The New Apartheid – Housing And The Implications
Transcript of The New Apartheid – Housing And The Implications
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The New Apartheid – Housing and the Implications of Fear in South
Africa
Ayana Rockett
December 2011
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Fear perpetuates social divisions that were inherent in Apartheid. The
fear of crime being used as a justification for a predominantly
racist fear of difference
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Apartheid“Apartness”
• Apartheid was a system of racial segregation enforced by the National Party governments of South Africa between 1948 and 1994.
• Non white south Africans were curtailed and Afrikaner minority rule was maintained.
• Non white political representation was abolished in 1970 and black people were robbed of their citizenship and legally became citizens of tribally based, self governing “bantustans”
• Pillars of Grand Apartheid:
- Population Registration Act (1950)
- Reservation of Separate Amenities Act (1953)
- Black Homeland Citizenship Act (1970)
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Bantustans
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“Architecture of Fear”
• The fall of Apartheid began in 1990 after a series of negotiations by government and nationalist groups.
• The end of Apartheid, democratization and majority rule were optimistically anticipated to bring and end to violence.
• Urban panic focusing on criminal activity**
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“Architecture of Fear”
Fear has always influenced Urban Planning
• Baron Haussman – boulevards fragmenting revolutionary threat of underclass
• Le Corbusier – eliminated streets, replacing them with artificially “pure” environments
• Oscar Newman/Jane Jacobs – defensible space, natural surveillance
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“Architecture of Fear”
State led efforts to mitigate fear have been usurped by private, individual citizen responses
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Cape Town
Ruthless spacial polarization
Third largest city
Most common are violent personal crimes, property crimes
Khayelitsha – fastest growing shantytown in South Africa
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CrimeThreat of victimization affects behavior
• Crime is not uniform. Socio-spacial legacy of apartheid concentrates crime in black areas.
• 80% of white victimizations occurs outside of neighborhood boundaries
• Aggravated by skewed distribution of personal and institutional resources
Fear
Media increases anxiety
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Citizen Responses to CrimeFortification is common among the poor and the
rich
• Black: dogs, window grills, high fences.
• Coloureds: burgular alarms
• Wealthy: Excessive- blocked themselves - high walls
- closed streets - security guards
- electric fences - CCTV
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Consequences of Fortification
- Rejects efforts to address socio-spacial issues activity corridors
- Increases crime
- Decreases public responsibility for public space
- Promotes inequality, fear and segregation
- Limits social mixing, increasing distrust between groups
- Prevents “freedom of movement”
- Promotes “fear of crime” rhetoric
- Encourages poverty by exclusion and concentrating the poor small spaces with limited resources and political leverage
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Discussion
Whites have long used the “fear of crime” as a euphemism for a fear of blacks.
• Whites blame crime on the new black governments inability to rule. Black see it as unfinished democracy.
• More “acceptable” discourses revolve around decreased property value, environmental degradation and increased taxes all conceal a racist fear of the “other”.
• The concept of “fear” creates conditions that mirror the Apartheid city in that it justifies exclusion, uses spacialmechanisms to displace social problems, and dominance of social and symbolic exclusionism.
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Solution• Government planning needs to encourage
diversity
• It needs to address citizen needs
• It needs to enforce the negative public consequences of unchecked public action.
• Combat the symbols of exclusionism