How did the United States How did the United States build a government, expand build a government, expand

its territory, and conduct its territory, and conduct foreign policy in its early foreign policy in its early

years?years?

How did debate over the role How did debate over the role of government lead to the of government lead to the

formation of political parties?formation of political parties?

Sec 1: Government and Party Politics

Building the Federal Government  Main Idea: The new government started out with enormous problems, including a large national debt, a small military, Spain’s efforts to keep trade closed along the Mississippi River, and British forts still maintained along the Great Lakes. Important tasks for the new republic included electing a president, and setting up the judiciary and Cabinet.

Hamilton’s Plans Stir Debate Main Idea: As a Federalist, Hamilton believed that a strong centralized government was necessary to preserve the Union. However, as he developed plans for paying off the new nation’s great debts, his plans received fierce and vocation opposition from Antifederalists.

Opposing Hamilton Main Idea: Opposition to Hamilton’s plans grew steadily in the South, where the states’ income from agriculture enabled them to pay their share of the country’s debts.

A Two-Party System EmergesMain Idea: The federal government, headed by Washington and Hamilton, sought to secure its power and authority. Meanwhile the opposition, led by Madison and Jefferson, grew stronger.

Problems Faced by Problems Faced by the New the New

GovernmentGovernment Huge war debt from

the Revolutionary War

No permanent capital

No federal officers beyond Washington, John Adams, and the newly elected Congress

The oath of office was administered

in New York City George Washington repeated the

oath of office of President Inauguration: official swearing-in

ceremony Cabinet: leaders of the executive

departments of the federal government

First Inauguration

Administration: staff in the executive branch Precedent: something done or said that

becomes an example, rule, or tradition Established a tone of dignity; Washington

believed that parties and pomp were necessary to command the respect of the world

Elected to second term in 1792 Tradition of being elected for only two terms

President Washington

Leaders President: George

Washington

Vice President: John Adams

The First President

Constitution called for Supreme Court

and smaller ones Left details of organization to

Congress Judiciary Act of 1789 – system of

courts Thirteen federal district courts John Jay was first Chief Justice of the

U.S.

Setting Up the Judiciary

Foreign affairs: relations with

foreign countries; the Secretary of State heads the State Department and coordinated U.S. involvement with foreign countries

Domestic affairs: Issues relating to a country’s internal affairs

Government AffairsGovernment Affairs

Cabinet: officials selected by the

President to head the major departments of the executive branch and to advise the President

Attorney General: Edmund Randolph Secretary of War: Henry Knox Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson Secretary of the Treasury: Alexander

Hamilton

Cabinet

Thomas Jefferson

Planter, lawyer, and diplomat; had served several years as ambassador to France

Writer, inventor, and violinist

Founded the University of Virginia

Alexander Hamilton

Brilliant man Private secretary to

General Washington

Believed that governmental power could accomplish great things

Hamilton and Jefferson in Conflict• Hamilton: strong central government led by wealthy, educated• Jefferson: strong state, local government; people’s participation • Hamilton has Northern support; Jefferson has Southern,

Western

Hamilton and Jefferson Debate

Hamilton’s Economic Plan• U.S. owes millions to foreign countries, private citizens• Plan—pay foreign debt, issue new bonds, assume states’ debt• Some Southern states have paid debts, against taxes to pay for

North

Hamilton’s Program Supported strong

national power Little faith in the

people Felt that government

needed to direct the development of the American economy

Hamilton’s Plan: take on Revolutionary War debts of states

Wanted to charter a Bank of the U.S.

Southern states would support the debt

plan, if northern states would support the plan to locate the capital in the South

Hamilton’s strategy: - Creditors owed money by the

government did not want government to collapse

- Creditors were concerned with the future of the U.S. so they would get paid

Set up a budget payment plan: sell government bonds

DealDeal

Hamilton’s Plan for Restructuring Debt

Hamilton’s Opponents

Washington sided with Hamilton

Thomas Jefferson resigned from the Cabinet in 1793.

Believed that Hamilton was betraying the spirit of the Revolution

Had more faith in the people

Interpretation of Constitution

Strict construction – government should not do anything unless specified in the Constitution

Loose construction – government could do anything that was not forbidden in the Constitution

Payment PlanPayment Plan

Tariff enacted in 1789 to tax imported goods to raise money

1791, congress placed a tax on whiskey

Fund set up to pay creditors slowly, with interest

Whiskey RebellionWhiskey Rebellion Corn made into

whiskey Used as a kind of

currency Rebels closed courts

and attacked tax collectors

1794, army of 12,000 men put down the rebellion in Pennsylvania to demonstrate the power of the government

Stood for a more democratic

republic Along with Federalists, they

became the first political parties: a group of people who seek to win elections and hold public office in order to control government policy and programs

Democratic Democratic RepublicansRepublicans

Chapter 2 Section 2Chapter 2 Section 2How did foreign policy How did foreign policy challenges affect political challenges affect political debate and shape American debate and shape American government?government?

