The Nervous System Sensory Systems
-
Upload
e-kay-mutemi -
Category
Documents
-
view
36 -
download
1
description
Transcript of The Nervous System Sensory Systems
![Page 1: The Nervous System Sensory Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/552c46395503464c158b4743/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
PRINCIPLES OFHUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
THIRD EDITION
Cindy L. Stanfield | William J. Germann
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by W.H. Preston, College of the Sequoias
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
10
Part D
The Nervous System:
Sensory Systems
![Page 2: The Nervous System Sensory Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/552c46395503464c158b4743/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Anatomy of the Ear
Figure 10.37
![Page 3: The Nervous System Sensory Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/552c46395503464c158b4743/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Generation of Sound Waves
Figure 10.38a
![Page 4: The Nervous System Sensory Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/552c46395503464c158b4743/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Properties of Sound
Figure 10.38b
![Page 5: The Nervous System Sensory Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/552c46395503464c158b4743/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Anatomy of Middle Ear
Figure 10.39
![Page 6: The Nervous System Sensory Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/552c46395503464c158b4743/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Sound Transduction: Cochlea
Figure 10.40a, c
![Page 7: The Nervous System Sensory Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/552c46395503464c158b4743/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Sound Transduction: Cochlea
Figure 10.40e–f
![Page 8: The Nervous System Sensory Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/552c46395503464c158b4743/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Functional Anatomy of Cochlea
Figure 10.40e–f
![Page 9: The Nervous System Sensory Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/552c46395503464c158b4743/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Inner Hair Cells: Sound Conduction
Figure 10.41
![Page 10: The Nervous System Sensory Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/552c46395503464c158b4743/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Hair Cells: Sound Transduction
Figure 10.42a–c
![Page 11: The Nervous System Sensory Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/552c46395503464c158b4743/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Sound Frequency Coding
Figure 10.43
![Page 12: The Nervous System Sensory Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/552c46395503464c158b4743/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Clinical Defects: Deafness
• Conductive deafness
• Inadequate conduction of sound waves through external and/or middle ear
• Sensorineural deafness
• Inadequate transduction of sound waves to electrical signals in inner ear
• Central deafness
• Damage to the neural pathway for sound
![Page 13: The Nervous System Sensory Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/552c46395503464c158b4743/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
V. The Ear and Equilibrium
• Anatomy of the vestibular apparatus
• The semicircular canals and the transduction of rotation
• The utricle and saccule and the transduction of linear acceleration
• Neural pathways for equilibrium
![Page 14: The Nervous System Sensory Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/552c46395503464c158b4743/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Anatomy of Vestibular Apparatus
Figure 10.44
![Page 15: The Nervous System Sensory Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/552c46395503464c158b4743/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Semicircular Canal Anatomy
Figure 10.45a–b
![Page 16: The Nervous System Sensory Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/552c46395503464c158b4743/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Coding for Acceleration
Figure 10.45c–e
![Page 17: The Nervous System Sensory Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/552c46395503464c158b4743/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Anatomy: Utricle and Saccule
Figure 10.46a
![Page 18: The Nervous System Sensory Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/552c46395503464c158b4743/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Coding for Acceleration
Figure 10.46b–d
![Page 19: The Nervous System Sensory Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/552c46395503464c158b4743/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Coding for Head Tilting
Figure 10.46e–f
![Page 20: The Nervous System Sensory Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/552c46395503464c158b4743/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Neural Pathways for Equilibrium
Vestibular afferents
Vestibular nuclei(brainstem)
Cerebellum Cortex
Balance &Equilibrium
Perception
Sensory systems
Eye movements
![Page 21: The Nervous System Sensory Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/552c46395503464c158b4743/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Taste Buds
• Over 10,000 taste buds
• Tongue
• Roof of mouth
• Pharynx
• Pore exposed to saliva in mouth
• 50–150 taste receptors cells per bud
• Modified epithelial cells
• Respond to tastants
• Support cells
![Page 22: The Nervous System Sensory Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/552c46395503464c158b4743/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Taste Receptors
Figure 10.47
![Page 23: The Nervous System Sensory Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/552c46395503464c158b4743/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Transduction of Sour and Salty
Figure 10.48a–b
![Page 24: The Nervous System Sensory Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/552c46395503464c158b4743/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Transduction of Sweet and Bitter
Figure 10.48c–d
![Page 25: The Nervous System Sensory Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/552c46395503464c158b4743/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Neural Coding of Taste
Figure 10.49
![Page 26: The Nervous System Sensory Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/552c46395503464c158b4743/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Olfactory Epithelium
Figure 10.50
![Page 27: The Nervous System Sensory Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/552c46395503464c158b4743/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Olfactory Receptor Cells
• Only neurons replaced continuously
• Cilia project into mucus
• Have chemoreceptors
• Olfactory binding proteins
• Located in mucus
• Transport odorants to receptors
![Page 28: The Nervous System Sensory Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/552c46395503464c158b4743/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Olfactory Signal Transduction
• Air-borne chemical must dissolve in mucus
• Olfactory binding proteins deliver olfactants to receptors
![Page 29: The Nervous System Sensory Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/552c46395503464c158b4743/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Olfactory Signal Transduction
• Chemical binds to receptor
• Activates G protein called Golf
• Activates adenylate cyclase cAMP
• cAMP directly binds cation channels, opening them
• Na+ and Ca2+ enter cell depolarization
• Specificity of binding
• Specific olfactory receptor cells for each type of odorant-binding protein
![Page 30: The Nervous System Sensory Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/552c46395503464c158b4743/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Neural Pathway for Olfaction
• Olfactory receptor cells are specialized endings of afferent neurons
• Axon of receptor cells comprises CN I, the olfactory nerve
• Second order neurons = mitral cells
![Page 31: The Nervous System Sensory Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/552c46395503464c158b4743/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Neural Pathway for Olfaction
• Communication between afferent and second-order neuron occurs in glomeruli
• Second-order neurons form olfactory tract
• Relay in olfactory tubercle to cerebral cortex
![Page 32: The Nervous System Sensory Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/552c46395503464c158b4743/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Neural Pathway for Olfaction
Figure 10.51