The Muslim The Muslim World World

ExpandsExpandsCh 18Ch 18

1300-17001300-1700

Islam + MuslimsIslam + Muslims Islam is the religion, a Muslim is a Islam is the religion, a Muslim is a follower. follower.

Islam means, “submission to the Islam means, “submission to the will of Allah”will of Allah”

““Allah” is the same God of Allah” is the same God of Christians + JewsChristians + Jews

Muslim means, “one who has Muslim means, “one who has submitted”submitted”

The Beginnings The Beginnings of Islamof Islam

It is considered It is considered blasphemous in Islam to blasphemous in Islam to show any visual depiction show any visual depiction of Muhammadof Muhammad

Around 610 A.D. a man named Around 610 A.D. a man named Muhammad believed that the angel Muhammad believed that the angel Gabriel came to him in a dream + Gabriel came to him in a dream + spoke on behalf of God.spoke on behalf of God.

He would travel around the Middle He would travel around the Middle East as a political, religious, + East as a political, religious, + military leader revealing his visions military leader revealing his visions + gaining many converts. He is + gaining many converts. He is the most important prophet to the most important prophet to Muslims.Muslims.

Teachings of Teachings of IslamIslam

5 pillars5 pillars Must declare, “There is but one Must declare, “There is but one

God and Muhammad is his God and Muhammad is his messenger.”messenger.”

Must pray 5 times a day Must pray 5 times a day (facing Mecca – Islam’s most (facing Mecca – Islam’s most holy city)holy city)

Fast during the month of Fast during the month of RamadanRamadan

Give to charityGive to charity If able, must go on a hajj (a If able, must go on a hajj (a

pilgrimage to Mecca) at least pilgrimage to Mecca) at least once in his/her lifeonce in his/her life

WorshipWorship Muslims pray directly to Muslims pray directly to AllahAllah (God), never to Muhammad(God), never to Muhammad

Islam has no priests or central Islam has no priests or central religious authorityreligious authority

KoranKoran - Muslim holy book - Muslim holy book MosqueMosque – places of worship – places of worship

(like churches)(like churches) Sunni vs. Shi’iteSunni vs. Shi’ite

Sunnis followed a chosen Sunnis followed a chosen leader after the death of leader after the death of Muhammad, the Shi’ites Muhammad, the Shi’ites followed Muhammad’s followed Muhammad’s son-in-lawson-in-law

Treatment Treatment of Othersof Others

““People of the BookPeople of the Book”” Christians + Jews – refers to Christians + Jews – refers to

common heritage of Old common heritage of Old Testament beliefs – are to be Testament beliefs – are to be treated w/ respecttreated w/ respect

WomenWomen Have certain legal rights Have certain legal rights

concerning marriage, family, + concerning marriage, family, + property according to traditional property according to traditional Islamic law. For years they had Islamic law. For years they had more rights than women in more rights than women in Europe, China, + IndiaEurope, China, + India

A man may have up to 4 wives, A man may have up to 4 wives, but only if he can provide for them but only if he can provide for them + he must treat them equally+ he must treat them equally

Ch 18Ch 18 Beginnings Beginnings

of the of the Ottoman Ottoman EmpireEmpire

OsmanOsman

In 1300, Anatolia is inhabited by a militaristic In 1300, Anatolia is inhabited by a militaristic people w/ a history of invading other countriespeople w/ a history of invading other countries

They are not unitedThey are not united Military societies under the leadership of Military societies under the leadership of

an an emiremir (chief commander) (chief commander) Saw themselves as Saw themselves as ghazisghazis (warriors for (warriors for

Islam)Islam) Raided territories of the Raided territories of the InfidelsInfidels (Non- (Non-

Muslims)Muslims)

Most successful ghaziMost successful ghazi His followers were called OttomansHis followers were called Ottomans Built up a small Muslim state in Anatolia which Built up a small Muslim state in Anatolia which

became known as the became known as the Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire His successors would expand the empireHis successors would expand the empire

Orkhan I Orkhan I (Osman’s son)(Osman’s son)

GoverningGoverning

11stst SultanSultan “overlord” or “one with “overlord” or “one with power”power”

Local officials were appointed by the Local officials were appointed by the sultansultan

Most Muslims had to serve in the Most Muslims had to serve in the Turkish armies, but didn’t have to Turkish armies, but didn’t have to pay a personal tax to the statepay a personal tax to the state

Non-Muslims didn’t have to serve in Non-Muslims didn’t have to serve in the armies, but had to pay the taxthe armies, but had to pay the tax

Mehmed IIMehmed II

SelimSelim

Conquered ConstantinopleConquered Constantinople Controlled Bosporus StraitControlled Bosporus Strait From then on known as IstanbulFrom then on known as Istanbul

Captured Mecca + MedinaCaptured Mecca + Medina Islam’s most holy citiesIslam’s most holy cities

Captured Cairo, EgyptCaptured Cairo, Egypt Intellectual center of Muslim Intellectual center of Muslim

worldworld Egypt now a province of Egypt now a province of

Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire

Suleyman the Suleyman the LawgiverLawgiver

Ottoman empire reaches its Ottoman empire reaches its peakpeak Stretches from Eastern Stretches from Eastern

Europe to Central Asia to Europe to Central Asia to North AfricaNorth Africa

Suleyman is the MOST Suleyman is the MOST POWERFUL monarch on earthPOWERFUL monarch on earth Creates a law codeCreates a law code Simplified taxation + reducedSimplified taxation + reduced

bureaucracybureaucracy Art + literature flourishArt + literature flourish Christians + Jews have Christians + Jews have

religious freedoms w/in theirreligious freedoms w/in their

own communitiesown communities

Decline of the Decline of the Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire

Suleyman kills his most able son + Suleyman kills his most able son + drives another into exile.drives another into exile.

