The Nature of Molecules Chapter 2. 2 Atomic Structure All matter is ____________ atoms....

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The Nature of Molecules Chapter 2

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Transcript of The Nature of Molecules Chapter 2. 2 Atomic Structure All matter is ____________ atoms....

Page 1: The Nature of Molecules Chapter 2. 2 Atomic Structure All matter is ____________ atoms. Understanding the structure of atoms is critical to understanding.

The Nature of Molecules

Chapter 2

Page 2: The Nature of Molecules Chapter 2. 2 Atomic Structure All matter is ____________ atoms. Understanding the structure of atoms is critical to understanding.

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Atomic Structure

All matter is ____________ atoms.

Understanding the structure of atoms is critical to understanding the nature of biological molecules.

Page 3: The Nature of Molecules Chapter 2. 2 Atomic Structure All matter is ____________ atoms. Understanding the structure of atoms is critical to understanding.

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Atomic Structure

Atoms are composed of

-protons – ________________ particles

-neutrons – _____________ particles

-electrons – ________________ particles

__________________ are located in the nucleus. Electrons are found in____________________________________-

Page 4: The Nature of Molecules Chapter 2. 2 Atomic Structure All matter is ____________ atoms. Understanding the structure of atoms is critical to understanding.

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Atomic Structure

Page 5: The Nature of Molecules Chapter 2. 2 Atomic Structure All matter is ____________ atoms. Understanding the structure of atoms is critical to understanding.

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Atomic Structure

Every different atom has a characteristic number of protons in the nucleus.

atomic number =___________________

Atoms with the same atomic number have the same chemical properties and belong to the same___________.

Page 6: The Nature of Molecules Chapter 2. 2 Atomic Structure All matter is ____________ atoms. Understanding the structure of atoms is critical to understanding.

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Atomic Structure

Each proton and neutron has a mass of approximately 1 dalton.

The _____________________________ is the atom’s atomic mass.

Isotopes – atoms of the same element that have____________________________

_______________________________.

Page 7: The Nature of Molecules Chapter 2. 2 Atomic Structure All matter is ____________ atoms. Understanding the structure of atoms is critical to understanding.

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Atomic Structure

Page 8: The Nature of Molecules Chapter 2. 2 Atomic Structure All matter is ____________ atoms. Understanding the structure of atoms is critical to understanding.

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Atomic Structure

Neutral atoms have the _____ number of protons and electrons.

Ions are ____________atoms.-cations – have more __________________and are ________________charged-anions – have more __________than protons and are ____________charged

Page 9: The Nature of Molecules Chapter 2. 2 Atomic Structure All matter is ____________ atoms. Understanding the structure of atoms is critical to understanding.

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Atomic Structure

Electrons are located in ______surrounding the nucleus.

The first orbital can contain ____ all of the rest _______electrons.

Electrons possess potential energy, with electrons ________the nucleus having the most energy.

Page 10: The Nature of Molecules Chapter 2. 2 Atomic Structure All matter is ____________ atoms. Understanding the structure of atoms is critical to understanding.

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Atomic Structure

Page 11: The Nature of Molecules Chapter 2. 2 Atomic Structure All matter is ____________ atoms. Understanding the structure of atoms is critical to understanding.

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Atomic Structure

Electrons can be transferred from one atom to another, while still retaining the energy of their position in the atom.

-oxidation = ____ of an electron

-reduction = ____of an electron

Page 12: The Nature of Molecules Chapter 2. 2 Atomic Structure All matter is ____________ atoms. Understanding the structure of atoms is critical to understanding.

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Elements

Valence electrons are the electrons in the ______________________of an atom.

An element’s chemical properties depend on___________________________________________________________________________________________.

Page 13: The Nature of Molecules Chapter 2. 2 Atomic Structure All matter is ____________ atoms. Understanding the structure of atoms is critical to understanding.

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Elements

The Periodic Table arranges all elements according to their______________.

