The New The New ImperialismImperialism

Europeans extend their culture, Europeans extend their culture, government and economy.government and economy.

A Western-Dominated A Western-Dominated WorldWorld

Explain the causes of the “new Explain the causes of the “new imperialism.”imperialism.”

Identify multiple reasons to explain why Identify multiple reasons to explain why imperialism was successful.imperialism was successful.

Define the different types of colonial rule.Define the different types of colonial rule.

ImperialismImperialism

Imperialism Imperialism is the domination by one is the domination by one country of the political, economic, or country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or regioncultural life of another country or region

““Old Imperialism”….1500-1800Old Imperialism”….1500-1800– Europeans gaining cultural dominance in the Europeans gaining cultural dominance in the

Americas (Spanish, British and French Americas (Spanish, British and French colonies)colonies)

– Europeans only gained toeholds in Africa, Europeans only gained toeholds in Africa, India and ChinaIndia and China

ImperialismImperialism

““New Imperialism”….1800’sNew Imperialism”….1800’s– Western powers were stronger Western powers were stronger

politically and economicallypolitically and economically– Europeans begin an aggressive Europeans begin an aggressive

expansion worldwide, not just in the expansion worldwide, not just in the AmericasAmericas

Causes of the New Causes of the New ImperialismImperialism Economic InterestsEconomic Interests

– Industrial Revolution created needs for natural Industrial Revolution created needs for natural resourcesresources Rubber, manganese, petroleum and palm oilRubber, manganese, petroleum and palm oil

– Manufacturers hoped for new marketsManufacturers hoped for new markets– Colonies offered an outlet for expanding Colonies offered an outlet for expanding

populationpopulation Political and Military InterestsPolitical and Military Interests

– Steam powered merchant/naval vessels Steam powered merchant/naval vessels needed bases to take on coal and suppliesneeded bases to take on coal and supplies

– Nationalism led European powers to compete Nationalism led European powers to compete for similar regionsfor similar regions

– Europeans believed ruling a global empire Europeans believed ruling a global empire increased a nation’s prestigeincreased a nation’s prestige

Causes of the New Causes of the New ImperialismImperialism

Humanitarian GoalsHumanitarian Goals– Europeans felt they had a duty to spread Europeans felt they had a duty to spread

what they saw as the “blessings of western what they saw as the “blessings of western civilization”civilization”

Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism– Growing sense in the West of racial Growing sense in the West of racial

superioritysuperiority– European races, they argued, were superior European races, they argued, were superior

to all others and imperial conquest and to all others and imperial conquest and destruction of weaker races were simply destruction of weaker races were simply nature’s way of improving the human speciesnature’s way of improving the human species

– ““Survival of the fittest”Survival of the fittest”

Reasons for SuccessReasons for Success Weakness of Nonwestern StatesWeakness of Nonwestern States

– Older civilizations were in decline (Ottomans, Older civilizations were in decline (Ottomans, Mughal India and Qing China)Mughal India and Qing China)

– West Africa was experiencing wars due to West Africa was experiencing wars due to effects of the slave tradeeffects of the slave trade

Western AdvantagesWestern Advantages– Strong economies, well-organized Strong economies, well-organized

governments and powerful armies/naviesgovernments and powerful armies/navies– Superior technology and medical knowledgeSuperior technology and medical knowledge

Quinine, Maxim machine guns, repeating rifles, Quinine, Maxim machine guns, repeating rifles, steam-driven warshipssteam-driven warships

Setbacks to ImperialismSetbacks to Imperialism ResistanceResistance

– Africans and Asians strongly opposed western Africans and Asians strongly opposed western expansion into their landsexpansion into their lands

– Nationalism movements rose to expel Nationalism movements rose to expel imperialistsimperialists

Criticism at HomeCriticism at Home– Some Europeans believed colonialism was a Some Europeans believed colonialism was a

tool of the richtool of the rich– Argument: Westerners were moving toward Argument: Westerners were moving toward

greater democracy at home but imposing greater democracy at home but imposing undemocratic rule on other peopleundemocratic rule on other people

Forms of Imperial RuleForms of Imperial Rule Imperial rule took many forms. Imperial rule took many forms.

