The New ImperialismChapter 24

Section 1: Causes of the New Imperialism

• Definition: the control of one people by another (can be political, economic or cultural) – Between 1880 and 1914,

European nations scrambled for political as well as economic control over foreign nations.

Motives for the New Imperialism• Economic Interests

– What were the economic motives?

• Political and Military Interests– What were these motivations?

Motivations Continued….• Humanitarian & Religious

Goals– Civilize, Christianize, Westernize– Why?– Missionary work: far more

successful in Africa than in Asia and Islamic world.

• Dr. David Livingston: first white man to do humanitarian and religious work in south and central Africa

Motivations Continued….

• Social Darwinism

– Destruction of weaker races were natures way of improving the human species

– "White Man's Burden": racist patronizing that preached that the “superior” Westerners had an obligation to bring their culture to “uncivilized” peoples in other parts of the world.

– Poem by Rudyard Kipling

Imperialism Succeeds – Why?

• Older civilizations in decline: – What three major world empires

in decline?– Slave trade affected African

kingdoms and city states• Western Advantages

– What were the western advantages?

Forms of Colonial Rule

• True Colony – Colony that is ruled by officials from the mother country. The desired effect is that the colony becomes an extension of the mother country in all cultural, religious, economic ways.

• Protectorates: Local rulers left in place but expected to do as European advisors said – usually dealing with missionary and trade issues.

• Sphere of Influence: Exclusive investment and trade territory

• European powers carved out these areas to avoid conflict within Europe

Section 2: Scramble for Africa• Why was Africa called the “Dark Continent?”

• What did Africa Have that the Europeans Wanted?

Impact of the Slave Trade

• European nations and American slowly began to abolish slavery– 1787 – Sierra Leone – British

colony in West Africa for freed slaves

– Liberia – United States slaves settled there – Became independent in 1847

• Demand for slaves in the Middle East and Asia continued

• Hence the slave trade continued in Zanzibar

Impact of the Slave Trade

Process of the Colonization• Explorers

– What were they exploring?

• Missionaries – What did they do?– Why?

The Scramble for Africa

Belgian Congo• At behest of Leopold II, H. M.

Stanley established trading stations, signed “treaties” with African chiefs, and claimed land for Belgium.

• Effect?

The Berlin Conference

• Established the "rules" for conquest of Africa

• Sponsored by Bismarck & Jules Ferry ; sought to prevent conflict in Europe

– Agreed to stop slavery and slave trade in Africa

– No imperial power could claim a territory in Africa unless it effectively controlled that territory with a government office established there.

– Acknowledged Leopold’s private claim to Congo Free state but called for free trade on the Congo and Niger rivers

• NO African leaders were invited to attend

– Why would they not invite African leaders to this conference?

Imperialism In Africa•20 yrs. Later, Africa is almost completed carved up

•Boundaries drawn with little or no ethnic concerns

•What problems do think this caused?

Violence Due to Colonization

• Belgium– Congo: Exploited the territory for its

resources such as: Rubber, Copper and Ivory

– Violence: Forced / Slave Labor – Brutality, Mutilation, decrease in population

– The Belgian parliament took it away from Leopold because of the atrocities and made it a Belgian colony in 1908.

– King Leopold’s Ghost

• France– Conquered Algeria cost tens of thousands

of French lives and even more Algerian lives

Britain in Africa• Egypt

– Model for “New Imperialism”– Protectorate was supposed to be

temporary – wound up lasting until 1956!

• Sudan– Battle of Omdurman (1898):

British defeated Sudanese tribesman and killed 11,000 (use of machine gun) while only 28 Britans died

– Fashoda Incident (1898): • France & Britain nearly went

to war over Sudan; France backed down in the face of the Dreyfus Affair

Political Cartoon of British Imperialism

Britain in Africa

• South Africa and the Boer War (1899-1902) – Cecil Rhodes had

become Prime Minister of Cape Colony • principal sponsor of

the Cape-to Cairo dream where Britain would dominate the continent.

South Africa and the Boer War (1899-1902)

•Causes:•What were they?

•Effects: •Massive British force eventually defeated Boers •1910 the Transvaal, Orange Free State, Cape Colony, combined to form the Union of South Africa. •System of racial segregation called APARTHEID•By 1890 Britain controlled Nigeria,

Kenya, Uganda and Zanzibar

Resistance in Africa

• In West Africa, Samori Toure fought French Forces

• Yaa Asantewaa and the Asantes fought the British in West Africa in current nation of Ghana, formerly, the British “Gold Coast”

• Nehanda of the Shona Tribe in Zimbabwe fought the Europeans

Resistance in Africa• Ethiopia

– Menelik II

• Modernized the country

• Hired Europeans experts to plan modern roads and bridges

• Set up a Western School system

• Imported latest weapons and European officers to train army

• Modernization was successful when Italy tried to invade

Section 3: Europe Challenges the Muslim World

Muslim world extended from Western Africa to Southeast Asia– Mughals in India– Ottomans in the middle east– Safavids in Iran

What led to the decline of these empires?

