crop liens kept small farmers in constant debt
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Southern Industry► Growth of cities in
the South Textiles, steel,
lumber, tobacco
► Industrialization spearheaded by cheap labor rates
► More railroads built and designed on national standards
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“Southern” Economy
►Northern investment control and slow progress kept the South poor
►Cheap labor wages and sharecropping►Poor education attributed to Southern
poverty
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Redemption► Redeemers
Rid of Republican state governments
White supremacy laissez-faire
economics
► Hamburg Massacre (July 1876)
► Senator Benjamin Tillman (D-SC)
► Origin of Bible Belt► Instituted Jim Crow
laws
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Segregation► Supreme Court
Civil Rights Cases of 1883► Civil Rights Act of 1875
unconstitutional► Segregation may be practiced by
private individuals and businesses
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)► Established “separate but equal”
► Jim Crow Laws Established by white Redeemer
state governments Legitimized by Plessy v.
Ferguson Examples
► Segregated public facilities and accommodations
► Disenfranchisement Grandfather clauses Literacy tests Poll taxes
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Frontier Thesis
► Frederick Jackson Turner in 1893► The frontier defined the American identity► It promoted independence and individualism unlike
European conformity and social structure► The distinct American political society was a result
of surviving the frontier► The edge of the frontier was the figurative border
of civilization and the wild► The loss of the frontier could signal the beginning
of social conformity and rigidity
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Railroads Drive the Expansion
► 35,000 miles in 1865 to 193,000 in 1900► Gauge standards connecting various local and
national lines► Connection of rails to cities, water ports, market
centers, Atlantic to Pacific First Transcontinental Railroad (1869)
► Federal land grants and subsidies► Overexpansion and corruption led to
consolidation by business moguls
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Expansion of Railroads
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Settling the West:Mining Frontier
► Gold and silver from California to Black Hills Comstock Lode in Nevada
(1859)
► Boomtowns and States Most settlers established
markets for miners Deadwood, Dakota; Tombstone,
Arizona
► Employed foreign-born miners South Americans brought
experience Chinese were cheap labor
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Settling the West:Cattle Frontier
► Vaqueros – Cowboys► Cattle in West to Beef
Markets in East Cattle trails connect to
railways in Kansas
► Decline Loss of land
► Homesteader claims► Commercial agriculture
Environment► Overgrazing► Cold winters
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Settling the West:Farming Frontier
► Homestead Act of 1862 160 acres for $10 and to live on and
cultivate land for 5 years► Oklahoma Land Rush (April 1889)
Sooners and Boomers► Exodusters
Southern free/freed blacks► Innovation
Barbed wire Dry farming
► Bonanza Farms Outside capital and new machinery
led to massive and lucrative farms► National Grange of the Patrons of
Husbandry Movement to better connect farmers
amid dreary rural life Cooperatives
► Stores, elevators, insurance
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Manifest Destiny and the Natives► Most western tribes based on a
nomadic lifestyle and buffalo herds Whites decimated buffalo herds
for fur, sport, pests► Reservations
Concentrations of tribes through separate treaties
Tribal chiefs selected by white officials
► Indian Wars Theaters Sand Creek Massacre (1864) Little Big Horn (1876)
► Destruction of Colonel George Custer’s unit
► A Century of Dishonor by Helen Hunt Jackson in 1881 Nonfiction historical account of
government policies toward Natives
Purpose was to shed light on atrocities and pursue humane and equal treatment
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Reactions Toward and By Natives
► Assimilation Formal education and religious
conversion A “white” education
► Dawes Severalty Act (1887) Broke up tribal organizations; lands divided into 160 acre plots; citizenship grants; disease, alcoholism, poverty,
starvation► Ghost Dance Movement
Wovoka’s attempt to drive the settlers out through circle dances and chants
► Wounded Knee (1890) Massacre of Sioux men, women,
and children signifying the end of the Indian Wars
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