The New Kingdom
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Transcript of The New Kingdom
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Warrior Pharaohs
The New Kingdom
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Ahmose and Kamose Egyptian rulers between two powerful
nations; Hyksos and NubiansEgyptians viewed foreigners as backwards
and barbarians, images carved on footstools
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Hyksos plans
Hyksos plan to crush Egyptians with Nubian help
Kamose leads troops north against Hyksos towards capital of Avaris
younger brother Ahmose trains for ten years before battling Hyksos
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1570 BC Ahmose Tutmosis I military
campaigns extended borders further south
Tutmosis II brother and sister married to keep power within family
Married half-sister Hatshepsut
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Regent HatshepsutTutmosis III too young to take
throne, Hatshepsut takes power as co-regent and then pharaoh
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Queen Pharaoh Hatshepsut temple of KarnakTrading expeditions to Punt
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obelisks
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RevengeTutmosis III
Series of battles and campaigns along Syrian coast
Napoleon of EgyptTemple of KarnakDestroyed all evidence
of Hatshepsut, eliminate memory and soul
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Tuthmosis: Empire
Empire: bringing different territories under the rule of one government
Egypt no longer isolated
Cultural diffusion
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Return to Peace and ProsperityTutmosis IV period of peace and
prosperity for Egypt Amenhotep III Thebes Temple to Amun Wealth and great prosperity
Great Hypostyle Hall, Temple to Amun
Colossi of Memnon
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The Heretic 1353 BC Amenhotep IV second son of
Amenhotep III, being raised studying religion, changed name to Akhenaten
Akhenaten crowned pharaoh at Karnak, promotes monotheistic religion based on sun worship, Aten
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Beauty and the Beast
Wife reputed to the most beautiful woman in the world, Nefertiti
Akhenaten’s appearance is another story
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Amarna 1344 BC Amarna period
New capital city built by Akhenaten
Queen Ti, Akhenaten’s mother, acts as regent
foreign affairs neglected Amarna letters
Artistic changes more realistic
Pharaoh seen more feminine, intimate with family
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Death of AmarnaReligion of Sun god dies with Akhenatenmemory of Akhenaten erased
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King Tut1922 discovery of Tutankhamun’s
tomb by Howard Carter Image of the god of lifeborn Tut-ankh-aten changed name
to show allegiance to old gods
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Three’s a CrowdHoremheb military commanderAy vizier and high priestrun country and maintain order Egypt has highly developed
bureaucracy
Tutankhamun dies suddenly at age 20
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To the victor the spoils…Ay desires to marry Tutankhamun’s widow, she
attempts to marry Hittite prince, but fails. Ay becomes next pharaoh, but dies without a successor.
Horemheb assumes the throne, marrying Nerfertiti’s sister.
Reopens temples to Amun at Thebes, destroys temples to Aten
Dies without an heir, appoints Rameses as his successor.
Rameses dies quickly, but produces an heir, Seti I
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19th DynastySeti I art and culture flourish building projects rebuilds AbydosAims to reclaim Empire of Egyptfights against Syrians
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Rameses II
raised for leadership of Egypt
1279 Rameses II crowned pharaoh
67 year reign more temples and monuments more childrenThe Great Ancestor well prepared by father Seti I
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Master Builder
Temple of LuxorTemple of Karnak
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Abu Simbel
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The wife
Nefartari, temple at Abu Simbel
vulture headdressPer-Ramessu city
built in the Nile delta with Hebrew slave labour
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The Legend of Kadesh
Hittites Kadesh1275 BC 20 000 man armyCelebrated as one of the greatest military
victories in Egyptian history1259 first peace treaty between Egyptians
and HittitesVideo 1Video 2Video 3
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II to IIIRameses II dies in 1212 BC age 92,
father of over 200 children. Rameses IIItrouble with the Sea PeoplesSea Peoples overrun the Hittites and settle
along the coast.Ramses III defends Egypt on all fronts
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Decline
division within Egyptrise of other empires Libyan, Nubian, Persian pharaohs rule
Egypt.
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Persians defeated by Greeks under Alexander the Great.
Upon Alexander’s death, Ptolemy is given control of Egypt; the first pharaoh of the Ptolemaic dynasty.
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Til death do us part
Ptolemies built Alexandria Library
Center of learning for the world
Lighthouse of Alexandria
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Cleo and Julie
51 BC throne goes to Cleopatra VII and brother Ptolemy XIII
struggle for power results in civil war and Cleopatra fleeing Egypt
Arrival of Julius Caesar in Egypt brings Cleopatra back (in secret).
Cleopatra allies herself with Caesar (in more ways than one)
Cleopatra invited back to Rome, inadvertently assists in public perception that Caesar wants to be king. Julius Caesar is assassinated.
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Cleo and AntonyRoman power falls to Mark Antony and
Octavian AugustusAntony and Cleopatra ally (in more ways
than one)Roman civil war between followers of
Antony and Augustus
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The end is nigh…Antony defeated at ActiumRoman fleet enters Alexandria harbourAntony suicideCleopatra suicideLast of the pharaohs.
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Egyptian families
Respect for parentsSon responsible for
father’s tombWomen the property of
husbands, but valued producers of children
Rahotep and Nofret (son and daughter in law to Snefru)
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Social Roles
Role of Women Well treated and had
considerable legal rightscompared to other civilizations
Same legal rights as men (land, property, divorce)
Left women to be economically independent
Primary role was in domestic life Common title for a married women
in ancient Egypt was “nebet per” meaning “the lady of the house”
Bear and raise children
Role of Men Head of the family Men could have numerous
wives but economically men had only 1 wife
Labourers, craftsmen Jobs were hereditary
Jobs Labour required for
construction projects and was mostly filled by poor, serfs
Stability of Egypt thrived as skilled trades were passed from father to son
Children always learned the trade from parents; seldom could choose occupation
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Education
Contributed to stability and continuity of Egypt
All children, regardless of social class, received some education
Followed a moral and ethical guide “Instructions in Wisdom”
Goal for education was to ensure youth exhibited self control and good manners
At 14, young boys followed fathers in jobs, and girls learned from mothers in the household
Children of priests were schooled more formally Literacy was stressed for government jobs Education respected for creating a well rounded
individual
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Hieroglyphs
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History of Writing: 1) pictograms (sun= sun) 2) ideograms (sun = sun, daylight, warmth, light)3) phonograms: symbols that suggest a particular sound; related ideas and also sound (Sun = sun, son, Sunday)
Each hieroglyph found in pyramids and tombs often symbolized more than one consonant. Not only that, but actual Egyptian hieroglyphs were a combination of sound-signs, pictograms, and ideograms.
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Rosetta Stone What is the Rosetta Stone?
The Rosetta Stone is a stone with writing on it in two languages (Egyptian and Greek), using three scripts (hieroglyphic, demotic and Greek). It was carved in 196 BCE.
Why is it in three different scripts? The Rosetta Stone is written in three
scripts (hieroglyphs for religious documents; demotic- common script of Egypt; Greek- language of the rulers of Egypt at that time)
The Rosetta Stone was written in all three scripts so that the priests, government officials and rulers of Egypt could read what it said.
When was the Rosetta Stone found? The Rosetta Stone was found in 1799 by
French soldiers who were rebuilding a fort in Egypt (in a small village in Delta called Rosetta (Rashid)
What does the Rosetta Stone say? The Rosetta Stone is a text written by a
group of priests in Egypt to honour the Egyptian pharaoh. It lists all of the things that the pharaoh had done that were good for the priests and the people of Egypt.