THE NEOPTEROUS ORDERS PLECOPTERA (stoneflies). From the phylogenetic tree: Endopterygota =...

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THE NEOPTEROUS ORDERS PLECOPTERA (stoneflies)

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Transcript of THE NEOPTEROUS ORDERS PLECOPTERA (stoneflies). From the phylogenetic tree: Endopterygota =...

Page 1: THE NEOPTEROUS ORDERS PLECOPTERA (stoneflies). From the phylogenetic tree: Endopterygota = Coleopteroids + Strepsiptera + Lepidopteroids + Dipteroids.

THE NEOPTEROUS ORDERS

PLECOPTERA

(stoneflies)

Page 2: THE NEOPTEROUS ORDERS PLECOPTERA (stoneflies). From the phylogenetic tree: Endopterygota = Coleopteroids + Strepsiptera + Lepidopteroids + Dipteroids.

From the phylogenetic tree: Endopterygota = Coleopteroids + Strepsiptera + Lepidopteroids + Dipteroids +

Hymenoptera

Exopterygota = Hemipteroids + Paleoptera + Orthopteroids

Apterygota = Thysanura + Archaeognatha

Relative Abundance of the Major Insect Divisions

Page 3: THE NEOPTEROUS ORDERS PLECOPTERA (stoneflies). From the phylogenetic tree: Endopterygota = Coleopteroids + Strepsiptera + Lepidopteroids + Dipteroids.

Neoptera

Plecoptera

PhasmidaOrthoptera

Zoraptera

Blattaria

GrylloblattodeaMantophasmatodea

EmbiodeaDermaptera

MantodeaIsoptera

PsocopteraPhthirapteraThysanopteraHemipteraColeopteraRhaphidiopteraMegalopteraNeuropteraHymenopteraMecopteraSiphonapteraDipteraStrepsiptera

TrichopteraLepidoptera

Polyneoptera

Paraneoptera

Neuropterida

Panorpida?

HEMIMETABOLOUS

HOLOMETABOLOUS

Page 4: THE NEOPTEROUS ORDERS PLECOPTERA (stoneflies). From the phylogenetic tree: Endopterygota = Coleopteroids + Strepsiptera + Lepidopteroids + Dipteroids.

Plecoptera

PhasmidaOrthoptera

Zoraptera

Blattaria

GrylloblattodeaMantophasmatodea

EmbiodeaDermaptera

MantodeaIsoptera

Plecopterida

Orthopterida

Dictyoptera

Relationships of the Polyneoptera

Page 5: THE NEOPTEROUS ORDERS PLECOPTERA (stoneflies). From the phylogenetic tree: Endopterygota = Coleopteroids + Strepsiptera + Lepidopteroids + Dipteroids.

Main features of Polyneoptera

1. Chewing mouthparts

Page 6: THE NEOPTEROUS ORDERS PLECOPTERA (stoneflies). From the phylogenetic tree: Endopterygota = Coleopteroids + Strepsiptera + Lepidopteroids + Dipteroids.

Main features of Polyneoptera

1. Chewing mouthparts

2. Nymph with ocelli

Page 7: THE NEOPTEROUS ORDERS PLECOPTERA (stoneflies). From the phylogenetic tree: Endopterygota = Coleopteroids + Strepsiptera + Lepidopteroids + Dipteroids.

Main features of Polyneoptera

1. Chewing mouthparts

2. Nymph with ocelli

3. Numerous Malpighian tubules

Page 8: THE NEOPTEROUS ORDERS PLECOPTERA (stoneflies). From the phylogenetic tree: Endopterygota = Coleopteroids + Strepsiptera + Lepidopteroids + Dipteroids.

Main features of Polyneoptera

1. Chewing mouthparts

2. Nymph with ocelli

3. Numerous Malpighian tubules

4. CNS with abdominal and thoracic ganglia

Page 9: THE NEOPTEROUS ORDERS PLECOPTERA (stoneflies). From the phylogenetic tree: Endopterygota = Coleopteroids + Strepsiptera + Lepidopteroids + Dipteroids.

Embiodea(=Embioptera)

Zoraptera

Dermaptera

Grylloblattodea

Mantophasmatodea?

Orthoptera

Plecoptera

Phasmatodea

prognathous head

Aquatic nymphs

Ovipositor lost

Terrestrial nymphs

Silk glands

No silk glands

Cerci modified to forceps

Cerci not modified

Saltatorial hind legs

Hind legs not saltatorial

Page 10: THE NEOPTEROUS ORDERS PLECOPTERA (stoneflies). From the phylogenetic tree: Endopterygota = Coleopteroids + Strepsiptera + Lepidopteroids + Dipteroids.

