The MySQL Server Ecosystem in 2016Colin Charles, Chief Evangelist, Percona Inc.colin.charles@percona.com / byte@bytebot.net http://bytebot.net/blog/ | @bytebot on TwitterPercona Webminar3 November 2016

whoami• Chief Evangelist (in the CTO office), Percona Inc

• Focusing on the MySQL ecosystem (MySQL, Percona Server, MariaDB Server), as well as the MongoDB ecosystem (Percona Server for MongoDB) + 100% open source tools from Percona like Percona Monitoring & Management, Percona xtrabackup, Percona Toolkit, etc.

• Founding team of MariaDB Server (2009-2016), previously at Monty Program Ab, merged with SkySQL Ab, now MariaDB Corporation

• Formerly MySQL AB (exit: Sun Microsystems)• Past lives include Fedora Project (FESCO), OpenOffice.org• MySQL Community Contributor of the Year Award winner 2014

A Mature Ecosystem

•MySQL: 21 years old — May 1995•Percona Server: 8 years old — November 2008•MariaDB Server: 6 years old — February 2010•Drizzle: 2008 - 2012 (R.I.P.)•WebScaleSQL: March 2014

History

• 1979: UNIREG• 1986: UNIREG on UNIX• mSQL - freely available but not opensource• 1995: MySQL 1.0 + MySQL AB founded• 1996: 3.19• 2000: GPL MySQL Server

History 2

• Shortly thereafter, the dual-license arrives — libmysql is GPL and not LGPL like before

• May 2000: 3.23.15 - (statement based) replication arrives

• 2001: 3.23 GA• 2001: InnoDB storage engine (InnoBase Oy)• 2001: first round VC $$$, Mårten Mickos as CEO

History 3

• 2002: MySQL sued Progress NuSphere over the Gemini storage engine

• 2003: VC Series B• March 2003: 4.0 GA + 4.1 & 5.0 as alpha• 2003: SAP partnership (hello MaxDB)• 2003: Acquires Alzato (NDBCLUSTER)

History 4

• October 2004: 4.1 GA (with NDBCLUSTER)• 2005: 5.0 tree is the focus, but it has issues• October 2005: Oracle acquires Innobase Oy

(“InnoDB Friday”)• October 2005: 5.0 becomes GA*• Late 2005: Maria project starts (make a crash-

safe+transactional MyISAM)

History 5

• February 2006: VC Series C• 2006: Netfrastructure acquired (Falcon engine)• Pluggable storage architecture - only database

that support(ed) it• A “fork” of MySQL Cluster in 2006• 2006: PBXT (log-based design + performance)

… 2011

What makes engines different?• Storage: how the data is

stored on disk• Or in NDB (memory

+disk), CassandraSE (access a Cassandra Cluster), SphinxSE (access the Sphinx daemon)

• Indexes: improves search operations

• Memory usage: improves data access for speed

• Transactions: protects the integrity of your data (Atomic-Consistent-Isolated-Durable - ACID)

• Locking level: MyISAM (table locks), InnoDB (row locks), old BDB (page locks)

• Data types: Data types may be converted, MEMORY doesn’t support TEXT, etc.

• Caching: InnoDB caches data & indexes, MyISAM

caches indexes only (relying on OS disk cache for data)

• Full-text search capability: MyISAM has this, InnoDB 5.6 got this

• GIS: MyISAM & Aria work (R-tree indexes exist), InnoDB 5.7 has this too

• Backups• Foreign Keys

History 6

• November 2007: MySQL 6.0 Alpha, 5.1 current tree being worked on but not ready

• 2007: quiet period for IPO• January 2008: Sun Microsystems acquires MySQL AB

for USD$1 BILLION• June 2008: Drizzle — fork of MySQL 6.0 — modular,

fast, microkernel architecture, UTF8, etc.• November 2008: 5.1 GA

History 7

• Late 2008: OurDelta binaries• November 2008: Percona Server (patchset ~July)• http://www.bytebot.net/blog/archives/2009/10/14/

flickrs-upgraded-shard

History 8

• February 2009: Monty leaves Sun• March 2009: Final 6.0 Alpha (and shortly dead

thereafter)• April 2009: Oracle acquires Sun Microsystems (January

2010 sale completes, after a long battle with the EU)• shortly thereafter Monty Program Ab is where

MariaDB starts being worked on• October 2009: MariaDB 5.1 Beta release

History 9

• February 2010: MariaDB 5.1 GA release• November 2010: MariaDB 5.2 GA release • December 2010: MySQL 5.5 GA• April 2011: Percona Server 5.5 stable• February 2012: MariaDB 5.3 GA (GIS,

replication improvements, optimiser)

History 10

• April 2012: MariaDB 5.5 GA• November 2012: Announcement of MariaDB

Foundation • February 2013: MySQL 5.6 GA• April 2013: SkySQL Ab acquires Monty Program

