The most common greenhouse pests and their natural ennemies

12 april 2023

The most common pestsThe most common pestsand their natural enemiesand their natural enemies

Ing. Paco Lozano RubioInt’l Technical Advisor

12 april 2023

Biological ControlBiological Control

• Leafminer• Whitefly• Aphids• Spider mite• Thrips

12 april 2023

Liriomyza

bryoniae

Liriomyza

trifolii

Liriomyza

huidobrensis

AdultsSize

Color

1.5-2.3 mm

black – yellow,

bright,

yellow dorsal dot

1.5 -2.3 mm

grey – yellow,

matt,

yellow dorsal dot

1.7-2.5 mm

black - yellow,

bright,

yellow dorsal dot

Larvae transparent,

intestinal channel visible,

white with yellow head

ochre,

not transparent

yellowish,

not transparent

Pupae yellow – dark brown, black yellow – brown yellow – red

Galleries all the surface of the leaf,

upperside

around the points of nutrition,

upperside

beside the nerve of the leaf,

underside

LeafminerLeafminer

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20°c

egg

larve

pupa

adult

LeafminerLeafminer

4

914

2

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Tem

perature (°C

)

Egg

Larva

Pu

pa

Total

Pre-ovip

osition

Fecund

ity (eegs / day)

Fecund

ity (Total)

15 6 12 22 40 2.5 7 90

20 4 9 14 27 2 15 145

25 3 5 9 17 1.5 23 160

LeafminerLeafminer

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Leafminer

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LeafminerLeafminer

• Damage:

• Galleries in the leaves

• decrease of photosynthesis

• decrease of yield

• Entrance for bacteria and fungi.

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FeedingFeeding

• Nectar

• Honeydew

• Plant saps

• Males completely depend on females (no ovipositor)

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PupaPupa

• Larva exits the leaf and drops on the ground or stays on the leaf for pupation

• Hibernation as a pupa

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Beneficial insects:

Dacnusa sibirica Diglyphus isaea

LeafminerLeafminer

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Dacnusa sibirica:

• Good capacity to search• Endo-parasite, the leafminer is not paralyzed and continues

making galleries to the pupation.• Level of parasitism is difficult to control.

LeafminerLeafminer

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Diglyphus isaea:

• Ecto-parasite.

• Leafminer is paralyzed,

the larva of the parasite devours the leafminer larva.

• Average capacity to search:

introduce at the moment that there are sufficient galleries present.

• Very fast development:

15°C: 33 days

20°C: 17 days

25°C: 13 days

Pre-oviposition: 1-2 days

Fecundity: 20/day

Host feeding: 70 larva (L1-L2)

LeafminerLeafminer

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• Unlike Dacnusa host feeding of L1 + L2 and is necessary for oviposition (already in production)

• Minimal density of leafminer is necessary for Dyg. • Recognition stinged larvae• Shorter galleries with paralyzed larvae • Excrements next to larva• Larva dies when the egg hatches• Larva not completely at the end of the gallery • Late 2nd and 3rd stage for parasitism• Pupation not next to the larva• Pupa between upper and under epidermis• 6 shafts for strength

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• Evaluation of the balance in the greenhouse is hard to check by means of the adults

• Take samples or check the degree of parasitism

• Evaluate the damage

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Beneficial Organism

Dosage Remarks

Dacnusa sibiricaDacnusa sibirica

(Dacnusa-System)(Dacnusa-System)

Preventive: 0.25/m²/w

Curative: 0.5-2/m²/w x3

Introduction by low infestation

Diglyphus isaeaDiglyphus isaea

(Diglyphus-System(Diglyphus-System

Preventive: /

Curative: 0.1-1/m²/w x3

Introduction by decreasing infestation,

Leafminer ControlLeafminer Control

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Trialeurodes vaporariorum :Life cycle

T. vaporariorum

16°C 26°C

Egg 16.0 6.9

L1 8.2 3.6

L2 5.0 2.2

L3 5.2 2.3

Pupa 15.0 6.5

Total 49.4 21.5

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Trialeurodes vaporariorum:Egg stage

- In circles

- Pyriform (oval shaped)

- Pedicel: anchor; to fix egg on the leaf epidermis.