1.1.Colonial RuleColonial Rule: : a)a) Direct Rule: Sending officials and soldiers to Direct Rule: Sending officials and soldiers to

administer colony. Impose nation’s culture administer colony. Impose nation’s culture on their colonies and turn them into on their colonies and turn them into provincesprovinces

b)b) Indirect Rule: Use local rulers to govern Indirect Rule: Use local rulers to govern colonies. Encourages children of ruling class colonies. Encourages children of ruling class to get imperial nation’s education creating a to get imperial nation’s education creating a new “westernized” generation of leaders new “westernized” generation of leaders and spread imperial country’s civilization.and spread imperial country’s civilization.

Forms of Imperial RuleForms of Imperial Rule2) Protectorates2) Protectorates: Local rulers left in place but : Local rulers left in place but

were expected to follow advice of European were expected to follow advice of European advisers on issues such as trade or missionary advisers on issues such as trade or missionary activity.activity.

3) Spheres of Influence3) Spheres of Influence: An area in which an : An area in which an outside power claimed exclusive investment or outside power claimed exclusive investment or trading privileges.trading privileges.

Protectorates cost less to run than a Protectorates cost less to run than a colony.colony.

Europeans carved spheres of influence in Europeans carved spheres of influence in China, the US had a sphere in Latin China, the US had a sphere in Latin AmericaAmerica

Western Dominated World Western Dominated World ReviewReview

The European belief that conquest was a way of The European belief that conquest was a way of improving the human species was an example ofimproving the human species was an example of

a) a) colonization.colonization.

b) b) imperialism.imperialism.

c) c) Social Darwinism.Social Darwinism. d) d) nationalism.nationalism.

The United States claimed Latin America asThe United States claimed Latin America asa) its colony.a) its colony.

b) its sphere of influence.b) its sphere of influence.

c) its protectorate. c) its protectorate. d) part of its territory.d) part of its territory.

The Partition of AfricaThe Partition of Africa

What forces were shaping Africa in What forces were shaping Africa in the early 1800s?the early 1800s?

How did European contact with How did European contact with Africa increase?Africa increase?

How did Leopold II start a scramble How did Leopold II start a scramble for colonies?for colonies?

How did Africans resist imperialism?How did Africans resist imperialism?

2

Africa in the Early 1800sAfrica in the Early 1800s

Islam had long influenced the coast, where a profitable slave trade was carried on.

Zulu aggression caused mass migrations and wars and created chaos across much of the region.

The Asante controlled smaller states, who were ready to turn to Europeans to help them defeat their Asante rulers.

Region had close ties to the Muslim world and remained under the rule of the declining Ottoman empire.

To understand the impact of European domination, we must look at Africa in the early 1800s, before the scramble for colonies began.

NORTH AFRICA WEST AFRICA

SOUTH AFRICA EAST AFRICA

2

European Contacts Increased 1. From the 1500s through the 1700s, difficult

geography and disease prevented European traders from reaching the interior of Africa.

2. Medical advances and river steamships changed all that in the 1800s.

Explorers were fascinated by African geography but had little understanding of the people they met.Most famous European explorer was Dr. Livingstone

Catholic and Protestantmissionaries sought to win people to Christianity. Most took a paternalistic view of Africans. They urged Africans to reject their own traditions in favor of western civilization.

EXPLORERS MISSIONARIES

2

King Leopold II of Belgium sent explorers to the CongoRiver basin to arrange trade treaties with African leaders.

King Leopold’s activities in the Congo set off a scrambleamong other European nations. Before long, Britain, France,

and Germany were pressing for rival claims to the region.

European powers partitioned almost the entire African continent.

At the Berlin Conference, European powers agreed on how they could claim African territory without fighting amongst

themselves.

2

Scramble for

Colonies

Imperialism in Africa to Imperialism in Africa to 19141914

2

Boer WarBoer War

When Britain takes control of Cape Colony When Britain takes control of Cape Colony in 1815, the Boers flee north.in 1815, the Boers flee north.

Late 1800’s: Boers find gold and Late 1800’s: Boers find gold and diamonds in their new republicsdiamonds in their new republics

Conflict develops between British and Conflict develops between British and BoersBoers

1910: British unite Cape Colony and 1910: British unite Cape Colony and former Boer republicsformer Boer republics

New Constitution set up a government run New Constitution set up a government run by whites and laid the foundation for a by whites and laid the foundation for a system of complete racial segregation that system of complete racial segregation that would remain in force until 1993would remain in force until 1993

British clash with Boers….descendents of the Dutch who had controlled Cape Colony

2

Boer War

What was the main reason the British and Boers clashed in Africa?– The British coveted the riches the Boers

had found in their new republics

African ResistanceAfrican Resistance

Algerians battled the French for years. Algerians battled the French for years.