Ab• October 2013: Percona Server 5.6 GA

History 11

• March 2014: MariaDB 10 GA• March 2014: WebScaleSQL — but there’s no GA/

shipping release• October 2015: MariaDB 10.1 GA, MySQL 5.7 GA• February 2016: MySQL 5.7.11 gets InnoDB at-rest data

encryption post-GA; Percona Server 5.7 GA• April 2016: MySQL 5.7.12 gets X Protocol, MySQL

Shell, X DevAPI post-GA

Open source community• MariaDB: takes external contributors/committers• MySQL: 5.7 takes Generated Columns (virtual columns in

MariaDB 5.2) from Andrey Zhakov• contributions welcome, commits not• see: MySQL Community Contributor Award Program

• WebScaleSQL: Alibaba, Facebook, Google, LinkedIn, and Twitter (w/ Percona + MariaDB also agreeing to work on it)

• Percona: bug reports/feature requests welcome, commits not (yet)

Google Summer of Code

• 2013: 3 contributors (all shipping code, one committer)

• 2014: 4 contributors (all shipping code, a MariaDB Foundation member hired a new developer)

• 2015: accepted with 8 contributors, finally 3 passed• 2016: accepted with 10 students (ended with 5

passing)

Is MySQL dying?

• “The reports of my death have been greatly exaggerated” — Mark Twain

• MySQL ecosystem development is at its most vibrant now than it has ever been

• Oracle has been a great steward of pushing MySQL development forward

MySQL adoption

• MySQL Server (5.5) still leads the way in Debian/Ubuntu (the only one you can track via popcon)• Followed by MariaDB Server and then

Percona Server• Today you can also see stats on the Docker

hub, Juju Charms, etc.

OpenStack user survey

MySQL 5.7• Multi-source

replication• Dynamic replication

filters• Lossless semisync• SHOW EXPLAIN for

connection_id• GIS functionality• Statement timeouts

• Change master without stopping SQL thread

• Online GTID implementation

• GTID no longer requires log-slave-updates to be enabled

• Virtual columns (generated columns)

• Online buffer pool resize

• Username size increase

• LOCK/UNLOCK accounts

• JSON + MySQL Shell + X DevAPI

• Encryption at rest

MariaDB 10.1

• START TRANSACTION WITH CONSISTENT SNAPSHOT

• Integrated Galera Cluster• Table/tablespace

encryption• Optimistic parallel

replication

• InnoDB defragmentation• ANALYZE <statement>• Threadpool• cracklib_password_check• SQL error logging plugin• Extended REGEXP (PCRE)• Roles

Percona Server (5.6)/5.7• Per table/index/user/client/thread

performance counters (userstats)• Lock-free SHOW SLAVE STATUS

NOLOCK• Percona Toolkit UDFs• Expanded fast index creation -

expand_fast_index_creation• XtraDB changed page tracking• Kill idle transactions• Column compression

• Utility user - system access to admin tasks, limited access to user schema

• Slow query log enhancements• Improved MEMORY storage

engine• Log all client commands to syslog• PROXY protocol support• Backup locks• TokuBackup

InnoDB Parallel Doublewrite Buffer

WebScaleSQL

• Clients can specify millisecond read/write/connect timeouts

• Super read-only to prevent writes by SUPER users

• Prefix index query optimisation • Idle system flush rate

Facebook

• Dynamic columns + indexes? DocStore• RocksDB, including myrocks_hotbackup• Asynchronous mysql client support• max_running_queries / max_waiting_queries• Relay log writes don’t block SHOW SLAVE

STATUS

Twitter

• Last updated mid-June 2015 :(• They made Apache Cotton for Mesos/

MySQL

AliSQL

• Further optimised threadpool• For Single’s Day, they have a “hot SKU” fix for inventory

deductions of a single SKU• SQL firewall• Temporary table space limitations• Log SHUTDOWN information• Persistent InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT (MDEV-6076)• Column level compression

What about the !server external ecosystem?• Percona Toolkit• Percona Xtrabackup• MariaDB MaxScale• mydumper• MHA• Tungsten Replicator • vitess• ScaleDB & ScaleBase• Tumblr JetPants• MySQL Utilities

• MySQL Router• MySQL Fabric• PRM (w/Pacemaker)• SeveralNines ClusterControl• MMM• ShardQuery + FlexViews• Orchestrator• MySQL Sandbox• Numerous GUI tools: MySQL

Workbench, phpMyAdmin, SQLYog, etc

(GNU/Linux) Distributions

• Most are defaulted to MariaDB Server 10 (some like RHEL 7 are still on MariaDB Server 5.5)• so when you ask for mysql, you effectively get MariaDB

Server (beware!)• Debian was hotly contesting if it should drop MySQL or

not (see: Elasticsearch)• however, today, Debian & Ubuntu ship MySQL as

default, MariaDB Server and Percona Server as choices

Where are they now?

