The Nature of Science & Science Skills Review. Research starts with a … Research question –What...
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Transcript of The Nature of Science & Science Skills Review. Research starts with a … Research question –What...
![Page 1: The Nature of Science & Science Skills Review. Research starts with a … Research question –What the scientists wants to know.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649e8f5503460f94b93bdc/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Nature of Science The Nature of Science & &
Science SkillsScience Skills
Review
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Research starts with a …
• Research question– What the scientists
wants to know
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What are the two general types of research:
• Experimental• Descriptive
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Descriptive research is…
• Based mainly on observations
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Examples of descriptive research are…
• Making models
• Dissections
• Observing animals in the wild
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For example…
How do the survivors of a disaster react to the disaster?
No variables; data is based on watching and talking to survivors
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Experimental research is…
• The manipulation and control of variables
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Speaking of variables….
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What are the three types of What are the three types of variables?variables?
• Independent variables
• Dependent variables
• Controlled variables– Also called constants
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Independent variables are…
• What is being tested
• What is being changed
• The difference between the groups
• The ‘cause’ of a change
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Dependent variables are…
• What is observed
• What is measured
• The data
• The ‘effect’ caused by the independent variable
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Controlled variables are…
• Things that could change, but don’t
• Kept constant by the scientist
• Allow for a fair test
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So an experimental question has to indicate the variables
• How the independent variable will AFFECT the dependent variable
• What the EFFECT of the independent variable will be on the dependent variable
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For example…
• How does the temperature of ocean water affect the speed of a hurricane?– Independent variable
• T of ocean water
– Dependent variable• Speed of a hurricane
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Predictions
• Educated guesses about what will happen during an investigation– Based on prior knowledge (observations,
background research, etc)
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For example…
People in disasters will react by trying to help others as much as possible.
This is a PREDICTION because it’s a guess about what you think will happen.
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Hypothesis(plural – hypotheses)
• Special kind of prediction
• What makes it so special???– It’s a guess about the VARIABLES & their
relationship, in particular,• How will the independent variable affect the
dependent variable?????????
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How to write a hypothesis
• Use an If, Then statement
• IF the independent variable changes, THEN the dependent variable changes– This type of sentence shows what the IV will
do to the DV
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For example…
• IF the T of ocean water increases, THEN the speed of a hurricane will increase.
• This shows the expected relationship between the independent variable (the T of ocean water) and the dependent variable (the speed of a hurricane)– If the T of ocean water changes, it will cause
the speed of a hurricane to change too.
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Planning the investigation – Experimental Design
• You absolutely, positively have to know what the variables are!– What you are changing
• How you are changing
– What you are measuring• How you are measuring
– Repeated trials– Data tables
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Data tables?
• Numerical (quantitative) data organized in rows and columns
• The specific independent variables are listed
• The number of trials are listed
• Blanks are left for the data (dependent variable) to be filled in
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Trial Variable 1 Variable 2 Variable 3
1
2
3
4
5
Average
Title Describing the Data
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Analyzing the data
• Reduce the data– Do something to make the amount of data
smaller• Central tendencies
– Mean (average)– Median– Mode– Range– frequency
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Analyzing the data
• Graph the data– Lets us see trends, patterns, relationships,
comparisons– Bar graphs
• Let us compare data
– Line graphs• Lets us see trends or changes
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Bar graph
This shows a
comparison of types and amount of trash on a
beach.
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Line graph
This shows how the grade point
average has been changing
over several years. The trend is an increase in
GPA.
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Conclusions
• How we sum up the investigation– Does the data support the hypothesis?
• If it does – we accept the hypothesis• If it does not – we reject the hypothesis
– All back up what you say with data• Evidence
– Discuss issues or problems with the investigation
– Discuss the importance or relevance of the investigation
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Communicate what you know
• Finding out something new doesn’t do anyone any good unless the new knowledge is shared– Journals & magazines– Presentations