The Zulus in southern Africa and the Asante in The Zulus in southern Africa and the Asante in West Africa battled the British. West Africa battled the British.

East Africans fought wars against the Germans.East Africans fought wars against the Germans.

When Italy invaded, Ethiopia was prepared. When Italy invaded, Ethiopia was prepared. Ethiopia was the only nation, aside from Liberia, to Ethiopia was the only nation, aside from Liberia, to preserve its independence. preserve its independence.

Europeans met armed resistance across the continent.

2

European missionaries urged Africans toEuropean missionaries urged Africans to

a) a) reject their own traditions.reject their own traditions.

b) b) strengthen their ties with the Muslim strengthen their ties with the Muslim world.world.

c) c) seek independence.seek independence.

d) d) attend the Berlin Conference.attend the Berlin Conference.

Which of the following African nations was able to Which of the following African nations was able to preserve its independence?preserve its independence?

a) a) CongoCongo

b) b) AlgeriaAlgeria

c) c) EgyptEgypt

d) d) EthiopiaEthiopia

2Partition of Africa Partition of Africa ReviewReview

European Challenges to the Muslim European Challenges to the Muslim WorldWorld

What were sources of stress in the What were sources of stress in the Muslim world?Muslim world?

What problems did the Ottoman empire What problems did the Ottoman empire face?face?

How did Egypt seek to modernize?How did Egypt seek to modernize?

Why were European powers interested in Why were European powers interested in Iran?Iran?

3

What Were Sources of Stress in What Were Sources of Stress in the Muslim World?the Muslim World?

By the 1700s, all three Muslim empires By the 1700s, all three Muslim empires were in decline.were in decline.

In the 1700s and early 1800s, reform In the 1700s and early 1800s, reform movements stressed religious piety and movements stressed religious piety and strict rules of behavior. strict rules of behavior.

The old Muslim empires faced western The old Muslim empires faced western imperialism. imperialism.

3

The Ottoman EmpireThe Ottoman Empire

As ideas of nationalism spread from As ideas of nationalism spread from Western Europe, internal revolts weakened Western Europe, internal revolts weakened the multiethnic Ottoman empire.the multiethnic Ottoman empire.

European states sought to benefit from the European states sought to benefit from the weakening of the Ottoman empire by weakening of the Ottoman empire by claiming lands under Ottoman control. claiming lands under Ottoman control.

Nationalist tensions triggered a brutal Nationalist tensions triggered a brutal genocide of the Armenians, a Christian genocide of the Armenians, a Christian people in the eastern mountains of the people in the eastern mountains of the empire.empire.

By the early 1800s, the Ottoman empire faced serious challenges.

3

Iran and the European Iran and the European PowersPowers

Russia wanted to protect its southern frontier and expand into Central Asia.

Britain was concerned about protecting its interests in India.

For a time, Russia and Britain each set up their own spheres of influence, Russia in the north and Britain in the south.

The discovery of oil in the region in the early 1900s heightened foreign interest in the region.

Russia and Britain persuaded the Iranian government to grant them concessions, or special economic rights given to foreign powers.

3

European Challenges to the Muslim European Challenges to the Muslim World ReviewWorld Review

The Suez Canal linkedThe Suez Canal linked

a) a) the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean.the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean.

b) b) the Red Sea and the Atlantic Ocean.the Red Sea and the Atlantic Ocean.

c) c) the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic OceanOcean

d) d) the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea.the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea.

Which nations set up spheres of influence in Iran?Which nations set up spheres of influence in Iran?

a) a) Britain and FranceBritain and France

b) b) France and the United StatesFrance and the United States

c) c) Britain and RussiaBritain and Russia

d) d) Russia and GermanyRussia and Germany

3

The British Take Over The British Take Over IndiaIndia

What were the causes and effects of the What were the causes and effects of the Sepoy Rebellion?Sepoy Rebellion?

How did British rule affect India?How did British rule affect India?

How did Indians view western culture?How did Indians view western culture?

