THE NATURE OF SCIENCEI. THE METHODS OF SCIENCE -1.1

A. What is science? 1. Please Define Science:

It is a method for studying the natural world. Or is a process based on inquiry that helps develop explanations about events in nature.

I. THE METHODS OF SCIENCE -1.1A. What is science?

1. Please Define Science: It is a method for studying the

natural world. Or is a process based on inquiry that helps develop explanations about events in nature.

I. THE METHODS OF SCIENCE -1.1A. What is science?

1. Please Define Science: It is a method for studying the

natural world. Or is a process based on inquiry that helps develop explanations about events in nature.

2. Major categories of sciencea. What are the three main categories of science?

(1) Life science deals with living things.

(2) Earth science investigates Earth and Space.

(3) Physical science studies matter and energy.

3. Science changes (explanation of the atom)

a. Thomson’s Atom: Electrons embedded in a ball of positive charge.

b. Rutherford’s Atom: The atom consisted of a nucleus with electrons orbiting it like the planets orbit the Sun.

c. Present-Day or Modern Atom: A nucleus made of protons and neutrons surrounded by an electron cloud.

4. Investigationsa. Modeling

B. Scientific Methods1. Please Define Scientific Method:

Pattern of investigation procedures that can include stating a problem, forming a hypothesis, researching and gathering information, testing a hypothesis, analyzing data, and drawing conclusions.

2. State the problem – first step 3. Research and gather information 4. Form a hypothesis

(a) Please Define Hypothesis: Possible explanation for a problem using what is known and what is observed.

5. Test a hypothesis (a) Please Define Experiment: Organized procedure for testing a hypothesis;

tests the effect of one thing on another under controlled conditions.(b) Variables

(1) Please Define Variable: Quantity that can have more than a

single value, can cause a change in the results of an experiment.

(c) Independent and dependent variables

(1) Please Define Dependent Variable:Factor that changes as a result of changes in the other variables.

(2) Please Define Independent Variable:Factor that, as it changes, affects the measure of another variable.

(d) Constants(1) Please Define Constant: In an experiment, a variable that does not

change.(e) Controls

(1) Please Define Control: Standard used for comparison of test results in and experiment.

6. Analyze the data(a) One way to display data is by:

Recording observations and organizing the test data into easy-to-read tables and graphs.

7. Draw conclusions(a) Does your analysis of the data support your hypothesis?(b) If yes, then your hypothesis is elevated to a Law.(c) If no, then your hypothesis must be revised.

8. Peer review9. Being objective (a) Please Define Bias:

Occurs when a scientist’s expectations change how the results of an experiment are viewed.

C. Visualizing with Models1. Please Define Model:

Can be used to represent an idea, object, or event that is too big, too small, too complex, or too dangerous to observe or test directly.

2. Models in history3. High-tech models

a. What does computer simulation do? Uses the computer to test a process or procedure and to collect data.

D. Science Theories and Laws1. Please Define Theory:

Explanation of things or events based on knowledge gained from many observations and investigations.

2. Please Define Scientific Law:Statement about what happens in nature that seems to be true all the time; does not explain why or how something happens.

E. The Limitations of ScienceII. STANDARDS OF MEASUREMENTS - 1.2

A. Units and Standards 1. Please Define Standard:

Exact, agreed-upon quantity used for comparison.

B. Measurement Systems 1. International Systems of Units

(a) What is SI?International System of Units-the improved,

universally accepted version of the metric system that is based on multiples of ten and includes the meter (m), liter (L), and kilogram (kg).

2. SI prefixes (Table will be given to you in class)

3. Converting between SI unitsC. Measuring Length

1. What is the SI base unit of length? Meter2. Choosing a unit of length

D. Measuring Volume1. Please Define Volume:

Amount of space occupied by an object.

(a) Small solids = cm3(b) Large solids = m3(c) Convert solids to liquid volumes = 1cm3 to 1mLE. Measuring Mass and Density

1. Please Define Matter: Anything that takes up space and has mass.

2. Please Define Mass:Amount of matter in an object.

3. Density(a) Please Define Density:Mass per unit volume of a material.

4. Derived units(a) Please Define Derived units:

A unit obtained by combining different SI units.(b) Examples of Derived units

(1) Speed ______________ (2) Velocity _____________ (3) Acceleration _________ (4) Force _______________ (5) Momentum __________

b. Examples of Derived units:(6) Work _________________(7) Energy _______________(8) Power _______________(9) Density ______________F. Measuring Time and Temperature

1. Celsius (Centigrade)(a) Please Define Celsius: The freezing point of water is 0oC and the

boiling point of water is 100oC. Between these points, the scale is divided into 100 equal divisions. Each one represents 1oC.

2. Kevin and Fahrenheit(a) Please Define Kelvin:

The SI unit of temperature is the Kelvin (K). Zero on the Kelvin scale (0 K) is the coldest possible temperature, also known as absolute zero. Absolute zero is roughly equal to -273oC, which is 273oC below the freezing point of water.

b. Please Define Fahrenheit:On the Fahrenheit scale, the freezing point of water is 32oF and the boiling point is 212oF. A temperature difference of 1o on the Fahrenheit scale is 5/9o on the Celsius scale.

III. COMMUNICATING WITH GRAPHSA. A Visual Display

1. Please Define Graph: Visual display of information or data.B. Line Graphs

1. What do Line Graphs show? Line graphs often show how a relationship between variables

changes over time.2. Displaying data on line graphs

3. Constructing line graphsa. HIAM (x axis) H = Horizontal axis I = Independent Variable A = Abscissa M = Manipulated Variableb. DROV (y axis)

D = Dependent VariableR = Responding VariableO = OrdinateV = Vertical axis

C. Bar Graphs1. What do Bar Graphs show?

A bar graph is useful for comparing information or displaying data that do not change continuously.

D. Circle Graphs1. What do Circle Graphs show?

A circle graph, sometimes called a pie chart, is used to show how some fixed quantity is broken into parts. The circular pie represents the total. The slices represent the parts and usually are represented as percentages of the total.

IV. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY – 1.4A. What is technology?

1. Please Define Technology: Application of science to benefit

people.2. Technological objects3. Technological methods or techniques

4. Technological knowledge or skills 5. Technological systems

B. Global Technological Needs1. Developing countries

a. Meeting basic needs (1) Meeting basic needs as:

(a) Food, shelter, clothing, safe drinking water, and health care.

(b) Transportation (bus, bicycle)(2) Industrialized countries

a. Contrasting needs

C. Social Forces that Shape Technology

1. Please Define Society:Group of people that share similar valuesand beliefs.

2. Personal valuesD. Economic Forces that Shape Technology

1. Federal government2. Private foundations3. Private industries

E. Moral and Ethical Issues1. Biotechnology

(a) Please Define Biotechnology: Any technological application using living things or

living systems.(b) Give some examples of Biotechnology:

(1) Breeding animals for certain traits. (2) Using fermentation to obtain cheese or wine

and baking bread with yeast. (3) Using Human stem cells to prevent or treat

disease. (4) Using genetically-engineered crops to

increase crop yield, tolerate heat and drought, and prevent crop diseases.

V. CHAPTER 1 REVIEW – 1.5

A. Check Concepts 1. Please do Questions 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37,

and 38.B. Apply Math 1. Please do Problems 48, 49, and 50.C. Standardized Test Practice

1. Please do Questions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, and 13.