The Muslim EmpiresThe Muslim Empires

The Ottoman, Safavid and The Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal (or Mogul)Mughal (or Mogul)

Ottomans: BeginningOttomans: Beginning started on Anatolian started on Anatolian

Peninsula in Turkey.Peninsula in Turkey. land granted them by land granted them by

the Seljuk Turks.the Seljuk Turks. pastoral and peaceful pastoral and peaceful

people at the startpeople at the start As the Seljuk Turks As the Seljuk Turks

began to decline, the began to decline, the Osman began to Osman began to expand. expand.

Ottoman: Military PowerOttoman: Military Power 1414thth century moved into century moved into

the Balkans. the Balkans. took the title of sultan took the title of sultan

and began to build and began to build strong military strong military

Developed the Developed the janissariesjanissaries

Ottoman: ExpansionOttoman: Expansion April 6, 1453, laid April 6, 1453, laid

siege to the city of siege to the city of Constantinople.Constantinople.

May 29, 1453, May 29, 1453, Constantinople falls Constantinople falls led by Mehmet II (the led by Mehmet II (the conquerer.conquerer.

The city was later The city was later renamed Istanbul.renamed Istanbul.

Hagia Sophia

Ottoman: Selim I Ottoman: Selim I (ruled 1512-1520)(ruled 1512-1520)

took control of took control of Mesopotamia, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Arabia – included and Arabia – included Jerusalem, Mecca, and Jerusalem, Mecca, and Madinah.Madinah.

took the title of caliphtook the title of caliph Extended empire from Extended empire from

Black Sea to Red Sea to Black Sea to Red Sea to Strait of Gibraltar.Strait of Gibraltar.

little impact on North little impact on North Africa.Africa.

Appointed PashasAppointed Pashas

Ottoman: Ottoman: Suleiman I (the Suleiman I (the

magnificent magnificent (ruled 1520-1566)(ruled 1520-1566)

expanded into Europe and the western expanded into Europe and the western Med. Sea.Med. Sea.

He was a great military commander, but He was a great military commander, but he known for his legislation as well.he known for his legislation as well.

He codified Ottoman law keeping He codified Ottoman law keeping Islamic faith, took into account Christian Islamic faith, took into account Christian inhabitants of the Empire, addressed inhabitants of the Empire, addressed taxes, and built more schools.taxes, and built more schools.

married a harem girl from Poland, married a harem girl from Poland, Roxelana, and had 5 children with her.Roxelana, and had 5 children with her.

executed his eldest son Mustafaexecuted his eldest son Mustafa Roxelana’s son Selim took power when Roxelana’s son Selim took power when

Suleiman died in 1566.Suleiman died in 1566.

Suleiman’s Signature

Battle of Lepanto (1571)Battle of Lepanto (1571)

Ottoman: PoliticalOttoman: Political " " gunpowder empire”gunpowder empire” Sultans were the supreme Sultans were the supreme

authorities in both political authorities in both political and military senses.and military senses.

sultan was hereditary – a son sultan was hereditary – a son always succeeded the father.always succeeded the father.

Since the times of Mehmet II, Since the times of Mehmet II, Ottoman sultans ruled from Ottoman sultans ruled from the Topkaki Palace in Istanbul.the Topkaki Palace in Istanbul.

The private domain of the The private domain of the sultan was called a “harem,” sultan was called a “harem,” or “sacred place.”or “sacred place.”

When a son became sultan, When a son became sultan, his mother became queen his mother became queen mothermother

Ottoman: Political Ottoman: Political ““grand vizier”: chief advisor grand vizier”: chief advisor to the sultanto the sultan led meetings of the imperial led meetings of the imperial council that met 4 days a council that met 4 days a week.week. The empire was divided into The empire was divided into districts and ruled by districts and ruled by officials who were helped by officials who were helped by bureaucrats trained at bureaucrats trained at palace schools.palace schools. Senior officials were given Senior officials were given land but the sultan and were land but the sultan and were responsible for collecting responsible for collecting taxes and supplying armies taxes and supplying armies for the empirefor the empire Sunni Muslims.Sunni Muslims. Sultans had claimed the title Sultans had claimed the title

of caliph since the 16of caliph since the 16thth century. century.

religious duties given to the religious duties given to the “ulema”- a group of “ulema”- a group of religious advisors.religious advisors.

