The Mother Tongue Indo-European Languages Indo-European Timeline W I period: Breaking Up (60 th c....
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Transcript of The Mother Tongue Indo-European Languages Indo-European Timeline W I period: Breaking Up (60 th c....
The Mother Tongue
Indo-European Languages
Indo-European Timeline I period: Breaking Up (60th c. bce - 25th c. bce) II period: Settling Apart (25th c. bce - 13th c. bce) III period: Primary Migrations (13th c. bce - 7th c. bce) IV period: Secondary Migrations(7th c. bce- 1st c. bce) V period: The Great Movement (1st c. ce - 500 ce)
VI period: Fixing Borders (500 – 1000 ce)
ce: Common Erabce: Before Common Era
Cultural Fusion of the Early Middle Ages5th-11th centuries
Fall of RomeCeltic InfluencesNorse-Germanic InfluencesSpread of Christianity
throughout EuropeIslamic InfluencesFeudalismEmpires and Kingdoms
Celtic Migrations
Hallstatt
Celtic Migrations2100 bce Celtic tribes in Europe 1400 bce Celts arrive in Spain 1200 bce Celtic cultures in Gaul and Germania 650 bce Celts settle in Britain and Ireland 600 bce New Celtic invasion to Spain 450 bce Celtic tribes come to Italy 280 bce Celts arrive in the Balkans and Asia Minor 133 bce Spain conquered by Rome 50 bce Gaul conquered by Rome 43 ce Romans conquer Britain 250 ce Ogham inscriptions in Ireland and Scotland409 ce Romans leave Britain 450 ce Celtic migrations to Brittany 844 ce Kingdom of Scotland established
Gundestrup Cauldron
1st c. bcesilver overlaid with
gold
Cernunnos: God of the Beasts
Celtic Influences Decorative
Animal motifs Arabesques
Religious Scholarship Monasticism
Literary Epics and folklore Sovranty: Love-Political Triangle
King-Queen-Suitor/Challenger Arthur-Guinevere-Lancelot
Celtic ChristianityChristianity was introduced into
the British Isles in late 1st century or early 2nd c. with Roman soldiers
It was a cultic religion existing alongside other cults, both indigenous cults and those brought in by the Romans, such as the cult of Mithras.
The new faith rapidly gained adherents
St. Patrick (389?-461?)
Apostle of Ireland, Christian prelate. Born in Scotland -- kidnapped at 16 by
Irish pirates and sold in Ireland as a slave. He passed his captivity as a herdsman
Saw visions in which he was urged to escape, and after six years of slavery he did so,
Ordained as a deacon, then priest and finally as a bishop.
Pope Celestine then sent him back to Ireland to preach the gospel.
Syncretism: St. Bridgit
Patrick carried Christianity to the Irish by transforming their sacred groves, wells, and mounds into centers of worship for the new faith.
He also adopted the ancient Celtic deities into the new faith, demoting them to saints
Brigit,the goddess of healing and fertility became St. Bridgit in the new faith.
The Irish Church
Elements of Eastern Christianity: emphasis on monasticism organizational structure of abbots and monasteries versus bishops and
parish churches ascetic holiness and pilgrimage
The abbeys' and monasteries' success in teaching: Generations of scholars who not only copied Christian material but also
transcribed the myths of the Ulster and Finian cycles, the Brehon laws, and other Celtic documents
Survival of Christianity in the British Isles despite conquest by the pagan Angles and Saxons.
Missionaries sent to England and scholars to courts, such as Charlemagne’s, throughout Europe
The Book of Kells
Fall of Rome330: Constantine moved the capitol of the Roman Empire to
Constantinople402: Honorius moved capitol of the Western Empire from
Rome to Ravenna410: Visigoths sacked Rome455: Vandals sacked Rome and took control of N. Africa and
Spain5th c.: Waves of Angles, Saxons and Jutes invaded Britain
and Burgundians controlled much of France476: Goths seized Rome: Odoacer became Emperor
Völkerwanderrung
Germanic Migrations
Germanic Comitatus or Kinship Groups
König, eorlas und thanes: kings, nobles and warriors Mutual loyalty -- warriors fight for king, king is
generous to warriors Originally a socially egalitarian setup, during the third
and fourth centuries CE, it became socially stratified Basis for feudal loyalty Ideal and philosophy expressed in oral epics like
Beowulf and The Song of Roland
The Lindisfarne Gospels
Viking Conquests
I've been with sword and,spearslippery with bright blood
where kites wheeled. And how wellwe violent Vikings clashed!
Redflames ate up men's roofs,raging we killed and killed;
and skewered bodies sprawledsleepy in town gateways.
Viking Runes
Viking
Art
Scene taken from the stone Smiss I, found in Stenkyrka parish. Dated 700-
800 AD.
8th c. Bronze keys
The Norman
s
Vikings, or Norsemen, who settled in northern France (or the Frankish kingdom), together with their descendants
A Viking named Rollo emerged as the leader among the new settlers.
The Normans founded the duchy of Normandy and sent out expeditions of conquest and colonization to southern Italy and Sicily and to England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland.
Norman Conquest 1066: Contest for the English crown:
Harold, Earl of Wessex: Anglo-Saxon claimantHarald Hardrada of NorwayWilliam Duke of Normandy
Battle of Stamford Bridge: Harold defeated Hardrada's army which invaded using over 300 ships; so many were killed that only 25 ships were needed to transport the survivors home.
Battle of Hastings: William led Norman forces against the English. Harold killed in battle; William seized the throne
William the Conqueror
BAYEUX TAPESTRYEnglish axman in combat with Norman cavalry during the Battle of
Hastings
Norman
Castles
Tower of London
Motte and Bailey Castle
Feudalism
”Feudal Society" is a form of civilization that flourishes especially in a closed agricultural economy
It is a social system of rights and duties based on land tenure and personal relationships: land is held in fief by vassals from lords to whom they owe specific services and with whom they are bound by personal loyalty.
Those who fulfill official duties, do so from personal and freely accepted loyalty to their overlord not because of loyalty to a state or nation.
Public authority becomes fragmented and decentralized. In this system, landlords exercise a wide variety of police, judicial,
and fiscal, rights over the unfree peasantry (serfs).
DecemberLimbourg Bros.
Très Riches Heuresof the Duc de Berry
Social ClassesSECULAR
KING
NOBLES
KNIGHTS
MERCHANTSPROFESSIONALS
CRAFTSMEN
PEASANTSfreemen
serfs
ECCLESIASTICAL
POPE
CARDINALS
BISHOPS ABBOTS
PRIESTS MONKSSUMMONERS FRIARSPARDONERS NUNS
PEASANTSlay brothers and sisters
serfs
JanuaryLimbourg Bros.
Très Riches Heuresof the Duc de Berry
Evolution of English
Language 650 bce- 500 ce: Celtic domination of British Isles: Gaelic: Irish, Welsh, Scots, Breton
2nd C. ce: Roman conquest: Latin5th C. ce: Germanic invasions by Angles, Saxons and Jutes:
Anglo-Saxon/Old English8th- 10th C: Viking invasions: Old Norse1066: Norman conquest:
Norman French → Anglo-Norman1200-1500: Middle English: literary fusion1500: Great Vowel Shift: Early Modern English1700: Modern English