The Struggle Over Foreign Policy

Conflict in the Ohio Valley Main Idea: From the forts they maintained along the Great Lakes, the British supplied the Miami Indians and their allies with arms and ammunition. The British hoped to limit American settlement in the Northwest Territory. This led to violent conflict.

American Relations With EuropeMain Idea: While the British were helping Native Americans take a stand against theUnited States, Americans became embroiled in the first major foreign policy event of its short history: the French Revolution.

The Parties Debate Foreign PolicyMain Idea: The Federalists and Antifederalists conflicted over many issues concerning government power. A crisis in France briefly united the nation, but the Alien and Sedition Acts and the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions soon revealed the party divisions once again.

The Election of 1800Main Idea: Complications in the election of 1800 forced the House of Representatives to choose between Jefferson and Aaron Burr. Burr had been Jefferson’s running mate, and both men won 73 electoral votes. To avoid another electoral crisis, in 1804 the Constitution was amended to require electors to vote separately for President and Vice President.

French Revolution 1789 French people

overthrew King Louis XVI

During the Reign of Terror, thousands of people were executed,

including King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette

War Federalists opposed

the French Revolution, while Jefferson and his supporters thought of it as an extension of the American Revolution

War broke out between Great Britain and France

America neutral

Jay’s TreatyJay’s Treaty Washington sided

with Britain in war because of British navy

Britain agreed to leave the forts in Northwest Territory

Expanded trade, but did not solve ship problem of stopping American ships to search for British subjects

Lost support of many Americans

Washington’s Washington’s LegacyLegacy

Washington was famous for his honesty, dignity, an self-control

He was very popular in his first four years

Problems clouded his second term

Many distrusted the government

Many disliked Hamilton’s economic plans

Jefferson resigned in 1793

Divisions in the government developed

Capital City First government was in New

York City Capital moved to Philadelphia in

1790 Residence Act of 1790: 10-

square-mile stretch of land on Virginia-Maryland border

District of Columbia Benjamin Banneker: surveyor Pierre-Charles L’Enfant

developed the city plan with broad streets, the White House for the President’s residence, and the Capitol building for Congress; moved in 1800

U.S. Response to Events in EuropeReactions to the French Revolution• Federalists pro-British; Democratic-Republicans pro-

French• Washington declares neutrality, will not support either

side• Edmond Genêt, French diplomat, violates diplomatic

protocol

Treaty with Spain• Spain negotiates with Thomas Pinckney, U.S. minister

to Britain• Pinckney’s Treaty of 1795, or Treaty of San Lorenzo,

signed:- Spain gives up claims to western U.S. - Florida-U.S. boundary set at 31st parallel- Mississippi River open to U.S. traffic

Washington’s Washington’s Farewell AddressFarewell Address

“[A system of political parties] agitates the Community with ill-founded jealousies and false alarms, kindles the animosity of one part against another, [and] foments [stirs up] occasional riot and insurrection.” 1796

Election of 1796Election of 1796 Washington set a

precedent of serving two terms

John Adams ran against Thomas Jefferson.

Adams elected with Jefferson his Vice President (from different political parties)

John AdamsJohn Adams Second President Lacked the prestige

of Washington Rise of political

parties Threat of war from

abroad with the French over Jay’s Treaty

French began seizing American ships in French harbors

XYZ AffairXYZ Affair French were seizing

American ships X, Y, and Z were

French agents sent by Tallyrand to demand a bribe from America to see him

Americans returned home

Undeclared war with France

Transparency: The XYZ Affair

First Party-Based Elections• 1796, Federalist John Adams elected president

- Jefferson, a Democratic-Republican, is vice-president

• Result of sectionalism, placing regional interests above nation

Adams Provokes Criticism

Adams Tries to Avoid War• French see Jay’s Treaty as violation of alliance;

seize U.S. ships• XYZ Affair—French officials demand bribe to see

foreign minister• Congress creates navy department; Washington

called to lead army • Undeclared naval war rages between France,

U.S. for two years

Alien ActAlien Act

President gained the right to imprison or deport citizens of other countries residing in the U.S.

Sedition ActSedition Act Persons who wrote,

published, or said anything “of a false, scandalous, and malicious” nature against the American government or its officials could be jailed or fined

Virginia and Virginia and Kentucky Kentucky

ResolutionsResolutions Jefferson, Madison, and others felt the Sedition Act violated free speech

Legislatures of two states came up with “null and void” idea

Stated that states had the right to judge whether federal laws agreed with the Constitution

NullificationNullification

Principle that a state could declare a federal law “null and void” in a state

Principle unresolved

Prosser’s RebellionProsser’s Rebellion

Gabriel Prosser, a blacksmith, in Richmond, Virginia, led a rebellion. It failed and twenty of them were executed.