The son who comes into The son who comes into power is given the title “the power is given the title “the Incompetent”Incompetent”

Establishes precedentEstablishes precedent Future sultans have brothers Future sultans have brothers

killed + sons kept in harem + killed + sons kept in harem + uneducateduneducated

Series of incompetent leadersSeries of incompetent leaders

End End Section 1Section 1

Cultural Cultural BlendingBlending

Throughout history, cultures have Throughout history, cultures have interacted w/ each otherinteracted w/ each other

Often results in the mixing of Often results in the mixing of different cultures in new + exciting different cultures in new + exciting ways. This is known as ways. This is known as cultural cultural blendingblending, which includes the , which includes the exposure to new ideas, exposure to new ideas, technologies, foods, + ways of lifetechnologies, foods, + ways of life

Often occurs at continental Often occurs at continental crossroads, trade routes, ports, + crossroads, trade routes, ports, + borders of countriesborders of countries

Societies that benefit from cultural Societies that benefit from cultural blending are those open to new blending are those open to new ways + willing to adapt + changeways + willing to adapt + change

Causes of Causes of Cultural Blending:Cultural Blending:

Results of Results of Cultural Blending:Cultural Blending:

1. Migration1. Migration

2. Trade2. Trade

3. Conquest3. Conquest

4. Pursuit of religious freedom or 4. Pursuit of religious freedom or conversionconversion

May lead to changes in:May lead to changes in:

1. Language (written or spoken)1. Language (written or spoken)

2. Religion + ethnic systems2. Religion + ethnic systems

3. Styles of gov.’t 3. Styles of gov.’t

4. Racial or ethnic blending4. Racial or ethnic blending

5. Arts + architecture5. Arts + architecture End End

Section 2Section 2

The Mongols under The Mongols under Genghis Khan (Ch 12)Genghis Khan (Ch 12)

Mongol Empire at Genghis Khan’s death (1227)Mongol Empire at Genghis Khan’s death (1227)

The Mongols had been a The Mongols had been a bunch of loosely bunch of loosely organized clans before organized clans before being united by Temujin being united by Temujin who took the name who took the name Genghis Khan in 1206.Genghis Khan in 1206.

For the next 21yrs, the For the next 21yrs, the Mongols conquered much Mongols conquered much of Central Asiaof Central Asia

Genghis Khan was a Genghis Khan was a brilliant but brutal leader. brilliant but brutal leader. If a city didn’t surrender to If a city didn’t surrender to him, he would sometimes him, he would sometimes have the entire population have the entire population killed after capturing itkilled after capturing it..

The Mongols after The Mongols after Genghis’ deathGenghis’ death

After his death, the Mongol Empire After his death, the Mongol Empire continued to expand. It eventually continued to expand. It eventually reached from China to Poland to reached from China to Poland to become the largest unified land become the largest unified land empire in history.empire in history.

The empire was split into 4 The empire was split into 4 regions called regions called khanateskhanates w/ w/ each ruled by a descendent each ruled by a descendent of Genghis. of Genghis.

As rulers the Mongols were As rulers the Mongols were tolerant. Many adopted aspects of tolerant. Many adopted aspects of the local culture. the local culture.

Safe passage through the empire Safe passage through the empire was guaranteed + trade flourished was guaranteed + trade flourished including along the Silk Road.including along the Silk Road.

Growing cultural differences Growing cultural differences contributed to the split of the contributed to the split of the empire during the 1300 – 1400s.empire during the 1300 – 1400s.

End End Chapter 12Chapter 12

The Mughals The Mughals (1526-1858) (1526-1858)

Arabs + later Muslim tribes from Arabs + later Muslim tribes from Central Asia invaded Northern Central Asia invaded Northern India + carved it into many small India + carved it into many small kingdoms. The invaders became kingdoms. The invaders became known as the known as the MughalsMughals

Clashes occurred b/w the Muslims Clashes occurred b/w the Muslims + the Hindus for hundreds of years + the Hindus for hundreds of years before Turkish armies came in + before Turkish armies came in + defeated the Hindus defeated the Hindus

Delhi became the capital of the Delhi became the capital of the Turkish warlords known as the Turkish warlords known as the Delhi SultanateDelhi Sultanate

Babur founded the Mogul empire Babur founded the Mogul empire in Northern India in the early in Northern India in the early 1500s1500s

AkbarAkbar Babur’s grandson who ruled Babur’s grandson who ruled from 1556-1605from 1556-1605

Built up the militaryBuilt up the military Turned enemies into alliesTurned enemies into allies Unified a land of over Unified a land of over

100mil people100mil people Religiously tolerantReligiously tolerant Started an income taxStarted an income tax Granted land to favored Granted land to favored

bureaucrats regardless of bureaucrats regardless of faithfaith

Welcomed cultural Welcomed cultural blending especially in the blending especially in the arts, education, politics, + arts, education, politics, + languagelanguage

Akbar’s Akbar’s SuccessorsSuccessors

Shah Jahan (Akbar’s grandson) Shah Jahan (Akbar’s grandson) built the Taj Mahal as a tomb for built the Taj Mahal as a tomb for his wife which caused the his wife which caused the population to suffer due to the high population to suffer due to the high taxes raised to build it.taxes raised to build it.

Shah Jahan’s son Aurangzeb came Shah Jahan’s son Aurangzeb came into power + began to expand the into power + began to expand the empireempire

Empire grew to its largest Empire grew to its largest sizesize

Rigidly enforced Islamic Rigidly enforced Islamic laws + heavily taxed all laws + heavily taxed all non-Muslims causing much non-Muslims causing much resentment + striferesentment + strife

Gave English the port of Gave English the port of BombayBombay

End Section End Section 33