The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to...
Transcript of The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to...
![Page 1: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment - Updated
Carlton Erickson, Ph.D. • Dis4nguished Professor of Pharmacology • Director, Addic4on Science Research and Educa4on Center • Associate Dean for Research and Graduate Studies College of Pharmacy The University of Texas Aus4n, TX USA
28 May, 2015
![Page 2: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Points to cover in this brief workshop
• criteria to diagnose drug use disorders -‐ DSM-‐5 (value of this diagnos4c guide to users and staff)
• review of neuroscience 101 -‐ new informa4on (what this means to you)
• programs and treatments for drug use disorders -‐ tradi4onal
-‐ evidence-‐based -‐ CENAPS model • ways to improve treatment in the future?
![Page 3: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The take-‐home message this evening:
• people around the world do not agree that addic4on is a disease • people around the world do not agree on whether addic4on requires treatment
• people around the world do not agree that treatment is effec4ve in trea4ng addic4ons Science is showing clearly that addic4on is a brain disease, that it can be overcome, and that deaths and suffering can be reduced by finding the causes of addic4on and more effec4ve ways to help those who are suffering.
![Page 4: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Problem: What IS “addic4on”?
What we see in the media and on the Internet Addic4on: • is synonymous with “drug abuse”or “habit” • occurs any4me something is taken/done“too much, too o\en, for too long” • is a serious health problem (heroin) • is not so serious (exercise) • is preventable (“just say no….”) • scien4fically includes all compulsive behaviors (actually, all of these are confusing and wrong)
![Page 5: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Actually, people tend to be uninformed
• There are really two major DIFFERENT drug overuse problems: 1. drug overuse that can be controlled by the user 2. drug overuse that cannot be controlled by the user
• They are “handled” differently by society and professionals 1. these users have the ability to stop when they need
to do so – punishment, adverse effects, lose interest 2. these users have a brain disease that requires
treatment (this is closest to “addic4on”)
![Page 6: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The problem with “addic4on”
• confusion due to misunderstanding and miscommunica4on about “addic4on”
-‐ “sugar cookies are addic4ng” - “an4depressants are addic4ng” -‐ “marijuana is not addic4ng” -‐ “I’m addicted to you baby, you’re a
hard habit to break..” (Chicago singing group)
![Page 7: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
WHERE IS THE CORRECT INFORMATION ABOUT THESE MYTHS?
www.utexas.edu/research/asrec (The most famous academic website on the science of addic4on in the world! J )
![Page 8: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
First, we need to clarify what “addic4on” is, and what it is not. (This is because the word is non-‐scien4fic and overused, so it is not the best word to describe the disease.)
![Page 9: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR “ADDICTION”
![Page 10: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Major Diagnos4c Instruments
• DSM-‐IV, 1994, 2000 (old) • DSM-‐5, 2013 (current) • ICD-‐10, 2003, 2010 (current) • ICD-‐11, 2017 (projected) DSM = Diagnos4c and Sta4s4cal Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychiatric Associa4on
ICD = Interna4onal Classifica4on of Mental and Behavioural Disorders, World Health Organiza4on
![Page 11: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
(Old) DSM-‐IV Diagnosis of Drug Problems
• drug abuse is diagnosed by 1 (or more) out of 4 criteria, within the previous 12 month period (“Bad choice behavior”) • chemical dependence is diagnosed by 3 (or more) of 7 criteria, within the previous 12 month period (“Brain disease”)
![Page 12: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
The main symptom of chemical dependence (a.k.a. “addic4on”) is “impaired control over the use of a drug”.
It is NOT hangover, blackouts, amount of drug taken, withdrawal signs, criminal behavior, or anything else (DSM-‐IV). (This is s4ll true in DSM-‐5.)
![Page 13: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
DSM-‐IV Weaknesses
• subjec4ve • not accurate for adolescent diagnoses • not accurate for geriatric or infant diagnoses • o\en used for diagnosis by computer (e.g., SCID) • o\en used by untrained personnel Bener: • trained assessment counselor/technician • use as part of a banery of diagnos4c tests (most of these weaknesses remain in DSM-‐5)
![Page 14: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Why is DSM important?