What were the origins of Indian What were the origins of Indian nationalism?nationalism?

4

The Sepoy Rebellion: Causes and EffectsThe Sepoy Rebellion: Causes and Effects

The British East India Company:

Undermined and violated Hindu beliefs– required sepoys, or

Indian soldiers in its service, to serve anywhere, including overseas

– allowing Hindu widows to marry

– ordered the sepoys to bite off cartridges made of animal fat when loading their rifles

The sepoys brutally massacred British men, women, and children.

The British took terrible revenge

Both sides were left with a bitter legacy of fear, hatred, and mistrust.

The British put India directly under British rule, sent more troops to India, and taxed Indians to pay for the cost of the occupying forces.

CAUSES EFFECTS

4

British Colonial RuleBritish Colonial Rule

The British built roads and an impressive railroad The British built roads and an impressive railroad network. network.

The British flooded India with machine-made textiles, The British flooded India with machine-made textiles, ruining India’s once-prosperous hand-weaving ruining India’s once-prosperous hand-weaving industry. industry.

Britain transformed Indian agriculture. Britain transformed Indian agriculture. Better health care and increased food production led Better health care and increased food production led

to rapid population growth. Over-population led to to rapid population growth. Over-population led to terrible famines. terrible famines.

The British revised the Indian legal system. The British revised the Indian legal system. British rule brought peace and order to the British rule brought peace and order to the

countryside. countryside. Upper-class Indians sent their sons to British schools. Upper-class Indians sent their sons to British schools.

After 1858, Parliament set up a system of colonial rule in India.

4

Imperialism in India to 1858Imperialism in India to 18584

Different Views on CultureDifferent Views on Culture

Some educated Indians were Some educated Indians were impressed by British power impressed by British power and technology and urged and technology and urged India to follow a western India to follow a western model of progress.model of progress.

Other Indians felt the answer Other Indians felt the answer to change lay with their own to change lay with their own Hindu or Muslim cultures. Hindu or Muslim cultures.

Most British knew little Most British knew little about Indian achievements about Indian achievements and dismissed Indian and dismissed Indian culture with contempt.culture with contempt.

A few British admired A few British admired Indian theology and Indian theology and philosophy and respected philosophy and respected India’s ancient heritage.India’s ancient heritage.

During the Age of Imperialism, Indians and British developed different views of each other’s culture.

INDIAN ATTITUDES BRITISH ATTITUDES

4

Indian NationalismIndian NationalismThe British believed that western-educated Indians would The British believed that western-educated Indians would form an elite class which would bolster British rule.form an elite class which would bolster British rule.

As it turned out, exposure to European ideas had the As it turned out, exposure to European ideas had the opposite effect. By the late 1800s, western-educated opposite effect. By the late 1800s, western-educated Indians were spearheading a nationalist movement.Indians were spearheading a nationalist movement.

In 1885, nationalist leaders organized the Indian National In 1885, nationalist leaders organized the Indian National Congress. Its members looked forward to eventual self-Congress. Its members looked forward to eventual self-rule, but supported western-style modernization.rule, but supported western-style modernization.

In 1906, Muslims formed the Muslim League to pursue In 1906, Muslims formed the Muslim League to pursue their own goals, including a separate Muslim state. their own goals, including a separate Muslim state.

4

In response to the Sepoy Rebellion, the British did all of the In response to the Sepoy Rebellion, the British did all of the following following exceptexcept

a) place India directly under British rule.a) place India directly under British rule.b) send more troops to India.b) send more troops to India.c) give into Indian demands for greater self-rule.c) give into Indian demands for greater self-rule.d) tax Indians to pay for an increased British d) tax Indians to pay for an increased British

military military presence.presence.

Which of the following is true of the Indian National Which of the following is true of the Indian National Congress?Congress?

a) Its members wanted to establish a separate a) Its members wanted to establish a separate Muslim state.Muslim state.

b) Its members favored continued British ruleb) Its members favored continued British rulec) Its members supported western-style c) Its members supported western-style

modernization.modernization.d) Its members favored immediate overthrow of the d) Its members favored immediate overthrow of the

British.British.