Ottoman: Religion Ottoman: Religion The Ottoman were tolerant The Ottoman were tolerant

of non-Muslims. Non-of non-Muslims. Non-Muslims paid a tax, but Muslims paid a tax, but they were allowed to they were allowed to practice their religion or to practice their religion or to convert to Islam.convert to Islam.

Most people in the Most people in the European areas of the European areas of the empire remained Christian. empire remained Christian. In some areas, the large In some areas, the large numbers converted to the numbers converted to the Islamic faith.Islamic faith.

Ottoman: Social StructureOttoman: Social Structure Subjects were divided by Subjects were divided by

occupationoccupation Ruling class, peasants, Ruling class, peasants,

artisans, merchants, and artisans, merchants, and pastoral peoples.pastoral peoples.

The Golden Age of the The Golden Age of the OttomansOttomans

Ottoman: DeclineOttoman: Decline The problems of the The problems of the

Ottoman Empire began with Ottoman Empire began with Selim II around 1699. Selim II around 1699.

training of officials declinedtraining of officials declined senior positions were given senior positions were given

to the sons and daughters of to the sons and daughters of the elitethe elite

members of the elite busy members of the elite busy trying to amass their own trying to amass their own fortunesfortunes

Local government grew Local government grew more corrupt and taxes rosemore corrupt and taxes rose

wars depleted imperial wars depleted imperial treasurytreasury

Ottoman: DeclineOttoman: Decline influence of Western influence of Western

EuropeEurope Western clothes, Western clothes,

Western furniture, Western furniture, tobacco and coffee tobacco and coffee were introduced to the were introduced to the OttomansOttomans

Some sultans tried to Some sultans tried to fight the trends of fight the trends of Western Europe. Western Europe.

Safavid: Safavid: Shah Ismail (1501-1524)Shah Ismail (1501-1524)

““shah” is king of the new shah” is king of the new Persian state.Persian state.

Under Ismail, the Safavid Under Ismail, the Safavid took control of much of took control of much of Iran and IraqIran and Iraq

Red Hats or QizilbashRed Hats or Qizilbash Shiite MuslimShiite Muslim ““Twelver Shiism”Twelver Shiism” Massacre of Sunni Muslims Massacre of Sunni Muslims

when he took Baghdad.when he took Baghdad. Lost major battle at Tabriz Lost major battle at Tabriz

to Suleimanto Suleiman

Safavid: Safavid: Shah Abbas (1588 to 1629)Shah Abbas (1588 to 1629)

Brought the Safavids to their Brought the Safavids to their highest point of glory.highest point of glory.

Usurped the throne from his Usurped the throne from his father father

Modernized MilitaryModernized Military Captured men in Russia Captured men in Russia

forced them to convert and forced them to convert and fightfight

Attacked the Ottoman Turks, Attacked the Ottoman Turks, with European help with European help

Could not keep territorial Could not keep territorial gainsgains

When Shah Abbas died, When Shah Abbas died, religious orthodoxy religious orthodoxy increased. Women were to increased. Women were to give up freedom for a life give up freedom for a life of seclusion and the of seclusion and the wearing of the veil.wearing of the veil.

Safavid: IsfahanSafavid: Isfahan Safavid capital.Safavid capital. Social structure: Shah, Social structure: Shah,

bureaucracy and landed bureaucracy and landed classes, then the classes, then the common people.common people.

Official religion was Shia Official religion was Shia Islam because the Shiites Islam because the Shiites supported the shahs at supported the shahs at first.first.

