The Movement Begins
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Transcript of The Movement Begins
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The Movement Begins
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Plessey vs. Ferguson (1896) http://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/stories_events_plessy.html
• set up a separate but equal policy– Legally segregated African Americans as long as
equal facilities were provided for them
• “Jim Crow” laws were most popular in the south
• In the North, there was de-facto segregation – Segregation by custom or tradition
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Court Challenges Begin
• NAACP supported court cases that dealt with overturning segregation.
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Push for Desegregation
• African Americans began using their political power with the foundation of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE).– They used sit-ins as a form of protest in order to
integrate many public facilities in Northern cities
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The Civil Rights Movement Begins
• Thurgood Marshall: chief counsel of the NAACP.– Focused his attention on
desegregating public schools
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Brown vs. Board of Education http://crdl.usg.edu/events/brown_vs_boe/
• (Topeka, KS) 1954
• Linda Brown; denied admission to her neighborhood school based on her race
• Her parents and the NAACP sued the school board
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Brown vs Board of Education
• The supreme court ruled in their favor– Making public school segregation illegal
• Many school systems (especially southern ones) resisted the ruling and kept their schools segregated for years.
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The Montgomery Bus Boycott• In 1955, Rosa Parks was
arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a Montgomery city bus.
• In response, African Americans in the city started a boycott of the bus system
• The boycott was a huge success– In 1956 the Supreme Court
would rule that laws requiring bus segregation were unconstitutional
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The Montgomery Improvement Association
• Formed to negotiate with city leaders in order to end segregation– Martin Luther King , Jr., was the leader
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Martin Luther King , Jr.
• He believed that the way to end segregation and racism was through nonviolent resistance– He urged followers to
peacefully disobey unjust laws.
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African American Churches
• Very important to the success of the boycott
• 1957, African American ministers set up the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)– Worked to do away with segregation– encouraged Africans Americans to register to vote
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Eisenhower and Civil Rights
• Eisenhower opposed segregation but believed it should be ended gradually
• The movement was happening at the time of the Cold War – he believed that
segregation would divide the nation in a time when they needed to pull together.
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Crisis in Little Rockhttp://www.history.com/videos/little-rock-nine#little-rock-nine
• September 1957, Little Rock AK school board won a court order to allow 9 African American students to a school of 2000 whites
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Crisis in Little Rock
• Due to violence Eisenhower sent the US army to stand guard at the school for the rest of the year.
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The Civil Rights Act of 1957
• Intended to protect African Americans’ right to vote
• This law created a civil rights division within the Department of Justice to investigate when voting rights were denied.