• Drizzle - single company opensource project (Rackspace). Most went on to work at OpenStack

• PBXT - PrimeBase focuses on TeamDrive, out of the engine business

• InfoBright• Calpont InfiniDB - to MariaDB Corporation & Oracle• Tokutek TokuDB - Percona acquires in April 2015

Future?• MySQL 8.0 DMR is out! Look out for the interesting work

behind Cluster & group replication• Percona Server aims to never become a fork — work closely

with Oracle. MORE FEATURES COMING in 5.7, e.g. MyRocks• MariaDB 10.2 (beta out!) will become more of a fork with

various features like window functions, CTEs, 5.7 compatibility, etc.

• WebScaleSQL (really, fb-mysql) will skip MySQL 5.7; backports to current tree + look at 8

MySQL 8.0 - DMR now available!• Major refactoring - C++11, better support for ARM64/PPC• utf8mb4• SET PERSIST• Bye, bye, .FRM files - transactional data dictionary • Optimiser: table level hints, invisible indexes, cost based optimiser• Progress of row based replication in PERFORMANCE_SCHEMA?• Roles• http://mysqlserverteam.com/the-mysql-8-0-0-milestone-release-

is-available/

MariaDB 10.2 - alpha’s available• Window functions• CTEs• CREATE USER with limits• CHECK constraints• Better virtual computed columns support • Missing… e.g. https://jira.mariadb.org/browse/MDEV-7145 • https://jira.mariadb.org/browse/MDEV-10392 (incompatibilities)

• https://mariadb.com/kb/en/mariadb/mariadb-vs-mysql-compatibility/#incompatibilities-between-mariadb-101-and-mysql-57

MariaDB 10.3

• Providing compatibility to other databases• sql_mode=ORACLE• Pluggable parser for compatibility with other

databases (MDEV-10142)• https://jira.mariadb.org/browse/MDEV-10137

• https://mariadb.org/thoughts-mariadb-server-10-3-mariadb-developers-meeting-amsterdam-part-1/

Cloud MySQL• Amazon Web Services Relational

Database Service (RDS): MySQL, MariaDB, Aurora

• Rackspace Cloud Databases: MySQL, MariaDB Server, Percona Server

• Google Cloud SQL: MySQL

• Aliyun: MySQL (+TokuDB)

• Jelastic - PaaS offering MySQL, MariaDB

• ClearDB - MySQL on Heroku, Azure

• Joyent - Image offers Percona MySQL and a Percona SmartMachine

•Google Compute Engine offers Percona XtraDB Cluster as a “click-to-deploy” app

• comes with Galera 3, Percona Toolkit, XtraBackup as well

• Pivotal CloudFoundry - “MySQL” PaaS which is MariaDB Galera Cluster 10

• Red Hat OpenShift - MySQL 5.1/5.5, MariaDB 5.5

•MariaDB Enterprise Cluster and MaxScale on Microsoft Azure

• compose.io MySQL InnoDB Cluster

Discussions

http://planet.mysql.com/ https://lists.launchpad.net/maria-developers/https://lists.launchpad.net/maria-discuss/https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/percona-discussion https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/maxscale https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/codership-team https://lists.mysql.com/internals (kinda dead :( )

Bugs

http://bugs.mysql.com/https://bugs.launchpad.net/percona-serverhttps://jira.mariadb.org/secure/Dashboard.jspa Phabricator https://reviews.facebook.net/

Conferences/Events w/dedicated MySQL track• SCALE, Los Angeles, CA• FOSDEM, Brussels, Belgium• Percona Live Data Performance, Santa Clara, CA• SouthEast LinuxFest, Charlotte, NC• Percona Live Europe, Amsterdam, Netherlands• Oracle OpenWorld, San Francisco, CA• Various db.tech showcases in Japan• DataOps LATAM, Buenos Aires, Argentina

What should you use?

• Think about the innovation today• Think about the features you need today (with

tolerance for the roadmap & what comes tomorrow)• Beware vendor lock-in• Ensure you are well supported• Branches & forks tend to provide “Enterprise”

features for free

Join Us at Percona Live

When: April 24-27, 2017 Where: Santa Clara, CA USA

The Percona Live 2017 Call for Papers is open until November 13, 2016. Do you have a MySQL, MongoDB, PostgreSQL or open source database use case to share, a skill to teach, or a big idea to discuss? https://www.percona.com/live/17/node/add/session

Super Saver registration lasts until Nov 13. Percona Live is a very popular conference: this year’s Percona Live Europe sold out, and we’re looking to do the same for Percona Live 2017. Don’t miss your chance to get your ticket at its most affordable price. https://www.percona.com/live/17/registration

Percona Live 2017 sponsorship opportunities are available now. https://www.percona.com/live/17/sponsors

Thank you!Colin Charlescolin.charles@percona.com / byte@bytebot.nethttp://bytebot.net/blog | @bytebot on twitterslides: slideshare.net/bytebot