Unit OneThe Mystery Begins…

Unit One

Lesson 1.1 Investigating the Scene

Lesson 1.2 DNA Analysis

Lesson 1.3 The Findings

1.1 Essential Questions

What can be done at a scene of a mysterious death to help reconstruct what happened?

How do the clues found at a scene of a mysterious death help investigators determine what might have occurred and help identify or exonerate potential suspects?

How do scientists design experiments to find the most accurate answer to the question they are asking?

How are bloodstain patterns left at a crime scene used to help investigators establish the events that took place during a crime?

1.1 Key Terms

Biomedical Science

Control Group

Dependent Variable

Experiment

Forensic Science

Hypothesis

Independent Variable

Negative Control

Personal Protective Equipment

Positive Control

1.1.1 A Mysterious Death…

It was a hot, 92°F summer morning. The emergency call came in at 9:45 am. A man contacted the police to report that he was worried about his next door neighbor, a woman named Anna Garcia. He informed the police that he had spoken to Anna the previous morning when he saw her walking her dog around 6:30 am. He noted that she was wearing a sweater even though they were currently experiencing a heat wave. He decided to call the police this morning because Anna’s dog had been barking excitedly for the last two hours (which is extremely unusual in this normally quiet suburban neighborhood). He tried to call Anna on the telephone, but no one answered. Next he tried ringing her doorbell, but there was no answer. The 911 operator notified the local police and the emergency medical technicians (EMT). Both the police and the EMT arrived at the scene at 9:56 am. The front door had to be broken down. Upon entering the house, they found Anna lying face down in the entry hallway. It was a comfortable 73˚F inside the house. The EMT determined that Anna was dead. The police immediately notified your team of crime scene investigators as well as the medical examiner, both of whom were dispatched to the house. Has a crime been committed? The mystery begins! It is your job to put together as many pieces of information as you can find. (Don’t worry – the dog was taken to the home of close family friends and is doing just fine.)

1.1.1 Course Materials Organization

Three Ring Binder- tabs for each unit, protocols and rubrics, career journals and for community service

Lab book- Notes on mini-lectures, experiments, activities and projects Date Name of lecture/activity Name of partners/group

USB-Folders for each unit for all assignments within that unit

1.1.1 Processing a Crime Scene

New Program! Very Cool! Learn with a

partner…

While you work:

Photos & Web

Profiles!

1.1.2 Examining the Scene

Read the introduction

Get organized!

Search methods…

Examination INVESTIGATE

EVERY PART OF THE SCENE

1.1.2 Crime Scene Sketch

Victim's Stats Age: 38 Weight:

165 Height:

64 Inches

Race: Hispanic

Sex: Female

1.1.3 Career Journals

Persons of Interest

1.1.3 Career Journals

Documentation End-of-text In-text (later)

Validates our claims Discuss later in detail

Decreases Plagiarism No cut and paste Grounds for dismissal

1.1.3 Career Journals

Career Journals1. 911 Operator2. EMT3. Crime Scene

Investigator Guidelines Rubric Example Wepage

1.1.4 The Evidence

Work as a

Forensic ScientistProcess evidence to get answers

and identify potential suspects!

But…safety first.

1.1.4 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) in Healthcare Settings Specialized clothing or

equipment worn by an employee for protection against infectious materials (OSHA)

Factors Influencing PPE Selection: Type of exposure

anticipated Durability and

appropriateness for the task

Fit

Gloves – protect hands Gowns/aprons – protect

skin and/or clothing Masks and respirators–

protect mouth/nose Respirators – protect

respiratory tract from airborne infectious agents

Goggles – protect eyes Face shields – protect

face, mouth, nose, and eyes

PPE for Standard Precautions

EXPOSURE 1

Gloves – Use when touching blood, body fluids, secretions, excretions, contaminated items; for touching mucus membranes and non-intact skin

Gowns – Use during procedures and patient care activities when contact of clothing/ exposed skin with blood/body fluids, secretions, or excretions is

EXPOSURE 2

Mask and goggles or a face shield – Use during patient care activities likely to generate splashes or sprays of blood, body fluids, secretions, or excretions

Gloves: Most Important for US

• Keep gloved hands away from face• Avoid touching or adjusting other PPE• Remove gloves if they become torn; perform hand

hygiene before donning new gloves• Limit surfaces and items touched• Wash hands immediately after removing PPE.• Use soap and water or use an alcohol-based hand rub

Activity 1.1.4: Unknown Substance

Forensic Chemist Presumptive tests▪ Type of substance

Confirmatory tests▪ Exact substance

Can we identify the unknown pills next to our victim?