• provides diagnos4c criteria for mental disorders and drug problems • influences how doctors diagnose and treat their pa4ents • insurance companies use it to determine coverage and reimbursement (U.S.) • determines how pharmaceu4cal companies design clinical trials and how research is done • determines how funding agencies decide which research to fund
![Page 15: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
(New) DSM-‐5(1)
• the terms “abuse” and “dependence” have been dropped • instead, the phrase “substance-‐use disorder” (SUD) is described under the general heading “Addic4on and Related Disorders” • there is one longitudinal category, with 11 criteria • there are severity specifiers: mild = 2-‐3 criteria; moderate = 4-‐5 criteria; severe = 6 or more
![Page 16: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
(New) DSM-‐5(2)
• but do not count tolerance or withdrawal if medica4ons are under medical supervision (!?) • the new category includes one non-‐substance addic4on: gambling disorder • “internet addic4on” and “caffeine addic4on” will be considered if more research indicates (un4l then, placed in an Appendix in DSM-‐5)
![Page 17: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
An “addic4on” challenge!
• For anyone who wishes to call the following “addic4ons”: -‐ pornography -‐ religion -‐ bicycling -‐ oil (as in petroleum oil) -‐ Tivoli Gardens -‐ tanning booths • Are you aware that science is not on your side? What is the incidence of the problem? Where are the gene4c causes? • Instead of trying to describe these as having quali4es similar to drug addic4on, is there another way? • Why not “obsession”? Or “compulsion”? Why is it important to call them an “addic4on”? (Dilemma: It’s not whether compulsive behaviors exist with some of these, it’s what to call them!)
![Page 18: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Problems with the DSM-‐5 changes
• not agreed upon by the Na4onal Ins4tute of Mental Health (NIMH, U.S.) – too symptom-‐driven • felt by some to be biased in favor of the pharmaceu4cal industry • the research cited in making these decisions is scanty (severity, craving) • where is the disease in the new defini4on?
![Page 19: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
The New Diagnos4cs – A Quick Review
DSM-‐5: Substance use disorders (SUDs) lie on a con4nuum of severity that ranges from “no substance problem” to “severe substance problem” • no more “abuse” or “dependence” terms • severity specifiers: mild, moderate, severe • a separate monograph for each drug/group • includes gambling, for the first 4me (but no other compulsive behaviors)
![Page 20: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
How do we merge the two DSM edi4ons?
This seems to be happening: • mild – moderate: similar to DSM-‐IV category of “abuse” • severe: similar to DSM-‐IV category of “dependence” But the emphasis in DSM-‐5 is on the idea that “disease” develops somewhere along the con4nuum – perhaps at different 4mes for different pa4ents. (In my opinion, this reduces the clarity of the diagnosis.)
![Page 21: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
WHAT DOES THIS MEAN FOR CLINICIANS AND TREATMENT PROFESSIONALS?
(the terminology of “addic4on” is changing….)
![Page 22: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
RESEARCH VALIDITY ESTIMATE (RVE)
High RVE • many large, well-‐controlled studies • replicable results • much peer-‐reviewed, published literature Low RVE • few replicable studies • highly specula4ve results • linle peer-‐reviewed, published literature
(A Thoughtful Appraisal of!High-Quality Scientific Research)!
100 ! - 0!
![Page 23: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Who develops a severe SUD?
![Page 24: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Es4mated life4me prevalence of risk
Drug Users Who Developed Chemical Dependence* (U.S. Epidemiological Es4mates, 1992-‐98):
• nico4ne -‐ 32% • cannabis -‐ 9% • heroin -‐ 23% • “seda4ves” -‐ 9% • cocaine -‐ 17% • analgesic opioids – 9% (crack -‐ 20%) • psychedelics -‐ 5% • alcohol -‐ 15% • inhalants -‐ 4% • s4mulants other than cocaine -‐ 11% (*Now, SUD pa4ents with 6 or more diagnos4c criteria)
Anthony et al., 1994
Chen & Anthony, 2004 Hughes et al., 2006
40!
![Page 25: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
WHERE CAN I GET THESE REFERENCES?
www.utexas.edu/research/asrec
![Page 26: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
NEUROSCIENCE UPDATE
![Page 27: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
A severe SUD occurs because of neurochemical dysregula4on of the mesolimbic dopamine system
(MDS)*
* a.k.a. Medial Forebrain Bundle (MFB) or “Pleasure Pathway” or “Reward Pathway”
The bottom line first…..!
![Page 28: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
“Addic4on” Brain Areas -‐ Historically
• mesolimbic dopamine system • “key elements of a basal forebrain macrostructure” extended amygdala -‐ central nucleus of amygdala -‐ bed nucleus of the stria terminalis -‐ transi4on zone, medial (shell) of the nucleus accumbens
70!