- 0.25 mm

- White, after 1 - 2 days turn into brownish - black

- Covered with a white powder

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Trialeurodes vaporariorum:Larval stage

L1:- Crawler- Oval, 0.3 mm

L2:-Transparent, 0.3 – 0.4 mm

L3:- = L2, 0.5 mm

L4/pupa: - white, oval, 0.7 mm

- Corona of wax-like hears- Morphological transform. ≈ pupa

Empty pupa:- T-shaped insertion

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Trialeurodes vaporariorum: Adult stage

- ♀: 1.1 mm ♂: 0.9 mm- Just after hatching: white, transparent wings- After some hours: covered with white wax powder

- pre-oviposition period = 1 - 2 days

- Number of eggs each day = 5 – 10 (*)

- Life span ♀ = 5 – 50 days (*)

(*) depend on climate and crop conditions

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Bemisia tabaci :Life cycle

B. tabaci

16 °C 26 °C

Egg 21.0 6.7

L1 11.8 3.7

L2 9.0 2.9

L3 10.4 3.3

Pupa 18.1 5.7

Total 70.3 22.3

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Bemisia tabaci:Egg-stage

- In circles

- Pyriform (oval shaped)

- Pedicel: anchor; fix the egg on the leaf epidermis

- 0.18 mm

- Yellowish-green, after 1 - 2 days turn into brownish

- Sometimes covered with white powder

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Bemisia tabaci:Larval stage

L1: - Crawler- Oval, 0.25 mm

L2: -Transparent, 0.3 mm

L3: - = L2, 0.5 mm

L4/pop: - yellowish, irregulary shaped-length: 0.8 mm – width: 0.6 mm- no corona

- Morphological transform. ≈ pupa (wings primordial + red eyes)

Empty pupa:- T-shape insertion

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Bemisia tabaci:Adult stage

- ♀: ≥ 1 mm ♂: ≤ 1 mm- Just after hatching: transparent wings + yellowish body- After some hours:

poor covered with white wax powder; yellow to cream colored body

- pre-oviposition period = 1 - 5 days

- Eggs each day = 10 (25°C)

- Life span ♀ = 15 – 50 days (*)

(*) depend on climate and crop condiction

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T. vaporariorum B. tabaci

Egg First 1 – 2 days white

Afterwards brownish - black

First yellowish green

Afterwards brownish

L13 Very difficult to differentiate

Oval shaped

White, transparent, box shaped with corona

Irregularly shaped

Flattened, yellowish, transparent, no corona

Pupa

DifferentiationsT. vaporariorum & B. tabaci

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T. vaporariorum B. tabaci

> B. tabaci

More white wax powder production white aspect

< T. vaporariorum

Less white wax powder production yellowish aspect

Ad

ult

DifferentiationsT. vaporariorum & B. tabaci

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Host plant and developmentHost plant and development

Host plant Development (egg-adult) at 24°C

Eggplant 21.5

Cucumber 23

Tomato 24

Sweet pepper 27

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Host plant and Host plant and survival percentagesurvival percentage

Host plant Number of eggs per female

Eggplant 364

Cucumber 158

Tomato 47

Sweet pepper 2.3

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Apex

1 cluster

2-3 cluster

4-6 cluster

White Fly Location

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White Fly: Direct DamageWhite Fly: Direct Damage

• Suction of plant juices by adult and larva:

Excretion of honeydewSooty mould development (Capnodium spp.)Reduction of photosynthesis and evapo-transpirationDebilitation and growth inhibitionEsthetic damage

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White Fly: Direct DamageWhite Fly: Direct Damage

• Physiological disorders:

Silver leaf symptom:Silver discoloration of leaf, due to suction of palisade cells of the upper epidermis.

Tomato Irregular Ripening (TIR):Star shaped yellowish-gold discoloration on the lower side of the fruit, afterward red and yellow stripes.Local whitening (immature) of the pulp.

