GCSE Physical Education The Muscular System The Muscular System.
The Muscular System -...
Transcript of The Muscular System -...
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The Muscular System
Myology – the study of muscles
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1. Movement
2. Stability /support – posture
3. Heat production – 85% of our body heat
4. Communication
5. Constriction of organs and vessels
Functions of muscles:
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Fun muscle facts:
• more than 50% of body weight is muscle
• There are 642 muscles in the human body
• The hardest working muscle is in the eye
• Largest muscle – gluteus maximus
• Smallest muscle – stapedius
• Longest name - levator labii superioris alaeque
nasi
• It takes 17 muscles to smile and 42 muscles
to frown
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Info About Muscles
• Only body tissue able
to contract
• create movement by
flexing and extending
joints
• Body energy
converters (many
muscle cells contain
many mitochondria)
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The Muscular System
• Muscles are responsible for all movement
of the body
• There are three basic types of muscle
– Skeletal
– Cardiac
– Smooth
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3 Types of Muscles
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Three types of muscle
Skeletal Cardiac Smooth
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Classification of Muscle
Skeletal-
found in limbs
Cardiac-
found in heart
Smooth-
Found in
viscera
Striated, multi-
nucleated
Striated, 1
nucleus
Not striated, 1
nucleus
voluntary involuntary involuntary
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Characteristics of Muscle
• Skeletal and smooth muscle are elongated
• Muscle cell = muscle fiber
• Contraction of a muscle is due to movement
of microfilaments (protein fibers)
• All muscles share some terminology
– Prefixes myo and mys refer to muscle
– Prefix sarco refers to flesh
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Skeletal Muscle
• Most are attached by tendons to bones
• Cells have more than one nucleus
(multinucleated)
• Striated- have stripes, banding
• Voluntary- subject to conscious control
• Tendons are mostly made of collagen fibers
• Found in the limbs
• Produce movement, maintain posture,
generate heat, stabilize joints
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Structure of skeletal muscle
• Each cell (fibre) is long and cylindrical
• Muscle fibres are multi-nucleated
• Typically 50-60mm in diameter, and up
to 10cm long
• The contractile elements of
skeletal muscle cells are
myofibrils
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Skeletal muscle - Summary
• Voluntary movement
of skeletal parts
• Spans joints and
attached to skeleton
• Multi-nucleated,
striated, cylindrical
fibres
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Smooth Muscle
• No striations
• Spindle shaped
• Single nucleus
• Involuntary- no conscious control
• Found mainly in the walls of hollow organs
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Smooth muscle• Lines walls of viscera
• Found in longitudinal or circular arrangement
• Alternate contraction of circular & longitudinal muscle in the intestine leads to peristalsis
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Structure of smooth muscle
• Spindle shaped uni-nucleated cells
• Striations not observed
• Actin and myosin filaments are present(
protein fibers)
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Smooth muscle - Summary
• Found in walls of
hollow internal
organs
• Involuntary
movement of
internal organs
• Elongated, spindle
shaped fibre with
single nucleus
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Cardiac Muscle
• Striations
• Branching cells
• Involuntary
• Found only in the heart
• Usually has a single nucleus, but can have
more than one
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Cardiac muscle
• Main muscle of heart
• Pumping mass of heart
• Critical in humans
• Heart muscle cells
behave as one unit
• Heart always contracts
to it’s full extent
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Structure of cardiac muscle
• Cardiac muscle cells (fibres) are
short, branched and interconnected
• Cells are striated & usually have 1
nucleus
• Adjacent cardiac cells are joined
via electrical synapses (gap
junctions)
• These gap junctions appear as
dark lines and are called
intercalated discs
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Cardiac muscle - Summary
• Found in the heart
• Involuntary rhythmic
contraction
• Branched, striated
fibre with single
nucleus and
intercalated discs
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Muscle Control
Type of
muscle
Nervous
control
Type of
control
Example
SkeletalSkeletal Controlled
by CNS
Voluntary Lifting a
glass
CardiacRegulated
by ANS
Involuntary Heart
beating
Smooth Controlled
by ANS
Involuntary Peristalsis
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Types of Responses
• Twitch-
– A single brief contraction
– Not a normal muscle function
• Tetanus
– One contraction immediately followed by
another
– Muscle never completely returns to a relaxed
state
– Effects are compounded
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Where Does the Energy Come
From?
• Energy is stored in the muscles in the form
of ATP
• ATP comes from the breakdown of glucose
during Cellular Respiration
• This all happens in the Mitochondria of the
cell
• When a muscle is fatigued (tired) it is
unable to contract because of lack of
Oxygen
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Exercise and Muscles
• Isotonic- muscles shorten and movement
occurs ( most normal exercise)
• Isometric- tension in muscles increases, no
movement occurs (pushing one hand against
the other)
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How are Muscles Attached to
Bone?
• Origin-attachment to a movable bone
• Insertion- attachment to an immovable
bone
• Muscles are always attached to at least 2
points
• Movement is attained due to a muscle
moving an attached bone
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Muscle Attachments
Origin
Insertion
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Flexion
Types of Musculo-Skeletal Movement
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Extension
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Hyperextension
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Abduction, Adduction &
Circumduction
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Rotation
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More Types of Movement……
• Inversion- turn sole of foot medially
• Eversion- turn sole of foot laterally
• Pronation- palm facing down
• Supination- palm facing up
• Opposition- thumb touches tips of fingers
on the same hand
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The Skeletal Muscles
There are about 650 muscles in the
human body. They enable us to
move, maintain posture and generate
heat. In this section we will only
study a sample of the major muscles.
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SternocleidomastoideusFlexes and Rotates Head
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MasseterElevate Mandible
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TemporalisElevate & Retract Mandible
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TrapeziusExtend Head, Adduct, Elevate or
Depress Scapula
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Latissimus DorsiExtend, Adduct & Rotate Arm Medially
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DeltoidAbduct, Flex & Extend Arm
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Pectoralis MajorFlexes, adducts & rotates arm medially
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Biceps BrachiiFlexes Elbow Joint
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Triceps BrachiiExtend Elbow Joint
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Rectus AbdominusFlexes Abdomen
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External ObliqueCompress Abdomen
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External IntercostalsElevate ribs
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Internal IntercostalsDepress ribs
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DiaphragmInspiration
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Forearm Muscles
• Flexor carpi—Flexes wrist
• Extensor carpi—Extends wrist
• Flexor digitorum—Flexes fingers
• Extensor digitorum—Extends fingers
• Pronator—Pronates
• Supinator—Supinates
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Gluteus MaximusExtends & Rotates
Thigh Laterally
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Rectus Femoris
Flexes Thigh,
Extends Lower Leg
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GracilisAdducts and Flexes Thigh
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Sartorius
Flexes Thigh, &
Rotates Thigh
Laterally
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Biceps Femoris
Extends Thigh &
Flexes Lower Leg
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Gastrocnemius
Plantar Flexes Foot
& Flex Lower Leg
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Tibialis AnteriorDorsiflexes and Inverts Foot