4

British Rule in India ReviewBritish Rule in India Review

Imperialism in ChinaImperialism in China Since the mid 17Since the mid 17thth century, Chinese rulers century, Chinese rulers

had refused to adopt western wayshad refused to adopt western ways As a result, Chinese technology began to As a result, Chinese technology began to

fall behind that of the Europeans who will fall behind that of the Europeans who will begin to challenge the Middle Kingdombegin to challenge the Middle Kingdom

The Opium WarThe Opium War Desperate to end the drain of British silver Desperate to end the drain of British silver

into Chinese pockets, British merchants into Chinese pockets, British merchants began to trade opium in China in the late began to trade opium in China in the late 1818thth century century

China tried to halt imports of the highly China tried to halt imports of the highly addictive drugaddictive drug

In 1839, to keep trade open, the British In 1839, to keep trade open, the British fought with the Chinese in a conflict called fought with the Chinese in a conflict called THE OPIUM WARTHE OPIUM WAR

Britain’s superior military and industrial Britain’s superior military and industrial strength led to a quick victorystrength led to a quick victory

The The Opium Opium WarWar

Treaty of NanjingTreaty of Nanjing In 1842, Britain forced China to agree to In 1842, Britain forced China to agree to

the harsh terms of the Treaty of Nanjingthe harsh terms of the Treaty of Nanjing China had to pay for Britain’s war costs, China had to pay for Britain’s war costs,

open ports to British trade and give open ports to British trade and give Britain the island of Hong KongBritain the island of Hong Kong

The western powers carved out The western powers carved out spheres spheres of influenceof influence, areas in which an outside , areas in which an outside power claimed exclusive trade privileges power claimed exclusive trade privileges including the right to build roads, including the right to build roads, railroads and factoriesrailroads and factories

Spheres of InfluenceSpheres of Influence

Chinese Reaction to Chinese Reaction to ImperialismImperialism

The Taiping RebellionThe Taiping Rebellion- from 1850-- from 1850-1864, angry impoverished peasants 1864, angry impoverished peasants revolted against Qing officials. Millions revolted against Qing officials. Millions were killed and China suffered.were killed and China suffered.

Boxer Rebellion Boxer Rebellion – in 1900, a group – in 1900, a group known as the Boxers assaulted foreign known as the Boxers assaulted foreign communities across China. Armies from communities across China. Armies from the west and Japan crushed the rebellion the west and Japan crushed the rebellion and forced the Chinese to give foreign and forced the Chinese to give foreign powers even more influence in China.powers even more influence in China.

The Chinese RevolutionThe Chinese Revolution In the early 1900’s Chinese nationalism In the early 1900’s Chinese nationalism

grew in reaction to the increased western grew in reaction to the increased western presence in Chinapresence in China

Sun Yat-sen led the movement to create Sun Yat-sen led the movement to create a new government and replace the Qing a new government and replace the Qing DynastyDynasty

Sun Yat-sen’s Three Sun Yat-sen’s Three GoalsGoals

To end foreign dominationTo end foreign domination To form a representative governmentTo form a representative government To create economic securityTo create economic security

In 1911, workers, peasants and In 1911, workers, peasants and warlords toppled the monarchy. Yat-warlords toppled the monarchy. Yat-sen was named president of the sen was named president of the Chinese Republic.Chinese Republic.

Japan ModernizesJapan Modernizes

How did discontent in Japanese society and the opening of Japan lead to the Meiji Restoration?

What were the main reforms under the Meiji?

How did Japanese military strength promote imperialism?

5

Discontent in Discontent in Tokugawa JapanTokugawa Japan

After the Tokugawa shoguns gained power in 1600, the reimposed centralized feudalism, closed Japan to foreigners and forbade Japanese to travel overseas.

5

The Japanese had limited trade with the Dutch in the port of Nagasaki.

By the 1800’s:•Shoguns were no longer strong leaders•Daimyo suffered financial hardship•Samurai were no longer fighters•Merchants had no political power •Peasants suffered under heavy taxes

Opening Up Opening Up JapanJapan

July 1853: American Commodore Matthew Perry persuades the Japanese give the U.S. trading rights:•Extraterritoriality•“Most Favored Nation”

5

Japanese resented unequal treaties, found them humiliating

1867: Discontented daimyo and samurai “restored” the 15-year-old emperor to power

and moved the capital to Tokyo.

Meiji Meiji RestorationRestoration

5

Period lasting from 1868 to 1912.

Meiji means “enlightened rule.”

