Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy Spinal muscular atrophy.
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM - chagrinschools.org › Downloads › Module 6 - Muscle Physiology3.pdfYOUR...
Transcript of THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM - chagrinschools.org › Downloads › Module 6 - Muscle Physiology3.pdfYOUR...
THE MUSCULAR
SYSTEM Module #6 – To Understand the Structure and Function of
Muscles
YOUR AMAZING MUSCULAR SYSTEM:
You have about 650 muscles in your body.
There are over 150 just in your head and neck!
Your muscles make up 50% of your body weight.
Muscle tissue is three times more efficient at burning calories than fat.
Your muscle cells produce enough heat every day to boil almost 2 pints of water for an hour.
Your tireless heart beats more than 4500 times each hour.
Smile! You've just used about 30 muscles. Muscles control your eyelids, nostrils and brow. They work together to show the slightest change in your emotions.
MUSCLES ARE IMPORTANT BECAUSE
THEY…
Hold your organs in place
Hold your bones together so
that you can move
Help you chew your food
Open and close your eyelids
Pump your blood
Allow you to move and
exercise
Enable you to have good
posture
TYPES OF MUSCLES
THE MAJOR MUSCLES AND
ACTIONS
MUSCLE FIBER TYPES
WHAT HAPPENS DURING
EXERCISE
HOW MUSCLES WORK
TYPES OF CONTRACTION
POSTURE
MUSCLES
THE THREE TYPES OF MUSCLE
1. Cardiac Muscle (Heart)
2. Smooth or Involuntary Muscle
3. Skeletal/Striped or Voluntary Muscle
BASIC FEATURES OF A SKELETAL MUSCLE
Muscle attachments Most skeletal muscles run
from one bone to another
They are under our conscious control
We use them to run, jump, walk
One bone will move – other bone remains fixed
Origin – less movable attachment
Insertion – more movable attachment
THE MAJOR SKELETAL MUSCLES
Abdominals (4)
Quadriceps (4)
Hamstrings (3)
Gluteals (3)
Pectorals
Anterior Tibialis
Gastrocnemius
Lattissimus Dorsi
Trapezius
Deltoid
Triceps
Biceps
MUSCLE MAIN ACTION Deltoid
Biceps
Abdominals
Quadriceps
Pectorals
Latissimus Dorsi
Trapezius
Triceps
Gluteals
Hamstrings
Gastrocnemius
Anterior Tibialis
Raises your arm sideways at the shoulder
Bends your arm at the elbow
Pull in your abdomen, Flex your trunk so you can bend forward.
Straighten your leg at the knee and keep it straight when you stand
Raises your arm at the shoulder. Draws it across your chest.
Pulls your arm down at the shoulder. Draws it behind your back.
Holds and rotates your shoulders. Moves your head back and sideways.
Straightens your arm at the elbow
Pulls your leg back at the hip. Raise it sideways at the hip. Gluteus Maximus is the largest muscle in body.
Bend your leg at the knee
Straightens the ankle joint, so you can stand on your toes.
Works opposite of the gastrocnemius to pull foot towards knee
MUSCLES MUST WORK IN PAIRS:
Muscles can only contract: If one muscle contracts to bring bones together, another muscle must contract to bring the bones apart (a bicep /tricep contraction, to bend the arm)
We need large numbers of pairs of muscles to work together in different ways for even simple body movements.
Our muscles take on different roles depending on the movement they are to perform.
ANTAGONISTIC MUSCLES: THEY WORK IN PAIRS
MUSCLE ATTACHMENTS: TENDONS ATTACH
MUSCLES TO BONE
SMOOTH OR INVOLUNTARY MUSCLES
These muscles work automatically – they are not under our conscious control.
They fatigue..but very slowly
Found in the digestive system: stomach, esophagus, intestines, control digestion
Found in the respiratory system: lungs, diaphragm, control breathing
Found in urinary system: bladder, controls urination
CARDIAC MUSCLE
Cardiac is a special type of involuntary muscle
It is only found in the heart
It works automatically but under constant
nervous system and chemical control.
Contractions of the heart muscle pump blood
throughout the body and account for the heart
beat
Healthy cardiac muscle never fatigues or else…
HOW DO OUR MUSCLES WORK?
