The Natural Environment Earths shape = Geoid Figure 1.11 Maps, Scales, and Projections Cartography- the part of geography which embodies map making Map- a generalized view of an area, usually some portion of the Earths surface, as seen from above and greatly reduced in size The Geographic Grid b) Longitude (Meridians) 1 degree of longitude = 111 km at the equator and 0 at the poles a) Latitude (Parallels) 1 degree latitude = a constant 111 km Latitude is the angle between a point on a parallel and the center of the Earth and a point on the equator Figure 1.13 Latitude Longitude is the angle between a point on a meridian and the centre of the Earth and a point on the Prime Meridian Figure 1.15 Longitude The Earth: Great Circles and Small Circles The Earth: Time Zones International Date Line- (180) marks the place where each day officially begins (12:01am) and sweeps westward as the earth rotates. opposite the prime meridian put in a sparsely populated area to avoid confusion 3 types of map scales Maps, Scales, and Projections Map Projections- the reduction of the spherical earth to a flat surface Problems: Figure 1.24 Figure 1.25