• Central governments had lost control over powerful groups such as landowning nobles and military elites

• Corruption was widespread• Many scholars and religious people were

discontented with the government

Decline of Muslim Empires Islamic reform movements• Most stressed religious piety and

obedience to strict rules of behavior

In addition to the decay of these empires, • They had to deal with western imperialism• Through diplomacy and military threat

Europeans gained treaties – favorable trade

• They demanded rights for their citizens in the area and then used that as an excuse to intervene in local affairs

Ottoman Empire• Provincial rulers increased in power• Economic problems and widespread corruption• Nationalist revolts – Balkans – Greeks Serbs and Bulgarians• Europeans sought to benefit from the collapsing of the

empire

Reforms• Tried to improve education• Had Europeans come in to train military• Sent young men to the west to study new sciences and technologyWhat else are they going to learn in Western Europe? • Sultans rejected the one form of modernization or

westernization that was needed to complete the puzzle – reform of government.

• They tired to reinstate the autocracy that was there

Young Turks

• 1890’s liberal group, stated that reform was the only way to save the empire

• 1908 overthrew the Sultan

• Before reforms, ottoman empire enters World War I in 1914

The Armenian Genocide• What is genocide?

– Coined by Dr. Raphael Lemkin after the Holocaust to describe the atrocities in Turkey and in Nazi Europe

• Armenian Genocide (1915-1918)– Took place during and right after World War I– Causes:

• Turkish nationalism and a despise for certain minority groups led the Ottoman Turks to systematically march and massacre thousands of Armenians

• Some historians think Greeks and Assyrians were also included.

– Effects: • 600,000 to 1 million died • Some evidence of concentration camp use• There was supposed to be the first War Crimes Tribunal but

Europe was pre-occupied with the Paris Peace Conference, so no one was actually punished

• Turkey still denies it happened• Hitler will cite it when discussing the “Jewish Question”• In January 2012 France passed a bill to make it illegal to deny

the Armenian Genocide; other countries have similar bills.

Egypt• Muhammad Ali, an Albanian Muslim

soldier was appointed governor Egypt in 1805

• Positive reforms:

– improved tax collection,

– organized a landholding system,

– began irrigation projects,

– through cotton, he involved Egypt in world trade,

– brought western military officials to help him build a well trained army

– Tried to create an industrialized society

Egypt • The Suez Canal – French entrepreneur – Ferdinand de Lesseps organized the building of the canal

– Linked Mediterranean sea and the Red sea

– Why would Britain be interested in this project?

– Muhammad Ali didn’t have the money to pay off the debt from the canal so he sold his shares of the canal to Britain

• Britain extended her influence into Egypt and in 1882 it became a protectorate of Britain

IranSafavid empire was on the decline• Western European nations such as Russia and

Britain battled for influence in the region• For a time each country set up a sphere of

influence in the region • 1900 – Discovery of oil led to tensions

between two nations• Britain eventually became dominant tin the

struggle when she sent troops in

Section 4: The British in India

• East India Company and Sepoy Rebellion

• Won trading rights on the fringe of Mughal empire

• As empire decline, East India Company’s influence grew

• BEIC gained influence and control around India– Outlawed Slavery– Outlawed the Caste System– Outlawed Sati– Why would Indians be very

upset over these changes?

The Sepoy Rebellion

• Who were sepoys?

• What caused the Rebellion?

British Colonial Rule (1858-1947)• Effects:

– Many sepoys marched to Delhi, the old Mughal capital and hailed the Mughal ruler as their leader.

– Brutally massacred British men, women, and children

– British:• Retaliated by torching

villages and slaughtering Indians.

• 1858, Parliament ended the East India Company rule in India

British Rule In India

• Mercantilism:– What natural resources

did Britain take from India?

– What man-made item allowed for transportation to and from India to be quicker?

– What did Britain flood Indian markets with? What were the effects?

– Britain also cleared land to grow cash crops, what negative effects will this have?