![Page 30: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
“Addic4on” Brain Areas -‐ Newer
binge/intoxica4on stage: ventral tegmental area, ventral striatum withdrawal/nega4ve affect stage: extended amygdala preoccupa4on/an4cipa4on stage: craving: orbitofrontal cortex-‐dorsal striatum, prefontal cortex, basolateral amygdala, hippocampus, insula; disrupted inhibitory control: cingulate gyrus, dorsolateral prefrontal, inferior frontal cor4ces
Koob and Volkow (2010)
60!
![Page 32: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Circuits Involved In Drug Abuse and Addiction
![Page 33: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
WHERE IS THE PROBLEM WITHIN THESE BRAIN AREAS?
![Page 34: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
What happens?
Drug ac4ons reveal vulnerable brain chemicals • cocaine, amphetamines -‐ dopamine (DA) • LSD -‐ serotonin (SER) • heroin -‐ endorphins (END) • benzodiazepines – gamma-‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) • nico4ne -‐ acetylcholine (ACH) • alcohol (ETOH) -‐ glutamate (GLU)
-‐ substance P (SUBP) • marijuana -‐ endocannabinoids (ENCB)
85!
![Page 36: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Emerging “drugs of choice” groupings • DA -‐ amphetamines, cocaine, ETOH
• END -‐ opioids, ETOH
• ACH -‐ nico4ne, ETOH
• GABA -‐ benzodiazepines, ETOH
• SER -‐ LSD, ETOH
• GLU -‐ ETOH
• SUBP -‐ ETOH
• ENCB -‐ marijuana, ETOH
70!
20!
![Page 37: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Thus, drugs are associated with specific neurotransminers
• we assume that gene4cs + drug-‐use lead to “dysregula4on” of MDS neurotransminer systems
• when people use, the drugs “connect” with the specific dysregulated neurotransminer system
• this may be why people have “drugs of choice”
30!
![Page 38: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
WHAT DOES THIS MEAN FOR CLINICIANS AND TREATMENT PROFESSIONALS?
(neurobiology explains a lot…)
![Page 39: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Let’s think “outside the box”
What causes the disease? (compare with Parkinson’s disease)
10!
![Page 40: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Dysregula4on =
• con4nued exposure of the MDS pathways to a drug leads to changes (adapta4ons) in nerve func4on, called “neuroadapta4ons” • the changes reach a threshold • ….leading to compulsive use over which the individual has impaired control (symptom of the disease) 70!
![Page 41: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Current research suggests that the site of dysregula4on is the cell receptor!
(With nico4ne, we are now even discovering subunits of the nico4nic receptor!)
40!
![Page 42: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
![Page 43: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
What causes the neurotransminer systems to become “dysregulated”?
• gene4c vulnerability * • exposure to a drug * • other aspects of the environment, besides drugs?
60!
![Page 44: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
RATIONALE BASED ON GENETICS abnormal genes abnormal proteins abnormal transminer synthesizing enzymes abnormal transminer breakdown enzymes ABNORMAL RECEPTORS neurotransminer dysregula4on in the pleasure pathway impaired control over drug use
90!
![Page 45: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
WHAT DOES THIS MEAN FOR CLINICIANS AND TREATMENT PROFESSIONALS?
(dysregula4on of the MDS is the problem, and gene4cs helps us bener understand the cause of the disease)
![Page 46: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Severe SUD – A Brain Chemistry Disease!
• “addic4ng” drugs “match” the transminer system that is not normal • gene4c suscep4bility is clearly involved -‐ but onset 4me is variable • cases of SUD range from mild to severe • remember, this is not mild SUD! • methadone and nico4ne maintenance is evidence that some people require a chemical to overcome the non-‐normal transminer system 80!
![Page 47: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
TREATMENT OF SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS
![Page 48: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
HARM REDUCTION
![Page 49: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
What IS harm reduc4on?
• assuming a person will use drugs; anempt to reduce harm to the user and those around the user -‐ methadone -‐ needle exchange programs -‐ safe injec4on neighborhoods -‐ controlled drinking
![Page 50: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
What IS harm reduc4on?
• assuming a person will use drugs; anempt to reduce harm to the user and those around the user -‐ methadone -‐ needle exchange programs -‐ safe injec4on neighborhoods -‐ controlled drinking -‐ educa4ng the public about the dangers of drunk driving
![Page 51: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
METHADONE
![Page 52: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Characteris4cs of a Good Methadone Program
Example: to replace street use of heroin with use of an oral opioid in a controlled environment
• methadone taken in front of an employee • regular drug screens • steady job • counseling to get off the medica4on
![Page 53: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Treatment of SUD in different countries
• I am most familiar with treatment in the U.S. • From what I can tell, treatment in Denmark is similar • What are some of the characteris4cs of treatment in Denmark? Scandinavia?