Activity 1.1.4: Stations

Follow specific directions for how to perform the analysis at each station.

Fill out the Activity 1.1.4 Student Response Sheet as you work through each station.

Revise your theories of what happened to Anna.

Consider all analyzed evidence and what the evidence suggests at this time.

Include any updated theories or information to your Investigative Notes.

Activity 1.1.5 Experimental Design

Experiment- A research study conducted to determine the effect that one variable has upon another variable.

Researcher maximizes control over as many aspects of the environment as possible in order to prove that one variable affects another variable.

Reliable: An experiment in which

another researcher can perform exactly the same experiment and generate similar results.

Valid: An experiment in which

the results accurately describe the real world.

Holy GrailExperiments that are BOTH:

Reliable- Another researcher can perform exactly the same experiment and generate similar results.

Valid-Results accurately describe the real world.

Steps of Experimental Design

Identify the problem.

Formulate a hypothesis.

Design the procedure to be used to test the hypothesis.

Carry out the experimental procedure.

Analyze the data and observations.

Identify the Problem (question)

State the question you are trying to answer Specific Measurable Example Problem: Does InstaGrow

Fertilizer make plants grow larger than plants grown without InstaGrow Fertilizer?

Formulate a Hypothesis

The hypothesis is a clear prediction of the anticipated results.

If…then… Indicates the independent and

dependent variables in the experiment. Independent Variable: varied or

manipulated, presumed cause Dependent Variable: measurable response,

not manipulated, presumed effect

Does ___________ cause/affect ___________? Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Example Problem: Does InstaGrow Fertilizer make plants grow larger than plants grown without InstaGrow Fertilizer?

Does InstaGrow Fertilizer cause/affect plant growth?▪ Independent Variable: InstaGrow Fertilizer▪ Dependent Variable: Plant Growth

Independent Variables (IV) & Dependent Variables (DV)

Example Hypothesis:

If fertilizer affects plant growth in a positive way then…

The plants treated with InstaGrow Fertilizer will grow larger than the plants not treated with fertilizer. IV: use of the fertilizer DV: plant growth

The prediction of the results is clearly stated

The variables are clearly indicated

Design the Procedure

Step-by-step detail for how to perform the experiment Every detail is important Experiment must be replicable

All variables/conditions in an experiment need to be kept exactly the same (control variables) Except the independent variable (IV) Ensures that the IV is the only variable

affecting the result

Procedure

Safety concerns

Materials used

Control group

Control Variables: Environmental conditions that need to be consistent

• Most difficult!!!

How data will be collected and recorded

How many trials will be performed

Control Group

Experiments need to include a control group

Independent variable being tested is not applied so that it may serve as a standard for comparison against the experimental group where the independent variable is applied.

Example: The control group for the fertilizer experiment is the group of plants NOT given the InstaGrow fertilizer.

Positive and Negative Controls

POSITIVE CONTROL

Group expected to have a positive result

Allows the researcher to show that the experimental set up was capable of producing results

NEGATIVE CONTROL

Control groups where conditions produce a negative outcome

Identify outside influences which may be present that were not accounted for

The Importance of a Control

Scientist #1: The 10 plants grew an

average of 40 inches each. Therefore, Scientist #1 concluded that InstaGrow Fertilizer makes plants grow larger.

LARGER THAN

WHAT????

Scientist #2: The 5 plants given

InstaGrow Fertilizer grew an average of 39 inches each, while the 5 plants NOT given InstaGrow Fertilizer grew an average of 41 inches each. Therefore, Scientist #2 concluded that InstaGrow Fertilizer does NOT make plants grow larger.

The Importance of a Control

Scientist #1: Ran the experiment with 10

plants. Planted each plant in the

same amount and type of soil.

Placed each plant in comparable environments.

Gave each plant the same amount of sun each day.

Gave each plant the same amount of water each day.

Gave each plant the same amount of InstaGrow Fertilizer.

Let grow for 30 days.