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Virus transmission:

Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (TYLCV)Tomato Chlorosis Virus (ToCV),Tomato Infectious Chlorosis Virus (TICV), Cucumber Yellow Stunting Disorder Virus (CYSDV),Cucumber Vein Yellowing Virus (CVYV),

Beet Pseudo Yellow Virus (BPYV)Potato Yellow Mosaic Virus (PYMV)

White Fly: Indirect DamageWhite Fly: Indirect Damage

TYLCV

TICV / ToCV

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White Fly: Natural EnemiesWhite Fly: Natural Enemies

Encarsia formosaEncarsia formosa Eretmocerus eremicusEretmocerus eremicus

Eretmocerus mundusEretmocerus mundus

Macrolophus caliginosusMacrolophus caliginosus

PreFeRalPreFeRal

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Encarsia formosa:Encarsia formosa:

• Parasitic wasp, specific againstT. vaporariorum

• Endo-parasite, prefers larvae of the 3rd and 4th stages.

• After +/- 2 weeks of parasitism, the larva obtains an obscure colour.

• After +/- 3-4 weeks of parasitism, a new E. formosa hatches.

• Fecundity: 8-12/day• Life cycle (egg adult):

15°C: 52 days18°C: 34 days21°C: 26 days24°C: 17 days


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Eretmocerus Eretmocerus spsp.:.:• Parasitic wasp• E. eremicus, against T. vaporariorum and B. tabaci• E. mundus, specific against B. tabaci• Ecto-parasites, prefer larvae of the 2nd and 3rd stages• After +/- 2 weeks of parasitism, the larva obtains a yellow – beige color.•Fecundity: 10/day (E.e. T.v.)

5/day (E.e. B.t.) 10-15/day (E.m B.t.)

• Life cycle (egg adult):22°C: 20 days


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Mesitomes asymmetric

Grayish eyes

Lateral, empty spaces

Parasitism by EretmocerusParasitism by Eretmocerus

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Differenciations Differenciations Encarsia formosa & Eretmocerus spp.Encarsia formosa & Eretmocerus spp.

Encarsia formosa Eretmocerus spp.

Sex – ratio 100 % females 50 % females

50 % males

Adult Black Thorax

Yellow Abdomen

Yellowish

Parasitism Endoparasite

(L3 – L4)

ectoparasite

(L2 – L3)

Parasitized Pupa Black Yellowish-brown

Chemical residu’s sensible Less sensible

Host Trialeurodes vaporariorum E.e.: Trialeurodes vaporariorum

E.m.:Bemisia tabaci

Temperature Resists better higher temperatures (30°C – 40°C)

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Nesidiocoris tenuisNesidiocoris tenuis

•Predatory Mirid

•Polyphague, preference on whitefly eggs and larvae, less on adults. Nymphs are used also as a spider mite predator

•Macrolophus devours per day:30-40 eggs, 15-20 pupae or 2-5 adults

•Survive also on plant sap


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Egg Nymph Total Fecundity

20 °C 18 29 47 270

25 °C 11 19 30 120

30 °C 10 18 28 90

Pre-oviposition = 3 daysLongitivity = 40-110 days


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Additional feedingAdditional feeding• Females can deposit eggs when on a diet of only plant

saps, but less

• Nymphs die without food of animal origin.

• After introduction give additional food for 2 weeks.

• 1 tube a week per ha

• 2 x a week additional feeding

• For approximately 6 weeks (presence whitefly)

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Leaf pickingLeaf picking

• Leaf picking has also a negative effect on Macrolophus (in particular in gutters)

• Eggs are deposited on older leaves

• Long egg stage

• Slow development to the adult stage

• Solution: locally no leaf picking

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Whitefly Control

Beneficial Organism Dosage Remarks

Encarsia formosaEncarsia formosa

(Encarsia-System)

Preventive: 1.5/m²/2w

Curative: 5-10/m²/w x5

Eretmocerus eremicusEretmocerus eremicus

(Eretmocerus-System)