Isfahan vs. IstanbulIsfahan vs. Istanbul Silk and carpet weaving Silk and carpet weaving Riza-i-Abbasi, most Riza-i-Abbasi, most

famous artist of this time. famous artist of this time.

Moguls: Moguls: Babur (1483-1530) Babur (1483-1530)

Founder Founder United the Hindu and United the Hindu and

Muslim kingdoms of Muslim kingdoms of IndiaIndia

Descendant of Timur the Descendant of Timur the Lame and Mongol Lame and Mongol conquerors of Genghis conquerors of Genghis KhanKhan

Armies were usually Armies were usually smaller than his smaller than his opponentsopponents

Mogul: Mogul: Akbar the Great (1556-Akbar the Great (1556-

1605)1605) Grandson of BaburGrandson of Babur Placed most of India under Placed most of India under

Mogul control by use of Mogul control by use of artillery and negotiation.artillery and negotiation.

Adopted a policy of religious Adopted a policy of religious tolerance – even marrying a tolerance – even marrying a Hindu princess.Hindu princess.

New religion Din-i-Ilahi New religion Din-i-Ilahi (“Divine Faith” (“Divine Faith”

Zamindars were low ranking Zamindars were low ranking officials of Hindu descent who officials of Hindu descent who got paid by keeping part of got paid by keeping part of collected taxes. collected taxes.

Treatment of womenTreatment of women

Mogul: Mogul: Shah Jahan Shah Jahan

(ruled 1628 – 1658) (ruled 1628 – 1658) He ruled using the He ruled using the

political system started political system started by earlier Mogul rulers. by earlier Mogul rulers.

Expanded the Expanded the boundaries of the Mogul boundaries of the Mogul EmpireEmpire

Best known for the Taj Best known for the Taj Mahal (in Agra, India) Mahal (in Agra, India) which combines Persian, which combines Persian, Ottoman, Indian, and Ottoman, Indian, and Islamic styles.Islamic styles.

Mogul: Mogul: Aurangzeb (1618-1657)Aurangzeb (1618-1657)

Devout Muslim and man of Devout Muslim and man of high principle.high principle.

Tried to eliminate many of Tried to eliminate many of the things he thought were the things he thought were social evils in India: suttee, social evils in India: suttee, levying illegal taxes, levying illegal taxes, gambling, and drinking.gambling, and drinking.

Did not embrace religious Did not embrace religious tolerancetolerance

Mogul fell during his reign Mogul fell during his reign b/c of b/c of Land grant systemLand grant system Failure to integrate newly Failure to integrate newly

conquered territoriesconquered territories Rise of regional powersRise of regional powers

Moguls : GenderMoguls : Gender Women had a complex life. Women had a complex life. Women had played a role Women had played a role

in Mogul tribal society – in Mogul tribal society – warriors and advisors in warriors and advisors in political matters. They political matters. They could own land and do could own land and do business.business.

They also had restrictions They also had restrictions of Islamic law: isolation of of Islamic law: isolation of women was practiced in women was practiced in upper class Hindu families.upper class Hindu families.

A lot of Hindu practices A lot of Hindu practices went unchanged by Mogul went unchanged by Mogul rulerule

Moguls: Art and cultureMoguls: Art and culture brought together Persian and brought together Persian and

Indian influences in art and Indian influences in art and architecture.architecture.

Akbar got Indian artist to use Akbar got Indian artist to use Persian and Indian motifs.Persian and Indian motifs.

The “Akbar style” included The “Akbar style” included humans in action. humans in action.

Akbar encouraged his artist to Akbar encouraged his artist to imitate European art forms, imitate European art forms, including perspective and including perspective and lifelike portraits.lifelike portraits.

Akbar commissioned artist Akbar commissioned artist from Persia and Europe to from Persia and Europe to come teach Indian artists. come teach Indian artists.