The Multi-object APO Radial-Velocity Exoplanet Large-area Survey (MARVELS) with the SDSS Telescope

Jian Ge, University of FloridaSteering Committee Members: E. Ford, E. Agol, S. Guadi, S. Seager, H. Ford & D. Schneider

Other MARVELS team members: D. Lin, S. Ida, T. Beers, J. Valenti, S. Hawley, & J. Johnson

UF Staff and Postdocs: S. Mahadevan, X. Wan, B. Zhao, J. Groot, B. Lee, S. Kane, M.C. Galvez, C. Werner, J. Liu, H. Zhou & Z. Chen

UF Grads: J. van Eyken, P. Guo, S. Fleming, J. Crepp, R. Cohen, & J. Wang

Collaborators: G. Henry, W. Cochran, L. Ramsey, D. Montes, E. Martin, F. Leger, S. Snedden, K. Pan, D. Long, S. Shaklan, T. Wang, Y. Wei & J. Zhou

Status of Planet Theory and Observations

Ida & Lin, 2004

Three Key Technical Elements Enabling MARVELS

I. Wide field of view of the SDSS telescope: 7 square degree

W.M. Keck Exoplanet Tracker (Keck ET)

II. Innovative multi-object Doppler dispersed fix-delay interferometer technique

ET fibers

SDSS fibers

III. Flexibility of SDSS fiber plugging: adding more ET instruments and/or other survey instruments (such as APOGEE and BOSS )

Schematic Layout for an ET Doppler Instrument

HET Fiber

Fringes

Dispersed Fringes

Iodine Cell Fibers

Telescope

Detector

Erskine & Ge (2000), Ge et al. (2002), Ge (2002)

Medium resolution spectrograph R=5000-10,000

Stellar Absorption Line fringes and Doppler sensitivity

Doppler shift: V

Observations of HD 209458 Field with Keck ET in Dec. 2006,

59 fringe spectra of MS stars with V = 7.6-12.2

•~750 stars are being surveyed at the SDSS telescope since Nov. 06

MARVELS Baseline:

• ~1000 square degree of sky coverage, mainly along Galactic plane

• ~33 RV measurements over 1.5 years per field

•~10 m/s for a V=11 FGK dwarfs in an hour

• >200 new planets around FGK dwarfs, ~11 transit planets, ~40 planets around giant stars, ~20 planets around active/young stars

• Detect > 50% Jupiter mass planets at 1 year orbit

• Simultaneous 120 object high precision RV measurements with two Keck ET interferometric spectrographs in the optical (0.5-0.6 m) with R=8000

• 10,000 FGK dwarfs and subgiants with V=8-12 & 3,000 G and K giants with V=8-11 in 2008-2014, minimal metallicity and age bias

V Magnitude Exploration Regime for MARVELS

MARVELS vs. Other Planned Big Surveys in the Next Decade

The first extrasolar planet (ET-1, HD 102195, V=8.1, G8V) detected by Exoplanet Tracker (ET) with KPNO 0.9m Coude (Ge et al. 2006)

K=63.4 m/s, P=4.11 days, Msini=0.49 Msun, e=0.064, a=0.049 AU

Artistic impression of ET-1 planet

KPNO ET Doppler Precision and Long Term Stability

• rms =2.5 m/s, photon limiting error =1.9 m/s

• rms =5.3 m/s, photon limiting error =4.1 m/s

• long term stability = 3.3 m/s over 1 month

Confirmed Known Planets by Keck ET at the SDSS Telescope in 2006-2007

HD 209458, V=7.7, G0V

HD 118203, V=8.14, K0

Keck ET Doppler Precision and Long Term Stability

Sept – Oct 06 (45 days)

•Photon limiting precision ~ 6 m/s

•Long term stability ~ 10 m/s over ~2 months

Dec. 06– Mar. 07 (70 days)

Part of RV Measurements in November 2006 and February 2007

Two Planet Candidates from the SDSS ET Pilot Survey in November 2006

V=10.59

V=11.39

•In the Red (0.7-1.0 m), search ~1,200 M dwarfs for ~50 terrestrial like planets including habitable planets

•Search ~40,000 nearby bright F, G, K stars (V< 13) over ~1000 square deg of sky

•Detect all planets with periods < 18 months and identify planet candidates with longer periods

•Detect >500 planets, >50 transit planets

One 10-object Red

ET for M dwarfs

Sloan focal plane

The Full-scale MARVELS survey

Six 60-object optical ET for F,G and K starsFiber couplers

One 15-object optical EXPERT for FGK dwarfs

•In the optical (0.38-0.6 m), detect ~100 super earth mass planets around 1,500 F,G,K dwarfs

Star and Planet Mass Exploration Regime for MARVELS

Detection of Earth-like short period planets with MARVELS-EXPERT instrument in optical

• 2 Earth mass planet, 2.2 day period around a solar type star, K= 1m/s

= 1m/s, 60 measurements, clear detection with 0.1% FAP

IR RV

Red Multi-object ET Survey of M Dwarfs with 0.2-0.5 solar massRed Multi-object ET Survey of M Dwarfs with 0.2-0.5 solar mass

Habitable Zones around M0V-M5V are at 0.1-0.5 AU

Red RV

10 m/s detection limit

Courtesy of Seager and Valenti

• ~5 m/s for M0V-M5V dwarfs with I =10 in an hour

•~7-20 earth mass habitable planets

Holy grail region for red ET survey!

Three Phases for MARVELS

•Phase I: feasibility study with a prototype, 2004-2005:

first light at Sloan in Mar. Apr. 2005, completed

•Phase II, trial and pilot survey program, 2006-2008:

1st Keck ET instrument with 59 star capability, 470 stars are being surveyed

2nd Keck ET instrument with 60 star capability, August 2007,

~3,000 stars during bright time in 2006-2008, ~ 30 planets

•Phase III, the MARVELS survey (2008-2014)

The initial survey starts with 120 object capability

A goal is to have a total of 360 star capability with six full-scale optical ETs, one Red ET and one EXPERT

~40,000 stars, >500 planets

Red multi-object ET and EXPERT (need funds)

Clone two optical spectrographs (need funds)

Future Precision Planet Theory and Observation Studies