Goal: “A rich country, a strong military”

New leaders set out to study western ways,

adapt them to Japanese needs and beat

westerners at their own game.

Reforms under the MeijiReforms under the Meiji5

Strong Central Government based on German system:•Constitution said all citizens equal before law•Gave emperor autocratic power•Limited voting rights •Ended special privileges of samurai and subjected all men to military service

Economic Reforms:•Industrialized using technologies of the west

Social Change:•Ended legal distinctions between classes •Opened educational opportunities•Women still had secondary roles

Overall, the Meiji Restoration reforms were very successful. Japan modernized and became a world power.

Growing Military StrengthGrowing Military Strength5

As a small island nation, Japan had few resources essential to industrial growth.

Spurred by nationalism and imperialism, Japan built an empire.

1894:Sino-Japanese War

•Though outnumbered, Japan defeated China with their modern technology.

Japanese Rule Korea

•1910: Japan annexes Korea•Japan modernizes Korea but profits went to Japanese•Imposed harsh rule on Koreans•Korean rebels created nationalist groups

1904: Russo-Japanese War

•Japan’s armies defeated Russia in Manchuria.•Japanese navy almost destroyed a Russian fleet•1905 Treaty of Portsmouth: Japan gains control of Manchuria and Korea

Naval Power in the late 1800’sNaval Power in the late 1800’s5

Jul. 24, 1894 — A party of 50 Sailors and Marines under Captain George Fielding Elliott, USMC, was sent from the cruiser USS Baltimore (C 3) to guard the American legation at Seoul, Korea, during the Sino-Japanese War. The Japanese had just landed troops in Korea.

Japanese Power in the late Japanese Power in the late 1800’s1800’s

5

Sino-Japanese War

Battle of Pung-do, Sinking of the Kowshing  July 25, 1894

   “Japanese Warships Fire on the Enemy near Haiyang Island”by Mizuno Toshikata, September 1894

Japanese Power in the late Japanese Power in the late 1800’s1800’s

5

Sino-Japanese WarChinese Surrender

“After the Fall of Weihaiwei, the Commander of the Chinese Beiyang Fleet, Admiral Ding Juchang, Surrenders” by Mizuno Toshikata, November 1895 (above, with details).

[2000.123] Sharf Collection, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston

Southeast Asia and the Southeast Asia and the PacificPacific

What impact did European colonization What impact did European colonization have on Southeast Asia?have on Southeast Asia?

How did imperialism spread to the How did imperialism spread to the Philippines and other Pacific islands?Philippines and other Pacific islands?

2

Imperialism in Southeast Asia and the Imperialism in Southeast Asia and the Pacific, 1900Pacific, 1900

2

Colonization of Southeast Colonization of Southeast AsiaAsia

By the 1890s, Europeans controlled most of Southeast Asia. By the 1890s, Europeans controlled most of Southeast Asia. They:They: introduced modern technologyintroduced modern technology expanded commerce and industryexpanded commerce and industry set up new enterprises to mine tin and harvest rubberset up new enterprises to mine tin and harvest rubber brought in new crops of corn and cassavabrought in new crops of corn and cassava built harbors and railroads built harbors and railroads

These changes benefited Europeans far more than the These changes benefited Europeans far more than the people of Southeast Asia. people of Southeast Asia.

In their relentless race for raw materials, new markets, and Christian converts, western industrial powers gobbled up Southeast Asia.

2

Imperial Powers in the Imperial Powers in the PacificPacific

In the 1800s, the industrial powers began to take an interest in the islands of the Pacific.

In 1878, the United States secured an unequal treaty from Samoa. Later, the United States, Germany, and Britain agreed to a triple protectorate over Samoa.

From the mid-1800s, American sugar growers pressed for power in Hawaii. In 1898, the United States annexed Hawaii.

At the conclusion of the Spanish-American War, the Philippines was placed under American control. The United States promised Filipinos self-rule some time in the future.

Economic Imperialism in Latin AmericaEconomic Imperialism in Latin America

What political and economic problems What political and economic problems faced new Latin American nations?faced new Latin American nations?

How did Mexico struggle for stability?How did Mexico struggle for stability?

How did the United States influence Latin How did the United States influence Latin America?America?