Scientist #2: Ran the experiment with 10

plants. Planted each plant in the same

amount and type of soil. Placed each plant in

comparable environments. Gave each plant the same

amount of sun each day. Gave each plant the same

amount of water each day. Gave 5 plants the same

amount of InstaGrow Fertilizer, while 5 plants received no fertilizer.

Let grow for 30 days.

Two scientists wanted to test to determine whether InstaGrow Fertilizer makes plants grow

larger.

Steps of Experimental Design

Identify the problem.

Formulate a hypothesis.

Design the procedure to be used to test the hypothesis.

Carry out the experimental procedure.

Analyze the data and observations.

Steps 4 & 5

Carry out Procedure Follow step-by-step procedure. Collect the data in data tables. Make and record observations.

Analyze data Logically and clearly present all data and

observations in the form of graphs and charts.

Clearly and concisely analyze all data and observations.

Draw Conclusions

Write a conclusion statement directly related to the original hypothesis For example: “The hypothesis was

correct…” Explain the rationale for the

conclusion and clarify any details. Discuss any possible sources of error.

Anything that might have affected the results of the experiment.

Possible Next Steps

Change your hypothesis.

Re-design the procedure because of design flaws.

Develop new questions based on the work in this experiment.

Move on to a new or related research topic.

Why do some types of fertilizer work better than others…?

Time of Death

Why is it important (Brainstorm)

Temperature & Body Cooling

Partners & Assigned Temperatures:

Activity 1.1.5 Time of Death

How’d we do in determining Anna’s Time of Death?

List potential answers… Glaister Equation: (98.4 – measured

rectal temperature)/1.5 = approximate hours since death

The medical examiner measured Anna’s rectal temperature to be 92.4˚ at 11:00am.

= 4 hrs since death

Approximate time of death:

11:00am – 4 hrs = 7:00am

Activity 1.1.6 Blood Splatter

Blood is powerful evidence!

What can blood can tell us?

What can blood splatter tell us?

Brainstorm…

Activity 1.1.6 Blood Splatter How can we determine if the blood at the

crime scene was the result of an accident or foulplay

Determine if blood at the scene was dropped from Anna’s height (indicating that she might have been struck) or from a lower height (indicating that she may have been hit while down or on her way down).

Design an experiment to provide evidence for the case

Activity 1.1.6 Blood Splatter

Determine if blood at the scene Dropped from Anna’s height Indicates…

Dropped from a lower height Indicates…

Design an experiment to provide evidence for the case

Our Evidence Board

Our Evidence Board

AM CLASS PM CLASS

Review 1.1: Essential Questions & Key Terms

What can be done at a scene of a mysterious death to help reconstruct what happened?

How do the clues found at a scene of a mysterious death help investigators determine what might have occurred and help identify or exonerate potential suspects?

How do scientists design experiments to find the most accurate answer to the question they are asking?

How are bloodstain patterns left at a crime scene used to help investigators establish the events that took place during a crime?

Biomedical Science Control Group Dependent Variable Experiment Forensic Science Hypothesis Independent

Variable Negative Control Personal Protective

Equipment Positive Control

Unit One

Lesson 1.1 Investigating the Scene

Lesson 1.2 DNA Analysis

Lesson 1.3 The Findings

1.2 Essential Questions

What is DNA? How do scientists isolate DNA in order to

study it? How does DNA differ from person to person? How can tools of molecular biology be used

to compare the DNA of two individuals? What are restriction enzymes? What are restriction fragment length

polymorphisms? What is gel electrophoresis and how can the

results of this technique be interpreted?

1.2 Key Terms

AdenineChromosomeCytosineDeoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)Gel ElectrophoresisGeneGuanineHelixModelNucleotideRestriction EnzymeRestriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs) Thymine

1.2 Forensic DNA Analysis

SFU Museum The Real Fugitive How can blood ID a

suspect or victim?

1.2 Forensic DNA Analysis1. Genetic evidence is obtained 2. The DNA is EXTRACTED3. The DNA is amplified by PCR4. Investigators cut the DNA in

specific places called using RESTRICTION ENZYMES

5. The size and number of the DNA fragments are visualized using GEL ELECTROPHORESIS

6. The DNA evidence can be matched to a suspect’s DNA due to Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism or RFLP

Activity 1.2.1 What is DNA? Deoxyribonucleic

Acid Hereditary material Nucleotides

Sugar molecule Phosphate group Nitrogenous base ▪ A, T, C & G▪ Sequence determines

traits▪ Form double helix

Discovery Changed the World!