The table identifies elements with_______

_______________________________

Page 14: The Nature of Molecules Chapter 2. 2 Atomic Structure All matter is ____________ atoms. Understanding the structure of atoms is critical to understanding.

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Periodic Table of the Elements

Page 15: The Nature of Molecules Chapter 2. 2 Atomic Structure All matter is ____________ atoms. Understanding the structure of atoms is critical to understanding.

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Elements

Octet rule: Atoms tend to establish ___________outer energy levels.

Atoms with full energy levels are _____reactive than atoms with unfilled energy levels.

Page 16: The Nature of Molecules Chapter 2. 2 Atomic Structure All matter is ____________ atoms. Understanding the structure of atoms is critical to understanding.

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Elements

Page 17: The Nature of Molecules Chapter 2. 2 Atomic Structure All matter is ____________ atoms. Understanding the structure of atoms is critical to understanding.

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Elements

There are ___________occurring elements.

Only ___ elements are found in living organisms in substantial amounts.

Four elements make up 96.3% of human body weight:

-______________________________

Page 18: The Nature of Molecules Chapter 2. 2 Atomic Structure All matter is ____________ atoms. Understanding the structure of atoms is critical to understanding.

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Chemical Bonds

Molecules are groups of atoms held together______________________.

Compounds are molecules_______________________________________

Atoms are held together in molecules or compounds by chemical bonds.

Page 19: The Nature of Molecules Chapter 2. 2 Atomic Structure All matter is ____________ atoms. Understanding the structure of atoms is critical to understanding.

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Chemical Bonds

Ionic bonds are formed by the attraction of oppositely charged ions.

Page 20: The Nature of Molecules Chapter 2. 2 Atomic Structure All matter is ____________ atoms. Understanding the structure of atoms is critical to understanding.

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Chemical Bonds

Covalent bonds form when atoms______

_________________________________

Covalent bond strength depends on the number of __________shared by the atoms.

single bond

doublebond

triplebond

< <

Page 21: The Nature of Molecules Chapter 2. 2 Atomic Structure All matter is ____________ atoms. Understanding the structure of atoms is critical to understanding.

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Chemical Bonds

Page 22: The Nature of Molecules Chapter 2. 2 Atomic Structure All matter is ____________ atoms. Understanding the structure of atoms is critical to understanding.

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Chemical Bonds

Electronegativity is an atom’s____________

___________________________________

Differences in electronegativity dictate how electrons are distributed in covalent bonds.

- nonpolar covalent bonds = ________________________________

- polar covalent bonds =______________

________________________________

Page 23: The Nature of Molecules Chapter 2. 2 Atomic Structure All matter is ____________ atoms. Understanding the structure of atoms is critical to understanding.

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Chemical Bonds

Chemical reactions involve the_______

________________________________

Whether a chemical reaction occurs is influenced by

-___________________________

-concentration of

-availability of

Page 24: The Nature of Molecules Chapter 2. 2 Atomic Structure All matter is ____________ atoms. Understanding the structure of atoms is critical to understanding.

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Chemical Bonds

Chemical reactions are written with the reactants first, followed by the products.

6H2O + 6CO2 C6H12O6 + 6O2

reactants products

Chemical reactions are often reversible.

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6H2O + 6CO2

Page 25: The Nature of Molecules Chapter 2. 2 Atomic Structure All matter is ____________ atoms. Understanding the structure of atoms is critical to understanding.

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Water Chemistry

All living organisms are dependent on _____.

The __________ of water is the basis for its unique properties.

The most important property of water is the ability to form ________bonds.

Page 26: The Nature of Molecules Chapter 2. 2 Atomic Structure All matter is ____________ atoms. Understanding the structure of atoms is critical to understanding.

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Water Chemistry

Within a water molecule, the bonds between oxygen and hydrogen are highly polar.

Partial electrical charges develop:

- oxygen is partially negative

- hydrogen is partially positive

Page 27: The Nature of Molecules Chapter 2. 2 Atomic Structure All matter is ____________ atoms. Understanding the structure of atoms is critical to understanding.

