THE MONTESSORI METHOD. Who is Maria Montessori? She was born on 31 August 1870 at Chiaraville,...
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THE MONTESSORI METHOD
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Who is Maria Montessori?
• She was born on 31 August 1870 at Chiaraville, Italy.
• She was the first Italian female to study in medicine at the University of Rome.
• Her first practical study in medicine was about nervous disorders.
• She was graduated from Rome University with Doctor of Medicine and Doctor of surgery degrees.
• She supported that the key of solving mental deficiency problems is pedagogical approach rather than medical approach.
(O’donnell, 2007,pp.2,3)
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As a physician educator, she developed a education method. She emphasized the method of a system of materials and exercises to be utilized by the child in designated ways for specific purposes.
(Orem, 1971, pp.17)
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Children in the Montessori Method
• Children are not capable of but motivated toward self-development ( auto-formation) and self-teaching (auto-education).
• Children should have freedom to work on self-chosen tasks in attractive environment especially designed and equipped to meet their needs.
(Orem, 1971, pp.17)
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Teacher in the Montessori Method
• Teacher or directress should provide an attractive and responsive environment
• Directress should protect the learning process.• Directress should be observer of the child
readiness to assist indirectly the child’s perceptual-motor, emotional, intellectual and social development if it is needed.
• Also teacher should be the resource person, the role model, the demonstrator, and the recordkeeper.
(Orem, 1971, pp.17)
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Main Points of the Montessori MethodTraining in observation for perceptual, then
conceptual proficiencyProgrammed preparation, practice,
precision, and perfectionSelf processes and individualityMovement, activity, and workFreedom and spontaneityPrepared environmentSensitive periodsRhythm-balance-orderDiscovery and developmentThe child as Man-to-beNew teacher as exemplarTo know, love, and serve(Orem, 1971, pp.18-20)
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The Montessori Curriculum
• It focuses on mastery of one’s self and environment
• Because of being discovery curriculum, its classes are “living laboratory”.
(Orem, 1971, pp.62)
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Topics for a Model Montessori Curriculum
Care of self and environmentDevelopment of sensory skills (Exploration
of five senses, field trips, play)Reading, phonetics and sight recognationWriting (manuscript, cursive, design)DictationEnglish (pronuncation, enunciation,
conversation, vocabulary)Foreign languages (pronuncation,
enunciation, conversation, poems, songs, dialogue)
Drama ( elocution, roleplaying, performance)
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Music (singing, rhythm instruments, bells)Art (handwork, freehand drawing, poster
paints, appreciation)Dancing (folk, blance exercises, gymnastics)Mathematics (geometry and four operations)Science (anatomy, naturation, hygiene,
botany, zoology, ecology)Social studies (geography, culture)Socialization (self&group inreactions –
home&school interactions)
(Orem, 1971, pp.67-69)
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Schedule of a Child’s Day
9:00-10:00 Entrance. Greeting. Inspection as to personal cleanliness. Exercises of practical life;helping one another to take off and put on the aprons. Going over the room to see that everything is dusted and in order. Language: Conversation period: Children give an account of the events of the day before. Religious exercise.
10:00-11:00 Intellectual exercises. Objectives lessons interrupted by short rest periods. Nomenclature,Sense exercise.
11:00-11:30 Simple gymnastics: Ordinary movements done gracefully, normal position of the body, walking, marching in line, salutations, movements for attention, placing of objects gracefully.
11:30-12:00 Luncheon: Short Prayer
12:00-13:00 Free Games
13:00-14:00 Directed games, if possible, in the open air. During this period the older children in turn go through with the exercise of practical life, cleaning the room, dusting, putting the materials in order. General inspection for cleanliness:Conversation
14:00- 15:00 Manual work. Clay modeling, design, etc.
15:00-16:00 Collective gymnastics and songs, ,if possible in the open air. Exercise to develop forethought: Visiting, caring for, the plants and animals.
From Montessori, M. (1964). The Montessori Method (pp. 119-120). New York: Schoken Books
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Environment in Montessori Method
1. Freedom is essential because children can show himself in only an atmosfere of freedom.
2. Structure and order of universe must be reflected in the classroom to build children’s own mentalorder and intelligence.
3. Children can internalize the limits of nature and reality if he is to be freed from his fantasies and illusions.
4. Beauty and an atmosphere encourages a positive and spontaneous response to life.
5. Equipment is publicized and it supports child’s self-construction and psychic development.
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Materials in Montessori Method
DidacticControl of errorOne concept at a timeNo multiple sets of materials
(Lillard, 1972, pp.51- 60)
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Sensorial Materials
The Towers
http://www.sihirlibahce.com.tr/TR/BelgeGoster.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EFFAD0F3EC46DDE116
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Colour tablets Fabric Basket
http://www.sihirlibahce.com.tr/TR/BelgeGoster.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EFFAD0F3EC46DDE116
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Math Materials
Sand Paper Numbers Number rods
http://www.sihirlibahce.com.tr/TR/BelgeGoster.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EFFAD0F3EC46DDE116
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Number Progression Addition Operation
http://www.sihirlibahce.com.tr/TR/BelgeGoster.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EFFAD0F3EC46DDE116
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Practical Materials
Sewing Sweeping the floor
http://www.sihirlibahce.com.tr/TR/BelgeGoster.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EFFAD0F3EC46DDE116
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Washing dishes Pouring rice
http://www.sihirlibahce.com.tr/TR/BelgeGoster.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EFFAD0F3EC46DDE116
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Reading & Writing Materials
The Movable Alphabet Pictures and Sounds
http://www.sihirlibahce.com.tr/TR/BelgeGoster.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EFFAD0F3EC46DDE116
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Science and Social Materials
Anatomy Geography
http://www.sihirlibahce.com.tr/TR/BelgeGoster.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EFFAD0F3EC46DDE116
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Education in Montessori Method
It based on “say-show-check” principle.
Say Describing, telling & instructing
Show Modeling, demonstrating
Check Feedback
(MacNaughton & Williams, 2004)
TASK ANALYSIS
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Describing and Telling & Instructing: teacher tells the child the proper way to use the materials and the work.
Modeling: teacher is a kind of “didactic object” children imitate all teacher’s language, mimics, gestures and behaviors.
Demonstrating: teacher shows the specific way of usage of materials.
Feedback: if the child applies the task incorrectly, teacher starts say-show-check process again.
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Task Analysis• Identify the task
• Identify the sub-steps
• Sequence the key steps in logical way
• According to developmental appropriateness, minimize the difficulty
• Completing task
• Check what is done
• Present the steps through direct instruction
• Teach one step at a time until successfully mastered
• Extra guidance if there is a difficulty
• Restructure the task** it includes all parts of “say-show-check” process
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Activity Time
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ReferencesHainstock, Elizabeth G. (1968). Teaching Montessori In The Home: The Pre-
School Years. New York, United States of America: Random House.
Montessori, Maria (1964). The Montessori Method. New York, United States of America: Schocken Books.
O'donnell, Marion (2007). Continuum Library oOf Educational Thought. Kings Lynn, Norfolk: Continuum International Publishing Group.
Orem, Raginald, C. (1971). Montessori Today. Newyork, United States of America: Capricon Books.
Sihirli Bahçe, (2009,May 24). Montessori galerisinden. Retrieved May 24, 2009, from Sihirli bahçe MontessoriOkulu Websitesi:http://www.sihirlibahce.com.tr/TR/BelgeGoster px?F6E10F8892
433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EFFAD0F3EC46DDE116
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Preparation Workload
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