Eretmocerus mundusEretmocerus mundus

(Mundus-System)



Specific for B. tabaci

Macrolophus Macrolophus caliginosuscaliginosus

(Macrolophus-System)

Preventive: 0.5/m²/2w x2

Curative: 1-5/m²/2w x2

Additional food source

In hot spots

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AphidsAphids

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Aphis gossypiiAphis gossypii Macrosyphum euphorbiaeMacrosyphum euphorbiae

Myzus persicaeMyzus persicae Aulacorthum solaniAulacorthum solani

AphidsAphids

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Damage

•Suction of juice:

growth inhibition toxins:

deformation of foliar tissue virus transmission

•Production of honeydew:

sooty mould

Aphids

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Aphidius erviAphidius ervi Aphidius colemaniAphidius colemani

Aphilinus abdominalisAphilinus abdominalis Aphidoletes aphidimyzaAphidoletes aphidimyza

AphidsAphidsBeneficial insects:

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AphidsAphids

Aphidius colemani:

• Parasitic wasp, specifically against Aphis gossypii and Myzus persicae• +/- 7 days after parasitization, the first mummies are observed• Total fecundity: 300 eggs in the first 3 days

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AphidsAphids

Aphidius ervi:

• Parasitic wasp specifically against Macrosiphum euphorbiae and Aulacorthum solani•+/- 7 days after parasitization, the first mummies are observed

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Hyper parasitismHyper parasitism•Hyperparasitism in the summer and late summer: Dendrocerus carpenteri

•Irregular border

•Lid is missing

•Switch to Aphelinus and Aphidoletes

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AphidsAphids

Aphelinus abdominalis:

• Parasitic wasp, specifically against Macrosiphum euphorbiae and Aulacorthum solani.• +/- 7 days after parasitization, the first mummies are observed.• Total fecundity: 200 eggs in the first 3 days.

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AphidsAphids

Aphidoletes aphidimyza:

• Gall midge• Omnivorous • Feeds on all stages of aphids: 10-100/day

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AphidsAphids

T (°C) Egg Larva Pupa Total

15 5 10 16 31

20 2.5 7 10 19.5

25 2 5 8 15

Aphidoletes aphidimyza

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Banker-SystemBanker-System

• Grain pollen (banker plants)

• Winter barley

• Cereal aphids on monocotyledons

• On the substrate, along the aisle with a dropper

• Not between the crops (not enough light)

• ½ tube Aphidius or Aphidoletes (box with moist sand)

• 1 rearing tray a week per ha. (total: +/-10 per ha)

• Advantages compared to mummies: - continuous production, preventive, labor saving, cheaper

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Aphids ControlAphids Control

Beneficial Organism Dosage Remaks

Aphidius ervi

(Ervi-System)


Curative: 0.5/m²/w x5

Macrosiphum and Aulacorthum

Aphidius colemani

(Aphidius-System)


Curative: 0.5/m²/w x5

Aphis gossypii

and Myzus persicae

Aphelinus abdominalis

(Aphelinus-System)

Preventive: /

Curative: 2-4/m²/2w x2

Less mobile

In hot spots

Aphidoletes aphidimyza

(Aphidoletes-System)

Preventive: 1/m²/w x3

Curative: 10/m²/w x3 In hotspots

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Spider mite

Adult

Nymph

Egg

Larva

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Tem

perature (°C

)

Egg

Larva

Protonym

ph

Deuton

ymp

h

Total

Fecund

ity

(egg / day)

Total fecund

ity

15 14 7 5 7 33 - -

20 7 3 2 3 15 4 120

30 3 1.5 1 1.5 7 - -

Spider mite

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Egg

Adult

Nymph

Spider mite

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Spider miteDamage:

• Feeds on cells and vegetal sap reduction of photosynthesis a lot of necrosis

• Spider's web •Dispersion: mechanical and webbing

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HibernationHibernation

Climate condictions:

• High T° and Low RH

= fast development + more eggs

Hibernation:

• Females

• Day length becomes shorter

• Temperature

• Deterioration of the food supply

• In hidden places

• Less sensitive to chemical control

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Spider mite

Amblyseius californicusAmblyseius californicus Phytoseiulus persimilisPhytoseiulus persimilis

Feltiella acarisugaFeltiella acarisuga

Beneficial insects:

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Spider mite

Phytoseiulus persimilis:

• Predatory mite, all stages of the prey

• Devours daily +/- 5 adults, o +/- 13 nymphs, o +/- 20 eggs• Very fast development: 15°C: 20 days 20°C: 7 days 30°C: 4 days

Amblyseius californicus:

• Predatory mite, all stages of the prey + pollen

• Devours daily +/- 5 adults, some larvae / eggs• Development a little slower• Resists better the high temperatures (35°C) and low humidity.

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Spider mite

Feltiella acarisuga:

• Gall midge• Larva feeds on all stages of the spider mite• Consumes 5X more than P. persimilis

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Spider mite

Feltiella acarisuga:

Egg

Larva

Pu

pa

Total

Longevity

Fecund

ity

25 °C 2 7 7 16 3 100

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Beneficial Organism Dosage Remarks

Amblyseius californicusAmblyseius californicus

(Californicus-System)

Preventive: 2/m²/3w

Curative: 6/m²

Feed on pollen

Phytoseiulus persimilisPhytoseiulus persimilis

(Phytoseiulus-System)

Prevetive: 2/m²/3w

Curative: 6/m²

20/m²/w x2 In hot spots

Feltiella acarisugaFeltiella acarisuga

(Feltiella-System)

Preventive: /

Curative: 10-50/m²/w x4 In hot spots

Spider mite Control

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3 4

egg

nymph

pupa

adult

Thrips

3

2

41

3

2

25°C

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Frankliniellaoccidentalis

Thrips tabaci

Echinothrips americanus

Colour: Larva:Adult:

yellow - orangebrown – orange

yellow – light greengrey - yellow - brown

light yellowblack

Size:Larva:Adult:

0.5 – 1.3 mm0.9 – 1.3 mm

0.6 – 0.8 mm 0.8 – 1.0 mm

> F.o and T.t1.3 – 1.6 mm

SituationAdult & Larva:

Pupa:Egg:

In the flowers, in the buttons and in the top.Also on the leaves.Especially in the superior part of the plant. In the groundIn the epidermis of the leaf

On the underside of the leaf, nearby the nerves of the leaf.On the whole plant.

In the groundIn the epidermis of the leaf

All stages are found in both sides of the leaf. Lower part of the plant

Damage Feeding spots on the upper side of the leaves and flowersDeformation on leaves and flowers.

Feeding spots on the under side o the leaves.

Feeding spots on both sides of the leaves.

Life cycle 20°C: 19 days25°C: 11 – 15 days

20°C: 20 days25°C: 13 – 16 days

20°C: 34 days25°C: 15 days

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ThripsThrips

Damage:

• Rasping-sucking mouth parts

• Suck cells dry

• Cells

• Silvery grey spots with black dots

• Epidermis tissue comes off parenchym tissue (filled with air)

• Black dots are excrements.

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ThripsDamages

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Major dangerMajor danger

• TSWV (tomato spotted wilt virus)• Can occur on 1200 plant species• Transmitted by Frankliniella occidentalis and thrips

tabaci (obligate vector) • Is absorbed via sap, multiplication in the intestine,

emission via saliva• Measures: infected plants should be removed• Thrips control• Remove weeds near the greenhouse, especially

composites are host plants of thrips and the virus.

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Thrips

Beneficials:

Amblyseius cucumerisAmblyseius cucumeris Amblyseius degeneransAmblyseius degenerans Orius Orius spsp..