There are three main types of muscular contraction:
Isotonic and concentric: muscles shorten as they contract,
the ends of the muscle move closer together (like in a
biceps during a pull up), most sport moves are this type of
contraction
Isotonic and eccentric : muscles lengthen as they contract,
the ends move farther apart, (like the biceps when lowering
down from a pull up), plyometrics
Isometric: muscles stay the same length when contracting,
there is no movement, (like your shoulders in a tug of war),
in sporting events the stabilizing muscles hold parts of the
body steady as other parts move
HOW ARE MUSCLES ATTACHED TO BONES?
Muscles are usually attached to 2 or more
different bones
The muscle fibers end in s strong, white fibrous
cord called a tendon
This anchors the tendon strongly and spreads
the force of the contraction
Tendons attach muscle to bone
Ligaments attach bone to bone
MUSCLE FIBER TYPES:
There are two different types of muscle fibers:
Slow Twitch: have a very good oxygen supply, work for a long
time without fatigue, are not as strong as fast twitch, take
longer to contract, are used in all types of exercise (especially
aerobic activities).
Fast Twitch: do not have a good oxygen supply, tire
very quickly, are stronger than slow twitch, are used in
powerful, fast, movements, are used in high intensity exercise,
used in anaerobic activities
MIXTURE OF MUSCLE FIBERS:
Every muscle contains a mixture of fast and slow twitch muscle fibers, but…
The mixture is different in every muscle, for example the gastrocnemius muscle contains a lot of fast twitch fibers so standing on your toes is tiring.
The mixture is also unique to each individual. Some distance runners have 80% slow twitch while some power lifters have 80% fast twitch.
WHAT DOES THIS MEAN FOR SPORTS
PERFORMANCE?
The more fast twitch fibers you have the more
you are suited for sports requiring bursts of
strength and power.
Consider two sprinters X and Y. They both are
the same age, weight and fitness level. X has
75% fast twitch fibers in his legs and Y only has
55%. Physiologically, X is suited better for
sprinting than Y.
MUSCLE FIBERS AND SPORT
If we jog slowly, only a few of our slow twitch fibers contract to move our legs. When we increase our speed we use more slow twitch fibers. As we run faster our fast twitch fibers also start to contract to help out. More and more fibers will start to contract as we run even faster. At our top speed all or our fast twitch and slow twitch fibers will be working.
Our muscle change based on activity:
Muscle hypertrophy – the muscle increases
in size with resistance training
Muscle atrophy – muscle decreases in size
(“Use it or lose it”) when it is not used
MUSCLE TONE: Even when a muscle is relaxed, a small number of fibers are
contracted – enough to keep the muscle taut but not enough to cause movement.
This partial state of contraction is referred to as “muscle tone”. Without muscle tone you would not be able to stand up straight.
To maintain muscle tone without getting tired, groups of muscles take turns in contracting. They
work in relays.
Poor muscle tone leads to poor posture.
Exercise improves muscle tone – it makes
the fibers thicker so they may contract
stronger.
WHAT HAPPENS TO OUR MUSCLES AS WE
EXERCISE?
There is an increased flow of blood to the working muscles.
Muscles take up more oxygen from the blood.
The muscles contract more often and more quickly.
More of the muscle fibers contract
There is a rise in the temperature of the muscle
Waste products such as carbon dioxide and lactic acid build up in the muscles, these products lead to tiredness and cramps
Stores of muscle glucose are expended
Our ability to continue exercising may be affected
Overuse of muscles can lead to soreness, strains and stress fractures.
QUESTIONS???? 1. How many muscles do you have in your body? (1 point)
2. List 4 different functions of your muscles. (2 points )
3. Explain the 3 types of muscles. A minimum of 4 sentences for each type. (12 points)
4. List four major muscle groups and the action they create. (8 points)
5. Explain how muscles work in pairs. (2 points)
6. List and describe the 3 types of muscular contraction. Give an example of each type of contraction (not the ones listed). (6 points)
7. Describe the two types of muscle fibers. What sports would be suitable for each type? List at least three per type. (5 points)
8. How do muscles change based on activity? (2 points)
9. What is muscle tone? How does it affect us on a daily basis? (2 points)
10. List and explain 3 actions that occur when are muscles are being exercised. (3 points)
43 points possible