Election of 1800Election of 1800

Personal attacks Jefferson versus

Adams Jefferson did not

gain a majority so decided in the House of Representatives

Transfer of PowerTransfer of Power

Peaceful Americans must be

willing to disagree peacefully

Chapter 2 Section 3Chapter 2 Section 3What were the successes and What were the successes and

failures of the Jefferson failures of the Jefferson administrations?administrations?

The Age of Jefferson

Sec 3: The Age of Jefferson

Pursuing Republican Principles Main Idea: Jefferson and his administration set out to do things quite differently from their Federalist predecessors. Jefferson cut taxes but succeeded at cutting the national debt by streamlining government bureaucracy. Federal revenue also surged due to growth in foreign trade and sale of federal lands.

John Marshall’s Supreme CourtMain Idea: John Marshall, a Federalist, became the Chief Justice of the United States in 1801. His four-part legacy and his participation in over 1,000 court decisions made a tremendous impact on the nation’s history.

The Nation ExpandsMain Idea: Jefferson insisted that farm ownership was essential to the freedom of white Americans. Yet, without expansion there would not be enough farms for the rapidly growing population. As a result, Jefferson set his sights on expanding the U.S. to the Pacific.

Jefferson’s Foreign Troubles Main Idea: While Jefferson succeeded in his plans to expand to the west, he faced significant challenges to solidifying the position of the United States as an international power.

Reducing Reducing GovernmentGovernment

Jefferson reversed much of what the Federalists had done, such as presidential style; addressed as “Mr. President”

Reduced taxes Cut the bureaucracy – the departments and

workers that make up the federal government

Slashed the size of the army to 3,000 men Let stand the Bank of the United States

since charter would expire in 1811

Rivals to JeffersonRivals to Jefferson Aaron Burr: Vice

President Alexander

Hamilton, now a lawyer in New York

Burr killed Hamilton in a duel in 1804, ending his political future

Judiciary ActsJudiciary Acts Judiciary Act of 1789: created a

national court system with three circuit courts and thirteen district courts, headed by the Supreme Court

Stated that the Supreme Court would settle differences between state and federal laws

Judiciary ActsJudiciary Acts Judiciary Act of 1801: decreased the

number of Supreme Court justices and increased the number of federal judges. Adams filled the new posts to have more Federalists judges;

Known as midnight judges Angered Jefferson who felt that he

should appoint new judges from his political party

John MarshallJohn Marshall Federalist leader Became Chief

Justice in 1801 and held post for 34 years

Established principle of constitutional law – judicial review

Insisted federal laws were superior to state laws

Marbury v. MadisonMarbury v. Madison Adams appointed Marbury as justice of

the peace for the District of Columbia Secretary of State Madison never

delivered the papers Marbury sued Madison Chief Justice Marshall ruled against

Marbury; declared part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional

Established the power of judicial review

Judicial ReviewJudicial Review Enables federal courts to review state

laws and court decisions Can decide if laws passed by

Congress are constitutional

The Marshall Court

Louisiana Purchase Northwest Ordinance

of 1787: established a process by which territories could become states

Land Act of 1800: Americans able to buy land in small parcels and on credit

Napoleon, the French ruler, took over much of the Spanish land in the West and charged large sums of money from American traders to use the Mississippi River and New Orleans

Louisiana PurchaseLouisiana Purchase France controlled New Orleans Napoleon failed to stop a rebellion in

Haiti Jefferson sent James Monroe to Paris to

buy New Orleans for $10 million, but he bought all French land for $15 million

Jefferson overcame doubts about constitutionality of buying land and signed purchase

Doubled the size of the U.S.

Lewis and Clark Lewis and Clark ExpeditionExpedition

Meriwether Lewis and William Clark explored the Louisiana Purchase in 1804 to make contact with Native Americans and to gather information about the region’s natural resources

Sacajawea and husband were interpreters

Zebulon PikeZebulon Pike

Traveled as far west as the Rockies and then south into Spanish-held territory between 1806 and 1807

Pike’s Peak

Foreign PolicyForeign Policy Jay’s Treaty expired

in 1805 Great Britain and

France at war again Harassing American

ships; British kidnapping American sailors

Leopard incident – British ship, the Leopard, attacked the U.S.S. Chesapeake, inflicting 21 casualties in search of deserters from the British navy