4

Political ProblemsPolitical Problems

Many problems had their origins in colonial rule, as Many problems had their origins in colonial rule, as independence barely changed the existing social and independence barely changed the existing social and political hierarchy. political hierarchy.

With few roads and no traditions of unity, the new With few roads and no traditions of unity, the new nations were weakened by nations were weakened by regionalismregionalism,, loyalty to a loyalty to a local area. local area.

During the 1800s, most Latin American nations were plagued by revolts, civil war, and dictatorships.

4

The Economics of The Economics of DependenceDependence

Economic dependenceEconomic dependence occurs when: occurs when: less-developed nations export raw materials and less-developed nations export raw materials and commodities to industrial nations and import commodities to industrial nations and import manufactured goods, capital, and technological know-manufactured goods, capital, and technological know-how. how. The relationship is unequal because the more developed The relationship is unequal because the more developed — and wealthier nation — can control prices and terms of — and wealthier nation — can control prices and terms of trade. trade.

Under colonial rule, Under colonial rule, mercantilistmercantilist policies made Latin policies made Latin America economically dependent on Spain and Portugal. America economically dependent on Spain and Portugal.

After independence, this pattern changed very little. The After independence, this pattern changed very little. The region remained as economically dependent as before.region remained as economically dependent as before.

4

The Influence of the United StatesThe Influence of the United States

In 1823, the United States issued the In 1823, the United States issued the Monroe Doctrine:Monroe Doctrine:–stated that the American continents were no longer open to stated that the American continents were no longer open to colonization by any European powers.colonization by any European powers.

In 1904, the United States issued the In 1904, the United States issued the Roosevelt Roosevelt Corollary Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: to the Monroe Doctrine:

–Under this policy, the United States claimed Under this policy, the United States claimed ““international police powerinternational police power” in the Western Hemisphere. ” in the Western Hemisphere.

In the next decade, the United States frequently In the next decade, the United States frequently intervened militarily in Latin American nations to protect intervened militarily in Latin American nations to protect American lives and investments.American lives and investments.

In 1903, the United States backed the Panamanians in a In 1903, the United States backed the Panamanians in a revolt against Colombia in order to gain land to build the revolt against Colombia in order to gain land to build the Panama Canal.Panama Canal.

4

Imperialism in the Caribbean and South Imperialism in the Caribbean and South America, 1898–1917America, 1898–1917

4

Impact of ImperialismImpact of Imperialism

How did imperialism lead to new How did imperialism lead to new economic patterns?economic patterns?

What was the cultural impact of What was the cultural impact of imperialism?imperialism?

How did political tensions develop as the How did political tensions develop as the result of imperialism?result of imperialism?

5

New Economic Patterns New Economic Patterns

A truly global economy emerged, dominated by the A truly global economy emerged, dominated by the United States, Britain, France, and Germany.United States, Britain, France, and Germany.

Colonial rulers introduced a money economy that Colonial rulers introduced a money economy that replaced the old barter system.replaced the old barter system.

Mass-produced goods from the industrialized world Mass-produced goods from the industrialized world further disrupted traditional economies.further disrupted traditional economies.

Local economies that had once been self-sufficient Local economies that had once been self-sufficient became dependent on the industrial powers. became dependent on the industrial powers.

5

Cultural ImpactCultural Impact

As westerners conquered other lands, they pressed As westerners conquered other lands, they pressed subject people to accept “modern” ways. By this, subject people to accept “modern” ways. By this, they meant western ideas, government, technology, they meant western ideas, government, technology, and culture. and culture.

Many non-westerners, especially in conquered lands, Many non-westerners, especially in conquered lands, came to accept a belief in western superiority. came to accept a belief in western superiority.

The overwhelming successes of the western The overwhelming successes of the western imperialist nations sapped people’s confidence in imperialist nations sapped people’s confidence in their own leaders and cultures. their own leaders and cultures.

Western culture spread around the world. Western culture spread around the world.

5

New Political TensionsNew Political Tensions

By the early 1900s, western-educated By the early 1900s, western-educated elites in Africa and Asia were organizing elites in Africa and Asia were organizing nationalist movements to end colonial nationalist movements to end colonial rule.rule.

The competition for imperial power was The competition for imperial power was fueling tensions among western nations. fueling tensions among western nations.

5

The EndThe End

China and the New China and the New ImperialismImperialism

What trade rights did westerners seek in What trade rights did westerners seek in China?China?