British Rule in India

• Benefits of British Rule:– Brought peace and order

to country side– Created better justice

system– Improved railroads– Telegraph and postal

system helped connect different regions, developing Indian nationalism

Responses to Imperialism

• Ram Mohum Roy in India– Combined both views Felt India

could learn from the west, as well as revitalize traditional Indian culture

– Was a scholar and knew many classic languages such as Sanskrit, Greek as well as English

– Condemned: rigid caste distinctions, child marriage, sati purdah (isolation of women in separate quarters)

– But also set up education system to revive pride in Indian culture.

– Founder of Indian nationalism

Indian Nationalism– Indian National Congress:

• 1885 became known as the congress party

• Goal?– Muslim League:

• 1906 – formed out of a fear of a Hindu –run government

• Goal?

Section 5: China and the New Imperialism

• The Trade Issue

– Prior to 1800’s, Chinese rulers limited foreign trade

– European merchants were restricted to a small area in Southern China

– What things did china export?

• China sold silk, porcelain, and tea in an exchange for gold and silver

– What is a trade surplus? Deficit?

– Did China have a trade surplus with the west or a deficit?

– Why did Britain want to trade with China?

– What problem resulted for Britain?

– How did they solve this problem?

The Opium Wars

What caused the Opium War?What were the effects?

– Treaty of Nanjing (1842) : • Forced China to cede Hong Kong to Britain until 1997• pay large indemnity• open up 4 large cities to foreign trade with low tariffs. • Extraterritoriality subjected Westerners to their home

country’s laws rather than China’s 

Internal Problems: Qing Dynasty in Decline

Taiping Rebellion of 1850• Primarily caused by differing Chinese

factions: rebels opposed Manchus• Hong Xioquan – school teacher• Wanted to bring about the “Heavenly

Kingdom of Great Peace” or Taiping• Wanted certain changes that others

considered radical

– Land reform

– Community ownership of property

– Equality of women and men

– Called for end of the Qing dynasty

• Taiping rebels controlled large parts of China for 14 years but were eventually crushed by the regional government generals

•   As many as 20 million people perished.

Reform Efforts

• Chinese divided over whether to adopt western ways or not• Most scholar officials felt that there was no reason for new

industries since China’s money came from the land– They also disapproved of the Christian missionaries

because they put down the Confucian tradition• Late 1800’s Ci Xi (tsee shyee) new empress - Conservative• Self – Strengthening Movement

– Imported western technology– Set up factories to make modern weapons– Developed shipyards– Railroads– Mining– Light industry– Translated Western Works on science government and

economics– Limited progress because government didn’t rally

behind it

Imperialism in China Continued…

• Much of eastern China by the late 19th century became dominated by Britain , France, Russia, Japan and Germany

• Sino-Japanese War (1845-95)– Treaty of

Shimonoseki• Japan gained

Taiwan & Liaodong peninsula

Imperialism in China Continued…

US Open Door Policy• What was it?• Why did the US pass it?• What effect did it have on

China?

Imperialism in China Continued…• Hundred Days of Reform

– 1898 Emperor Guang Xu ( gwawng shyoo) launched hundred days of reform

– New laws set out to modernize the civil service exams, streamline government and encourage new industries

– Reforms effected schools the military and the bureaucracy– Emperor imprisoned but CiXi regained control

– Effects?

The Fall of the Qing Dynasty

• Boxer Uprising– 1899 – group of Chinese formed a secret

society called “The Righteous Harmonious Fists”

– Causes?• Aftermath of the Uprising

– Final straw and China agrees to westernization• Allow women to enter schools• Stressed science and mathematics ion

place of Confucian thought• Minor industrialization

Sun Yat Sen (Yixan)

• Dr. Sun Yat-Sen– a revolutionary, sought to

overthrow the Manchu dynasty and establish a republic; sparked the beginning of a Chinese nationalist movement

– Three Principles of the People

• Nationalism• Democracy• Livelihood

Fall of the Qing Dynasty

• After Ci Xi dies a two year old takes the throne and he is the “Last emperor

• China turned chaotic• 1911 uprisings

crushed the dynasty • Sun Yixian named

president of new Chinese republic

Effects of Imperialism• Colonies around the world• Exploitation of peoples• Spread of literacy• Destruction of local economies• World War I• Nationalist movements (anti-colonialism)• Building of the Suez Canal• Cultural Diffusion• Attempted cultural genocide (Japanese in

Korea)• Tribal Warfare in Africa

– Later on, Acts of Genocide

Advantages & Disadvantages

Mother Country Advantages Imperialized Territory

New Markets Medicine Raw Materials Technology Spread of Empire Education Military Bases Spread of Faith, Law,

Disadvantages DisadvantagesDisease Loss of Culture /

Identity Nationalistic uprisings