Inheritance Disease Paternity Drugs/Medicine Crime Evolution

Activity 1.2.1

Take a pic when you’re finished!

1.2 Forensic DNA Analysis

1. Genetic evidence is obtained (blood, saliva, hair)

2. The DNA is EXTRACTED

3. The DNA is amplified by PCR4. Investigators cut the DNA in

specific places called using RESTRICTION ENZYMES

5. The size and number of the DNA fragments are visualized using GEL ELECTROPHORESIS

6. The DNA evidence can be matched to a suspect’s DNA due to Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism or RFLP

Activity 1.2.2: DNA Extraction

How do scientists isolate DNA in order to study it?

If all the DNA in our body was linked end-to-end, how long would the molecule be?

Must EXTRACT the DNA from chromosomes and separate it from other materials inside cells

Activity 1.2.2 DNA Extraction

We are going to extract DNA today! Follow directions CLOSELY- STEP BY STEP

Activity 1.2.2

Activity 1.2.2

Activity 1.2.2 Why does extraction work?

Cell lysis buffer- Lyse cell membranes Detergent- Break apart lipids and proteins Salt- Increase solute concentration OUTSIDE of the

cell Baking soda- Sodium bicarbonate controls pH- it’s

a “buffer” Ethanol- Less polar than water

Adding ethanol to solution disrupts the charges by water

If enough ethanol is added, the electrical attraction between phosphate groups and any positive ions present in solution becomes strong enough to form stable ionic bonds and DNA precipitation

Activity 1.2.3 DNA Analysis

1. Genetic evidence is obtained (blood, saliva, hair)

2. The DNA is EXTRACTED

3. The DNA is amplified by PCR

4. Investigators cut the DNA in specific places called using RESTRICTION ENZYMES

5. The size and number of the DNA fragments are visualized using GEL ELECTROPHORESIS

6. The DNA evidence can be matched to a suspect’s DNA due to Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism or RFLP

Activity 1.2.3 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Amplifies the number of copies of a specific region

of DNA, in order to produce enough DNA to be adequately tested

Named after the enzyme, polymerase, which copies DNA in cells

Completed in a thermal cycler. Used for:

Medicalandbiologicalresearch Cloning Diagnosisofhereditarydiseases Identificationoffingerprints Forensic sciences Paternitytesting Diagnosisofinfectiousdiseases

Activity 1.2.3 DNA Analysis

1. Genetic evidence is obtained (blood, saliva, hair)

2. The DNA is EXTRACTED (we’ve done this)

3. The DNA is amplified by PCR

4. Investigators cut the DNA in specific places called using RESTRICTION ENZYMES

5. The size and number of the DNA fragments are visualized using GEL ELECTROPHORESIS

Activity 1.2.3 Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLPs)

With enough DNA…detection is possible

Restriction Enzymes: Molecular scissors that cut DNA in specific location based on the code (A,T,C,G)

Differences and similarities are exposed when they are cut in the same place

Activity 1.2.3 DNA Analysis1. Genetic evidence is obtained 2. The DNA is EXTRACTED3. The DNA is amplified by PCR4. Investigators cut the DNA in

specific places called using RESTRICTION ENZYMES

5. The size and number of the DNA fragments are visualized using GEL ELECTROPHORESIS

6. The DNA evidence can be matched to a

Activity 1.2.3 DNA electrophoresis

Visulaize the DNA fragments and sort them according to size

DNA samples are loaded into a gel and exposed to electrical currents

The DNA fragments are then stained with a dye and can be observed as lines or bands in the gel

Activity 1.2.3 DNA electrophoresis

Activity 1.2.3 DNA Analysis1. Genetic evidence is obtained 2. The DNA is EXTRACTED3. The DNA is amplified by PCR4. Investigators cut the DNA in

specific places called using RESTRICTION ENZYMES

5. The size and number of the DNA fragments are visualized using GEL ELECTROPHORESIS

6. The DNA evidence can be matched to a

Activity 1.2.3 Why does it work?