Why aren’t stoneflies in the Paleoptera?

Similar wing venation

Similar nymphal forms

Page 11: THE NEOPTEROUS ORDERS PLECOPTERA (stoneflies). From the phylogenetic tree: Endopterygota = Coleopteroids + Strepsiptera + Lepidopteroids + Dipteroids.

Why aren’t stoneflies in the Paleoptera?

Wing folding

Gill types& location

Page 12: THE NEOPTEROUS ORDERS PLECOPTERA (stoneflies). From the phylogenetic tree: Endopterygota = Coleopteroids + Strepsiptera + Lepidopteroids + Dipteroids.

Stonefly wings

Page 13: THE NEOPTEROUS ORDERS PLECOPTERA (stoneflies). From the phylogenetic tree: Endopterygota = Coleopteroids + Strepsiptera + Lepidopteroids + Dipteroids.

Classification of Plecoptera

Order Suborder Superfamily Comment

Plecoptera Anarctoperlaria -southern Hemisphere-very primitive

Arctoperlaria Systellognatha -mandibles of adultatrophied

Euholognatha -mandibles of adultnormal

Systellognatha

Euholognatha

Anarctoperlaria

Page 14: THE NEOPTEROUS ORDERS PLECOPTERA (stoneflies). From the phylogenetic tree: Endopterygota = Coleopteroids + Strepsiptera + Lepidopteroids + Dipteroids.

Classification of Plecoptera

Page 15: THE NEOPTEROUS ORDERS PLECOPTERA (stoneflies). From the phylogenetic tree: Endopterygota = Coleopteroids + Strepsiptera + Lepidopteroids + Dipteroids.

Ecological Classification of Plecoptera

1. Winter stoneflies

-emerge in colder months

-nymphs are predaceous

-adults are non-feeding

2. Summer stoneflies

-emerge in warmer months

-nymphs are detritivores

-adults are algae or pollen feeders

Page 16: THE NEOPTEROUS ORDERS PLECOPTERA (stoneflies). From the phylogenetic tree: Endopterygota = Coleopteroids + Strepsiptera + Lepidopteroids + Dipteroids.

Ecological Classification of Plecoptera

1. Winter stoneflies 2. Summer stoneflies

Page 17: THE NEOPTEROUS ORDERS PLECOPTERA (stoneflies). From the phylogenetic tree: Endopterygota = Coleopteroids + Strepsiptera + Lepidopteroids + Dipteroids.

Stonefly life cycle

Male drums

Female answer

Mating

Female oviposits in stream

Eggs adhere

Summer stoneflies - anchor

Winter stoneflies - adhesive

Page 18: THE NEOPTEROUS ORDERS PLECOPTERA (stoneflies). From the phylogenetic tree: Endopterygota = Coleopteroids + Strepsiptera + Lepidopteroids + Dipteroids.

Drumming

Page 19: THE NEOPTEROUS ORDERS PLECOPTERA (stoneflies). From the phylogenetic tree: Endopterygota = Coleopteroids + Strepsiptera + Lepidopteroids + Dipteroids.

Drumming

http://www.cas.unt.edu/~StoneflyHome/Contents/Chap_12/

http://www.cas.unt.edu/~StoneflyHome/Contents/Chap_12/
Page 20: THE NEOPTEROUS ORDERS PLECOPTERA (stoneflies). From the phylogenetic tree: Endopterygota = Coleopteroids + Strepsiptera + Lepidopteroids + Dipteroids.

General Evolutionary Trends

Originated in cold flowing water

Euholognatha-feed as adults-diurnal-herbivorous

Systellognatha-warmer slower water-carnivorous (nymphs)-nocturnal

Page 21: THE NEOPTEROUS ORDERS PLECOPTERA (stoneflies). From the phylogenetic tree: Endopterygota = Coleopteroids + Strepsiptera + Lepidopteroids + Dipteroids.

Plecoptera

Number of Species

Common names

Distinguishing characteristics

Other features

Typical habitats

Hexapod Orders

>2000

Stoneflies, salmonflies

fast-moving streams -temperate/boreal climates

Adults - hind wings shorter; base of hind wing enlarged and pleated

Pleco - braided, ptera - wing

-Most primitive of Neoptera

Nymphs - Body flattened, Tracheal gills behind the head, at base of legs, or around the anus, two ‘tails’


Plecoptera “Stoneflies” - Weebly

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