• U.K.? • Greece? • Other countries?
![Page 54: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
CENAPS -‐ Gorski
• evidence-‐based • broad range of diagnosis and treatment • mainly abs4nence-‐based • diagnosis through DSM criteria • relapse preven4on • educa4on about preven4on, diagnosis, and treatment
![Page 55: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
What is “recovery”?
Recovery from substance dependence is a voluntarily maintained lifestyle characterized by: • sobriety -‐ abs4nence from alcohol and all other non-‐ prescribed drugs (including nico4ne)
Beny Ford Ins4tute Consensus Panel (2007)
![Page 56: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
2 -‐ What is “recovery”?
AND • personal health -‐ improved quality of personal life as defined and measured by scores on the physical health, psychological health, independence, and spirituality scales of the WHO QOL inst. • ci4zenship -‐ improved quality of social func4on as defined and measured by scores on the social func4on and environment scales of the WHO QOL instrument
![Page 57: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
3 -‐ What is “recovery”?
• “Sobriety is best achieved through the prac4ce of abs4nence from alcohol and all other drugs of abuse.” There is not yet agreement regarding recovery facilitated by psychosocial and pharmacological treatments. • Early sobriety = 1 -‐ 11 months Sustained sobriety = 1 -‐ 5 years Stable sobriety = 5 years or more
![Page 58: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
WHAT DOES THIS MEAN FOR CLINICIANS AND TREATMENT PROFESSIONALS?
(new research might change what we know about recovery)
![Page 59: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Treatment op4ons in the 1960’s (U.S.)
• 12-‐step programs • the beginning of inpa4ent treatment • the beginning of outpa4ent treatment • emergency rooms and jails where people could “sleep it off” – and then go back on the street again
80!
![Page 60: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Today’s treatment op4ons (Op4ons to ini4ate recovery….)
• tradi4onal (in U.S.): 12 step programs (abs4nence) • behavioral: individual/group counseling • misunderstood (U.S.): harm reduc4on, MM • new: mo4va4onal interviewing, CBT, MET, primary care management, vouchers • medica4ons: detox meds, meds to enhance abs4nence/reward blockers, methadone, buprenorphine, vaccines *(evidence-‐based, or “research proven”) (MM= Modera4on Management, CBT= cogni4ve behavioral therapy, MET= mo4va4onal enhancement therapy)
60!
![Page 61: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Current Medica4ons
• naltrexone (ReVia, Vivitrol*) -‐ alcohol • acamprosate (Campral, Fr.-‐Aotal) – alcohol * Also used in opioid treatment • methadone (generic) -‐ opioids • buprenorphine (Subutex, Suboxone) -‐ opioids, such as heroin • bupropion (Zyban) -‐ nico4ne • varenicline (Chan4x, Champix) – nico4ne_________ • disulfiram (Antabuse) -‐ works on the liver, generally not effec4ve for trea4ng alcohol dependence
70!
![Page 62: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
What’s new in medica4on development?
Alcohol • nalmefene (END, no other major use) • topiramate (Topamax, GABA/GLU, migraine etc.) • ondansetron (Zofran, SER, nausea/vomi4ng) • que4apine (Seroquel, DA?, an4SZP, bipolar) • aripiprazole (Abilify, DA?, an4SZP, bipolar) Cocaine • disulfiram (Antabuse, DA, GABA?) • methadone (generic, END) • gabapen4n (Neuron4n, GABA, an4convulsant) • baclofen (generic, GABA, muscle relaxant) • modafinil (Provigil, GLU, an4-‐narcolepsy)
20!
![Page 63: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
What about electronic cigarenes (e-‐cigarenes)?
![Page 64: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Pharmacogene4cs!
• the “personaliza4on” of pharmacotherapy, based upon gene4c factors – i.e., predictors of drug response, or to target medica4on effects
• controversial as to whether pharmacogene4c tes4ng in the clinic should be started, with such preliminary studies E.g., mu-‐opioid receptor gene OPRM1; carriers
of the G-‐allele of the A118G polymorphism showed a bener response to naltrexone in trea4ng alcohol dependence
30!
![Page 65: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Pharmacogene4cs! (2)
2. Alcohol-‐dependent pa4ents with LL genotype of SERT had a bener response to ondansetron
3. CYP2A6 rapid metabolizers are less likely to achieve a posi4ve result with NRT
4. ANKK1 Taq1A polymorphism predicts bupropion vs. NRT response Sturgess et al., 2011 Johnson et al., 2011
30!
