The Nature of Life Chapter 1-3 & 1-4 The Science of Biology.

The Nature of LifeThe Nature of LifeChapter 1-3 & 1-4Chapter 1-3 & 1-4The Science of BiologyThe Science of Biology

Studying LifeStudying Life

Biology is the study of living Biology is the study of living thingsthings– ““Bio” – life; “ology” – studyBio” – life; “ology” – study

Studying LifeStudying LifeCharacteristics of Living ThingsCharacteristics of Living Things

Nonliving things share some characteristics Nonliving things share some characteristics with living things, but not allwith living things, but not all

5 characteristics of living things5 characteristics of living things– Made up of cellsMade up of cells– Reproduce Reproduce – Based on genetic codeBased on genetic code– MetabolismMetabolism– HomeostasisHomeostasis

To be considered living, an object MUST To be considered living, an object MUST have ALL 5 characteristicshave ALL 5 characteristics


1. 1. Made up of cellsMade up of cells– Smallest unit of lifeSmallest unit of life– Enclosed by a barrier Enclosed by a barrier

that separates cell from that separates cell from surroundings-membranesurroundings-membrane

– UnicellularUnicellular- one celled - one celled like bacteria like bacteria

– Multicellular-Multicellular- many many celled like animals and celled like animals and plantsplants


2. Reproduction2. Reproduction– All organisms can produce new All organisms can produce new

organismsorganisms– Passing on of genetic Passing on of genetic

informationinformation– Two types of reproductionTwo types of reproduction

SexualSexualAsexualAsexual


ReproductionReproduction Sexual reproductionSexual reproductiontwo - two

cells (egg and sperm) cells (egg and sperm) from from differentdifferent parents parents unite to form the 1unite to form the 1stst cell of cell of the new organism the new organism

Humans, dogs, apesHumans, dogs, apesFlowersFlowers


ReproductionReproduction Asexual reproductionAsexual reproduction- new - new

organism has only organism has only single single parentparent and buds off that parent and buds off that parent– Hydra and some Hydra and some

unusual plantsunusual plants


3. 3. Based on genetic codeBased on genetic code– DNA or RNADNA or RNA– Changes (evolves) with timeChanges (evolves) with time– Housed in body cells/passed in sex Housed in body cells/passed in sex

cells cells – Sexual reproductionSexual reproduction -offspring have -offspring have

traits from BOTH their parentstraits from BOTH their parents– Asexual reproductionAsexual reproduction -offspring have -offspring have

exact same traits as SINGLE parentexact same traits as SINGLE parent


4. 4. MetabolismMetabolism-- process of building process of building up or breaking down materials up or breaking down materials – i.e. bone growth and digestioni.e. bone growth and digestion– Use energy and constant supply of Use energy and constant supply of

materialsmaterials– Produce waste productsProduce waste products


5. Homeostasis-5. Homeostasis- maintain maintain stable internal conditions--body stable internal conditions--body temptemp– Can respond to the environmentCan respond to the environment– Plant-leans to get lightPlant-leans to get light– AnimalAnimal

Body temperatureBody temperature– Blood vessel dilationBlood vessel dilation– SweatingSweating– ShiveringShivering

Blood pHBlood pH– Homeostasis AnimationHomeostasis Animation

Studying LifeStudying LifeLevels of OrganizationLevels of Organization

Biosphere

Ecosystem

Community

Population

Studying LifeStudying LifeLevels of OrganizationLevels of Organization

Organism

Groups ofCells

Cells

Molecules

Nerve cell

Water DNA

Which of these levels do not contain living things?

Studying LifeStudying LifeScientist Specialization Scientist Specialization

BiologistsBiologists EcologistsEcologists Population biologistsPopulation biologists ZoologistsZoologists Cellular biologistsCellular biologists Molecular biologistsMolecular biologists

Studying LifeStudying LifeScientists’ Tools Scientists’ Tools

Common measurement Common measurement systemsystem– Metric system or (SI)-Metric system or (SI)- a a

measurement system used measurement system used worldwide by scientists worldwide by scientists based on multiples of 10based on multiples of 10Mass-grams (g)Mass-grams (g)Volume-liters (L)Volume-liters (L)Distance-meters (m)Distance-meters (m)Temperature- Celsius (Temperature- Celsius (ooC)C)

Studying LifeStudying LifeScientists’ ToolsScientists’ Tools

Different types of microscopesDifferent types of microscopes– Light microscopes-Light microscopes-magnifies images magnifies images

by focusing light on themby focusing light on themMost commonly usedMost commonly usedCompound light microscopes-Compound light microscopes-

have two lenseshave two lensesStains may be added to make Stains may be added to make

objects more visibleobjects more visible– Electron microscopes-Electron microscopes- magnifies magnifies

images by focusing a beam of images by focusing a beam of electrons on themelectrons on them

Studying LifeStudying LifeScientists’ ToolsScientists’ Tools

MicroscopesMicroscopes– Electron microscopesElectron microscopes

Produce magnified images by focusing Produce magnified images by focusing beams of electrons on thembeams of electrons on them

Can produce images 1000X’s more Can produce images 1000X’s more detailed than light microscopesdetailed than light microscopes

Two typesTwo types– TEM (transmission electron microscope)TEM (transmission electron microscope)– SEM (scanning electron microscope)SEM (scanning electron microscope)

SEM photoSEM photoWhat is this?What is this?

Foot of a HouseflyFoot of a Housefly

The Nature of Life Chapter 1-3 & 1-4 The Science of Biology.

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