Barbary War Barbary States of North Africa used

piracy for profit U.S. had paid prote4ction money to

the Barbary States Price increased, so Jefferson

blockaded the port of Tripoli Peace in 1805

Reexport Trade War between Britain and France with

British capturing French merchant ships Americans brought cargoes from French

islands to American ports, and then shipped them to France

British began to confiscate American merchant ships for trading with the French

British began to impress American sailors

The Reexport Trade in Action

Embargo of 1807Embargo of 1807 Outlawed almost all trade with

foreign countries Little effect on British or French trade Americans smuggled goods to Europe

in defiance of the embargo (a restriction of trade)

Jefferson used navy and federal agents to enforce the law

Ruined Jefferson’s second term

Election of 1808Election of 1808

James Madison was elected president

Jefferson retired to his home

Chapter 2 Section 4Chapter 2 Section 4Why did the United States go Why did the United States go to war with Britain, and what to war with Britain, and what was the outcome of that war?was the outcome of that war?

Sec 4: The War of 1812

Gearing Up for WarMain Idea: Democratic Republicans felt humiliated by the failure of the 1807 embargo against Britain. With persistent British abuses on the oceans, and stepped-up Native American resistance in the West, Americans increasingly blamed the British for their problems.

War Breaks OutMain Idea: President Madison urged Congress to declare war on Britain in June of 1812. Disunited, unprepared, and with only a small army and navy, the United States went to war once again with the world’s greatest power.

War’s Aftermath and EffectsMain Idea: After the War of 1812 and Jackson’s victory in New Orleans, Americans experienced a surge of nationalism and a new confidence in the strength of their republic. By weathering a difficult war, the nation seemed certain to endure. Also, westward expansion contributed to a union that was bigger and stronger than ever.

Northwest Northwest Ordinance of 1787Ordinance of 1787

No state northwest of the Ohio River could be a slave state

Missouri not covered by this law Northern congressmen worried that if

Missouri was admitted as a slave state, the balance of power would tip toward the South

War in the Old War in the Old NorthwestNorthwest

American Revolution weakened Iroquois and Cherokee

Miami, Delaware, Shawnee, and other Native American groups grouped to fight expansion

Miamitown 1790 – Little Turtle and Blue Jacket defeat army

Expedition led by Arthur St. Clair defeated

Battles-Army Battles-Army VictoriesVictories

Legion of the U.S. led by General Wayne win at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in Ohio

Native American groups forced to accept Treaty of Greenville

Miami, Delaware, Shawnee, and other groups lost southern two thirds of Ohio

Ohio River no longer a permanent boundary between their land and settlers

Native American Reaction

1. Accept white culture 2. Blending Indian and American

cultures 3. Returning to Indian religious

traditions 4. Taking military actions

Accepting White Accepting White CultureCulture

Little Turtle-leader of the Miami people

Adopted some American customs

Tried to live peacefully with settlers

Blending CulturesBlending Cultures Handsome Lake - a

Seneca called for a rebirth of Seneca culture that would blend customs of both Native Americans and Americans

Urged his people to abandon war and focus on rituals

Returning to Returning to TraditionsTraditions

Tenskwatawa (the Prophet) called for a rejection of European ways and a return to tradition

Established Prophetstown in Indiana; had warlike attitude

Military ActionMilitary Action Tecumseh believed

that Native Americans must unite the Native American groups to fight the Americans; brother of Tenskwatawa

Battle of Tippecanoe – William Henry Harrison was attacked by Tenskwatawa; Prophetstown burned

ResultResult Tecumseh dies in Canada during the

War of 1812 at the Battle of the Thames

Tecumseh does not accomplish goal of uniting Native Americans

Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa showed defiance and earned respect for their people and culture

Reasons for WarReasons for War Americans believed the British were

encouraging the Native Americans to attack

War Hawks (Clay and Calhoun) wanted Britain out of North America

British interference with shipping- impressment: the act of forcing

people into military service

Land WarLand War Tried to defeat British in Canada;

defeated by the British in summer of 1812; Americans were poorly equipped and led

Battle of the Thames, 1813, Americans defeated British and Native Americans, including Tecumseh

Naval WarNaval War American vessels outnumbered 20 to

1 Perry defeated British fleet on Lake

Erie, protecting northern border British blockaded coast

BaltimoreBaltimore British

bombarded Fort McHenry

Francis Scott Key watched and wrote the Star-spangled banner

Washington, D.C.Washington, D.C.

1814, British ended war with Napoleon

British seized Washington and burned the White House and the Capital

President Madison fled

War EndsWar Ends The Hartford Convention 1814: New

England considered leaving the Union; called for constitutional amendments to increase New England’s political power

Treaty of Ghent -Representatives met in Belgium -All old boundaries between the U.S.

and Britain were restored

Battle of New Battle of New OrleansOrleans

Two weeks after treaty signed

General Andrew Jackson defeated the British

Battle unified country and made Jackson a hero

War of 1812