![Page 66: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
12-‐Step Philosophy Ques4ons
“Once abs4nent, one must avoid all mood-‐altering drugs” • Is this s4ll good advice? • What about people in recovery with chronic pain? • What about 12-‐step mee4ngs that do not allow people to anend when they are taking an4depressants?
• What about “liberal” groups that take in anyone with an “addic4on”?
![Page 67: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
WHAT DOES THIS MEAN FOR CLINICIANS AND TREATMENT PROFESSIONALS?
(although medica4ons can help, counseling and 12-‐steps s4ll predominate in the U.S., because medica4ons have not yet proven themselves, and physicians are not yet as involved as they should be)
![Page 68: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Medical educa4on trends (U.S.)
SBIRT: • Screening (At least, SBI…) • Brief Interven4on • Referral to Treatment Also: • SIMS: Summer Ins4tute for Medical Students (1 week, Hazelden Beny Ford, others) • some schools: training in addic4on medicine during residencies (U.S.)
![Page 69: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Overall validity of today’s story
• Individual validi4es add up: -‐ neurotransminer story = medium RVE -‐ gene4cs story = medium RVE -‐ medica4on mechanisms = medium RVE
Three stories independently suppor4ng neurotransminer dysregula4on =
very high validity! 99!
![Page 70: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Science is Compa4ble with the Big Book!
• “addic4on is an illness” (p. 18) • “people drink to overcome a craving beyond their mental control” (p. xxviii) • “no controlled drinking for us” (p. 31) • “some drinkers can drink moderately” (p. 34)
Alcoholics Anonymous, Third Edi4on
![Page 71: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Is there a common mechanism of ac4on for “talk therapies” and medica4ons?
![Page 72: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
If chemical dependence is a brain disease and people get bener with treatment, logic says that: Behavioral Therapies Probably Change Brain Chemistry!
20!
The mechanisms seem to be similar!!
![Page 73: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
BRAIN IMAGING STUDIES ARE HELPFUL
![Page 74: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
New Brain Scan Research…
• Psychotherapy and meds work on the basal ganglia in the treatment of depression
Mar4n et al., 2001
• CBT and meds work on the same brain areas in
trea4ng social anxiety Furmark et al., 2002
• CBT appears to modify “bad circuits” associated with
anxiety disorders Paquene et al., 2003
50!
![Page 75: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
![Page 76: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
![Page 77: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
![Page 78: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
![Page 79: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
![Page 80: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
![Page 81: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
SO, IT APPEARS THAT THE MDS DYSREGULATION BEGINS TO MOVE BACK TOWARDS NORMAL WITH TREATMENT
It cannot be totally normalized -‐ just “pushed back” towards normal, in much the same way that medica4ons change brain chemistry. (For some people, spirituality – or “revela4on” -‐ seems to be a very effec4ve way to do this!)
10!
![Page 82: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
WHAT DOES THIS MEAN FOR CLINICIANS AND TREATMENT PROFESSIONALS?
(The way treatment works is becoming bener understood through research)
![Page 83: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
CONCLUSIONS
![Page 84: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
We now have a choice
• there is now research evidence for the effec4veness of the 12-‐step mutual-‐help programs (Donovan, Galanter, Humphreys, Kaskutas, Kurtz, Laudet, McCrady, Miller, Moos, Tonigan, others) • there have been many other research advances, mostly in neurobiology/gene4cs • yet some say our field (U.S.) has not moved forward much in the past 70+ years (I disagree) • choices: con4nue what works, or look to the science for new ideas to help those s4ll suffering…… (or both!)
![Page 85: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Finally, please remember…
• our field is in transi4on, and previously erroneous folklore is becoming clearer -‐ through new research • for the latest science: www.pubmed.gov • this new informa4on requires an open mind and the curiosity to learn new things -‐ while we con4nue to help those who are s4ll suffering….
![Page 86: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
References
• Erickson, C.K., “ The Science of Addic4on: From Neurobiology to Treatment” (W.W. Norton, 2007)
• Erickson, C.K., “Addic4on Essen4als: The Go-‐to Guide for Clinicians and Pa4ents” (W.W. Norton, 2011)
• Brick, J. and Erickson, C.K., “Drugs, The Brain, and Behavior” (2nd Ed., Routledge, 2013) • bibliography: www.utexas.edu/research/asrec
200!
![Page 87: The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to ...sites.utexas.edu/asrec/files/2015/06/copenhagen2015.pdf · The Neuroscience of “Addiction”: From Diagnosis to Treatment](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030802/5b0b386a7f8b9a99488d7834/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
TAK!