4. Investigators cut the DNA in specific places called using RESTRICTION ENZYMES

5. The size and number of the DNA fragments are visualized using GEL ELECTROPHORESIS

6. The DNA evidence can be matched to a suspect’s DNA due to Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism or RFLP

A

B

AB

Length Polymorphism =

Difference in length of

fragments

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)

Restriction

Enzymes

http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/R/RFLPs.html.

We are going to go through these steps using evidence from our crime scene…

Can we find our suspect? Good luck!

Activity 1.2.3 DNA Analysis

Finish with a career journal on a DNA Analyst

Activity 1.2.3 DNA Analysis

Review 1.2: Essential Questions & Key Terms

What is DNA? How do scientists isolate DNA in

order to study it? How does DNA differ from

person to person? How can tools of molecular

biology be used to compare the DNA of two individuals?

What are restriction enzymes? What are restriction fragment

length polymorphisms? What is gel electrophoresis and

how can the results of this technique be interpreted?

Adenine Chromosome Cytosine Deoxyribonucleic Acid

(DNA) Gel Electrophoresis Gene Guanine Helix Model Nucleotide Restriction Enzyme Restriction Fragment

Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs)

Thymine

Unit One

Lesson 1.1 Investigating the Scene

Lesson 1.2 DNA Analysis

Lesson 1.3 The Findings

1.3 Essential Questions

What is an autopsy and how can it be used to determine the cause of death?

How can the manner of death be determined? Why is confidentiality of patient information

important? Who should keep patient information

confidential? Is there ever a time when patient confidentiality

should be broken? What biomedical science professionals are

involved in crime scene analysis and determination of manner of death?

1.3 Key Terms

Autopsy

Bibliography

Citation

Documentation

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)

Medical Examiner

1.3 The Findings

Based on what we know thus far, what are some possible causes for the death of the woman?

Brainstorm with evidence board

Activity 1.3.1: The Autopsy

Watch Dr. G: Tools of the Trade

Do an autopsy online http://australianmuseum.net.au/interactive-tools/autopsy

Complete 1.3.1

Activity 1.3.1: The Autopsy

Organs are classified into systems (brainstorm!) Problems with one body system can have serious

effects on others (brainstorm!) To diagnose a problem or determining cause of

death many pieces of information must often be linked together before a conclusion can be reached

Activity 1.3.1 Human Body Systems

Activity 1.3.2 Confidentiality

HIPAA: Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

1996- standards for health care related electronic transactions

mandates federal privacy protections for certain individually identifiable health information

Activity 1.3.2 Maintaining Confidentiality

Professionals Must… Take all precautions necessary Not to speak about patients with any identifiable

information with anyone other than other professionals working with the patient

Not leave patient in public space unattended Avoid being overheard and limit shared information

Professionals May… Disclose PHI to a family member or other person

involved when the individual is present during the disclosure

Communicate with patients regarding their health care, including through the mail or by the phone

Leave messages with family members, on voice mail, etc. with patient consent

Activity 1.3.2 HIPAA Privacy Rule Regulates how medical professionals and

other people use and disclose certain individually identifiable health information (protected health information- PHI)

Name, address, birth date, social security number,

Past, present, future physical/mental health Health care services provided to the individual Past, present, or future payment

Activity 1.3.2 When PHI Can Be Shared

1. Payment of benefits or health coverage

2. Public health3. Workman’s Comp4. Legal proceedings5. Law enforcement 6. Unable to make

medical decisions Disaster relief

7. Assisting coroners or medical examiners

Activity 1.3.3 Was it a crime? Formal Case Report (I’ll give you a

template) Introduction Summary of Findings  Conclusion At least two figures:▪ Inspiration▪ Table▪ Graph

Careers Journals Medical Examiner Toxicologist Morgue Assistant

Review 1.3: Essential Questions & Key Terms

1. What is an autopsy and how can it be used to determine the cause of death?

2. How can the manner of death be determined?

3. Why is confidentiality of patient information important?

4. Who should keep patient information confidential?

5. Is there ever a time when patient confidentiality should be broken?

6. What biomedical science professionals are involved in crime scene analysis and determination of manner of death?

Autopsy Bibliography Citation Documentation Health

Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)

Medical Examiner

End of Unit 1

Study Guide Not for credit Just for you

Portfolio Table of contents Check carefully Complete

Exam Multiple choice (15%) Short answer (30%) Practical (30%) Essay (25%)