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Orius

Thrips

Amblyseius cucumerisAmblyseius swirskii

• Predatory mite• Feeds on thrips larvae and

pollen• Fast development: 15°C: 16 days 20°C: 11 days 30°C: 7 days• Adult lives +/- 30 • Fecundity: 2/day

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Thrips

Amblyseius degenerans:

• Predatory mite• Feeds on thrips larvae and pollen• Development similar to A.cucumeris

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Thrips

Orius sp.:

• Predatory bug + killer• Feeds on thrips larvae

and pollen

T (°C) 15 20 25 30

Egg 12 6.5 4.5 3

L1 9.5 4 3 2

L2 6 3 2 1

L3 6 3 2 1

L4 7 3.5 2 2

L5 14 7 4 3

Total 54.5 27 17.5 12

Fecundity 60 140 160 150

Longitivity 80 50 40 20

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Thrips Control

Beneficial Organism Dosage Remaks

Amblyseius cucumerisAmblyseius cucumeris

(Amblyseius-System)

(ABS-System)

Preventive: 50/m²/2w

Curative: 100/m²/ 1-2w

Preventive: 1 sachet/2.5m²/6w

or 1x inpollen rich crops

Curative: 1 sachet/m²/4w

Amblyseius degeneransAmblyseius degenerans

(Degenerans-System)

Preventive: 0.2/m² Pollen rich crops

Orius spp.

(Orius-System)

Preventive: 0.5/m²/2w x2

Curative: 1-10/m²/1-2w

Pollen rich crops

In hot spots

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Botrytis Botrytis

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BotrytisBotrytis• Germination of spore needs moisture

• Dry wounds faster than spore can germinate: no infection (dry wounds for the night regime)

• Until March only remove leaves before noon

• In the summer until 14h

• Do not remove leaves on cloudy rainy days

• Lower spore pressure: remove affected material

• Remove mould spots+ coat with wound dressing

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NursingNursing

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ScaniavitalScaniavital®® Silica Silica

Wound dressing

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ActionAction• Clay paste with minerals and organic substances

• Dries quickly

• Completely covers the wound

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ActionAction

• Prevents the dehydration of wounds after the removal of old leaves or other stem damage

• Creates a physical barrier prevents further evaporation prevents penetration of dust and dirt

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PackagingPackaging

• 2 packages available

1. Squeeze-bottle• Content 250 ml• Apply with integrated brush

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Packaging (continuation)Packaging (continuation)

2. Bucket2. Content 1L3. Apply with brush or plastic glove

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ApplicationApplication

• Spread over fresh wounds

• Apply evenly around the stem

• Cover the surface of the wound as well as a few cm above and below the wound

Virus and BacteriaVirus and Bacteria

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Cause Disease Reduce Yields Affect Flower and

Color Quality Unmarketable Lost Revenue

SymptomsSymptoms

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Lesions are localized spots that may be chlorotic or necrotic.

Line patterns are a series of chlorotic lines or patternsMosaic is a defined pattern of dark green/light green areasMottle is a diffuse patterns of various shades of greenRingspots are concentric ring patterns that may be chlorotic or necrotic

ArMV in HostaArMV in Hosta

Line Pattern in BeanLine Pattern in Bean

CMV in AnthuriumCMV in Anthurium

CbMV in CalibrachoaCbMV in Calibrachoa

PFBV/ToRSV in GeraniumPFBV/ToRSV in Geranium

Flashkit: Virus detection kitFlashkit: Virus detection kit

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Immunocromatography stripImmunocromatography strip

Extraction bagExtraction bag

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15 minutes

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●Acidovorax a. citrulli

●Arabis mosaic virus

●Calibrachoa mottle virus

●Citrus tristeza virus

●Clavibacter m. michiganensis

●Cymbidium mosaic virus & Odontoglossum ringspot virus

●Cucumber mosaic virus

●Hosta virus X

●Impatiens necrotic spot virus

●Pepino mosaic virus●Potato virus Y●Ralstonia solanaecearum●Squash mosaic virus●Tobacco mosaic virus●Tomato spotted wilt virus●Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Citri – Asiatic citrus canker●Xanthomonas c. pv.pelargoni●Zucchini yellow mosaic virus

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• QUESTIONS?

• THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION.

The most common greenhouse pests and their natural ennemies

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Transcript of The most common greenhouse pests and their natural ennemies