How did the Qing dynasty come to an How did the Qing dynasty come to an end?end?

5

The Trade IssueThe Trade IssuePrior to the 1800s, Chinese rulers placed strict Prior to the 1800s, Chinese rulers placed strict limits on foreign traders. limits on foreign traders.

China enjoyed a China enjoyed a trade surplus,trade surplus, exporting more than exporting more than it imported.it imported.

Westerners had a Westerners had a trade deficittrade deficit with China, buying with China, buying more from the Chinese than they sold to them.more from the Chinese than they sold to them.

In 1842, Britain made China accept the Treaty of In 1842, Britain made China accept the Treaty of Nanjing, the first in a series of “unequal treaties” Nanjing, the first in a series of “unequal treaties” that forced China to make concessions to western that forced China to make concessions to western powers. powers.

--China paid a huge China paid a huge indemnityindemnity to Britain. to Britain.

-The British gained the island of Hong Kong.-The British gained the island of Hong Kong.

-China had to open five ports to foreign trade and -China had to open five ports to foreign trade and grant British citizens in China grant British citizens in China extraterritorialityextraterritoriality. .

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Internal ProblemsInternal Problems

Irrigation systems and canals were poorly Irrigation systems and canals were poorly maintained, leading to maintained, leading to massive floodingmassive flooding of the of the Huang He valley.Huang He valley.

The population explosion that had begun a The population explosion that had begun a century earlier created a terrible century earlier created a terrible hardship for hardship for China’s peasantsChina’s peasants..

An extravagant court, tax evasion by the rich, An extravagant court, tax evasion by the rich, and and widespread official corruptionwidespread official corruption added to added to the peasants’ burden.the peasants’ burden.

The civil service system was rocked by The civil service system was rocked by bribery bribery scandalsscandals. .

Between 1850 and 1864, peasants took part in Between 1850 and 1864, peasants took part in the the Taiping RebellionTaiping Rebellion, the most devastating , the most devastating revolt in history. revolt in history.

By the 1800s, the Qing dynasty was in decline.

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Imperialism in China to Imperialism in China to 19141914

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Fall of the Qing DynastyFall of the Qing Dynasty

1) European countries were splitting China into spheres of influence.2) Britain’s opium trade with China led to the Opium Wars3) The United States forced an Open Door Policy which kept Chinese trade open to ALL nations.

In the Boxer Rebellion, angry Chinese attacked foreigners across China. In response, western powers and Japan crushed the Boxers.

Defeat at the hands of foreigners led China to embark on a rush of reforms.

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As the century ended, anger grew against foreigners in China.

Fall of the Qing DynastyFall of the Qing DynastyChinese nationalists called for a constitutional monarchy or a republic.

When Empress Ci Xi died in 1908, China slipped into chaos.

In 1911, the Qing dynasty was toppled.

Sun Yixian was named president of the new Chinese republic. Sun wanted to rebuild China on “Three Principles of the People”: nationalism, democracy, and economic security for all Chinese.

The time period from 1911 to 1949 was a period of instability in China

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Which of the following is Which of the following is notnot true of Chinese true of Chinese trade relations with the West?trade relations with the West?

a) Before the 1800s, China enjoyed a trade a) Before the 1800s, China enjoyed a trade surplus.surplus.b) Before the 1800s, China had a trade b) Before the 1800s, China had a trade

deficit deficit with the West.with the West.c) In 1842, China was forced to open up five c) In 1842, China was forced to open up five

ports ports to foreign to foreign trade.trade.

d) Before the 1800s, China strictly limited d) Before the 1800s, China strictly limited foreign foreign trade.trade.

China and the New Imperialism China and the New Imperialism ReviewReview

China and the New Imperialism China and the New Imperialism ReviewReview

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What happened in the Boxer Rebellion?What happened in the Boxer Rebellion?

a) Angry Chinese attacked foreigners in a) Angry Chinese attacked foreigners in China.China.

b) The Chinese started a war with Japan.b) The Chinese started a war with Japan.

c) Western imperialists attacked Chinese c) Western imperialists attacked Chinese peasants. peasants.

d) Chinese peasants rose up against the d) Chinese peasants rose up against the government. government.

China and the New Imperialism China and the New Imperialism ReviewReview

China and the New Imperialism China and the New Imperialism ReviewReview

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