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Water Chemistry

Page 28: The Nature of Molecules Chapter 2. 2 Atomic Structure All matter is ____________ atoms. Understanding the structure of atoms is critical to understanding.

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Water Chemistry

Hydrogen bonds are ____________ between the partially _________ oxygen of one water molecule and the partially __________hydrogen of a different water molecule.

Hydrogen bonds can form between water molecules or between water and another charged molecule.

Page 29: The Nature of Molecules Chapter 2. 2 Atomic Structure All matter is ____________ atoms. Understanding the structure of atoms is critical to understanding.

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Water Chemistry

Page 30: The Nature of Molecules Chapter 2. 2 Atomic Structure All matter is ____________ atoms. Understanding the structure of atoms is critical to understanding.

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Water Chemistry

The __________of water causes it to be cohesive and adhesive.

cohesion: water molecules stick to other _________molecules by hydrogen bonding

adhesion: water molecules stick to other _______molecules by hydrogen bonding

Page 31: The Nature of Molecules Chapter 2. 2 Atomic Structure All matter is ____________ atoms. Understanding the structure of atoms is critical to understanding.

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Water Chemistry

Page 32: The Nature of Molecules Chapter 2. 2 Atomic Structure All matter is ____________ atoms. Understanding the structure of atoms is critical to understanding.

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Water Chemistry

Page 33: The Nature of Molecules Chapter 2. 2 Atomic Structure All matter is ____________ atoms. Understanding the structure of atoms is critical to understanding.

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Properties of Water

1. Water has a high specific heat.

- A ________________is required to change the temperature of water.

2. Water has a high heat of ___________.

- The evaporation of water from a surface causes cooling of that surface.

Page 34: The Nature of Molecules Chapter 2. 2 Atomic Structure All matter is ____________ atoms. Understanding the structure of atoms is critical to understanding.

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Properties of Water

3. Solid water is _____________than liquid water.

- Bodies of water freeze from the_______________________

4. Water is a good ________.

- Water dissolves polar molecules and ions.

Page 35: The Nature of Molecules Chapter 2. 2 Atomic Structure All matter is ____________ atoms. Understanding the structure of atoms is critical to understanding.

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Properties of Water

Page 36: The Nature of Molecules Chapter 2. 2 Atomic Structure All matter is ____________ atoms. Understanding the structure of atoms is critical to understanding.

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Properties of Water

5. Water organizes nonpolar molecules.- hydrophilic: “____________________”-hydrophobic: “_________________”- Water causes hydrophobic molecules to aggregate or assume specific shapes.

6. Water can form ions.

H2O OH-1 + H+1

hydroxide ion hydrogen ion

Page 37: The Nature of Molecules Chapter 2. 2 Atomic Structure All matter is ____________ atoms. Understanding the structure of atoms is critical to understanding.

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Acids and Bases

Hydrogen ion (H+1) is the basis of the___

________________________

__________ H+1 concentration --- lower pH (acidic)

_________ H+1 concentration --- higher pH (basic)

Page 38: The Nature of Molecules Chapter 2. 2 Atomic Structure All matter is ____________ atoms. Understanding the structure of atoms is critical to understanding.

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Acids and Bases

Page 39: The Nature of Molecules Chapter 2. 2 Atomic Structure All matter is ____________ atoms. Understanding the structure of atoms is critical to understanding.

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Acids and Bases

Acid: a chemical that _________ H+1 ions.

Base: a chemical that _______ H+1 ions.

Buffer: a chemical that accepts/releases H+1 as necessary to keep pH ____________

Page 40: The Nature of Molecules Chapter 2. 2 Atomic Structure All matter is ____________ atoms. Understanding the structure of atoms is critical to understanding.

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Acids and Bases

Most biological buffers consist of ______

__________, one an acid and one a base.

Page 41: The Nature of Molecules Chapter 2. 2 Atomic Structure All matter is ____________ atoms. Understanding the structure of atoms is critical to understanding.

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Acids and Bases


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