The Molecular Biology of Chloroplasts and Mitochondria …978-0-306-48204...25 Assembly and Function...
Transcript of The Molecular Biology of Chloroplasts and Mitochondria …978-0-306-48204...25 Assembly and Function...
Advances in Photosynthesis
VOLUME 7
Series Editor:GOVINDJEE
University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A.
Consulting Editors:
Jan AMESZ, Leiden, The NetherlandsEva-Mari ARO, Turku, Finland
James BARBER, London, United KingdomRobert E. BLANKENSHIP, Tempe, Arizona, U.S.A.
Norio MURATA, Okki, JapanDonald R. ORT, Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A.
Advances in Photosynthesis is an ambitious book series seeking to provide acomprehensive and state-of-the-art account of photosynthesis research. Pho-tosynthesis is the process by which higher plants, algae and certain speciesof bacteria transform and store solar energy in the form of energy-rich organ-ic molecules. These compounds are in turn used as the energy source forall growth and reproduction in these organisms. As such, virtually all lifeon the planet ultimately depends on photosynthetic energy conversion. Thisseries of multiauthored books spans topics from physics to agronomy, fromfemtosecond reactions to season long production, from the photophysics ofreaction centers to the physiology of whole organisms, and from X-ray crys-tallography of proteins to the morphology of intact plants. The intent of thisseries of publications is to offer beginning researchers, graduate students,and even research specialists a comprehensive current picture of the remark-able advances across the full scope of photosynthesis research.
The titles to be published in this series are listed on the backcover of this volume.
The Molecular Biology ofChloroplasts and
Mitochondriain Chlamydomonas
Edited by
J.-D. RochaixM. Goldschmidt-Clermont
Departments of Molecular Biology and Plant Biology,University of Geneva,Geneva, Switzerland
and
S. MerchantDepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry
and Molecular Biology Institute,University of California-Los Angeles,
Los Angeles, U.S.A.
KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERSNEW YORK, BOSTON, DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW
eBook ISBN: 0-306-48204-5Print ISBN: 0-7923-5174-6
©2004 Kluwer Academic PublishersNew York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow
Print ©1998 Kluwer Academic Publishers
All rights reserved
No part of this eBook may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without written consent from the Publisher
Created in the United States of America
Visit Kluwer Online at: http://kluweronline.comand Kluwer's eBookstore at: http://ebooks.kluweronline.com
Dordrecht
This book is dedicated
to Paul Levine for his pioneering studies onthe genetics of photosynthesis in Chlamydomonas
and to the memory of Ruth Sager for her seminalcontributions to organellar genetics.
ContentsPreface xvii
Color Plates CP-1
1 Introduction to Chlamydomonas 1–11Elizabeth H. Harris
SummaryI.II.III.IV.V.VI.VII.
Why Chlamydomonas?CellArchitectureLife CycleLaboratory strains of Chlamydomonas reinhardtiiGenetic AnalysisMolecular BiologyResources
AcknowledgmentReferences
1133467788
2 Perspectives on Early Research on Photosynthesis inChlamydomonas 13–23
Robert K. Togasaki and Stefan J. SurzyckiSummaryI.II.III.IV.V.VI.
General BackgroundThe Levine Laboratory in the Early 1960sEstablishment of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as a Legitimate Model OrganismDevelopment of New TechniquesEmergence of New Research TargetsOld Experiments Becoming Reality
AcknowledgmentReferences
131314151819212122
3 Organization of the Nuclear Genome 25–40Carolyn D. Silflow
SummaryI.II.III.IV.IV.VI.
Introduction and ScopeGeneral Characteristics of the Nuclear GenomeOrganization of the GenomeCharacteristics of Chlamydomonas Genes Transcribed by Polymerase IIPhysical Mapping of the Chlamydomonas GenomeFuture Prospects
AcknowledgmentsReferences
252626263036373737
4 Nuclear Transformation: Technology and Applications 41–61Karen L. Kindle
SummaryI.II.
IntroductionA Brief History of C. reinhardtii Nuclear Transformation
424242
III.IV.V.VI.VII.VIII.IX.X.XI.
Selectable MarkersMethods for Introducing DNA into the Nuclear Genome of C. reinhardtiiReporters and PromotersCharacteristics of Transformation EventsInsertional Mutagenesis and Gene TaggingGene Isolation by Complementation of a Mutant PhenotypeHomologous Recombination and Gene TargetingThe Use of Nuclear Transformation to Study Promoter FunctionConclusion
AcknowledgmentsReferences
4345464851545456585858
5 Modes and Tempos of Mitochondrial and Chloroplast Genome Evolution inChlamydomonas: A Comparative Analysis
Aurora M. Nedelcu and Robert W. LeeSummaryI.II.III.
IV.V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IntroductionPhylogenetic Position of ChlamydomonasMonophyletic versus Polyphyletic Origin of Mitochondria and Plastids:The Chlamydomonas CaseEvolution of Mitochondrial and Chloroplast Genome Size in ChlamydomonasEvolution of Mitochondrial and Chloroplast Genome Organization inChlamydomonasEvolution of Mitochondril and Chloroplast Gene Structure and Organizationin ChlamydomonasEvolution of Mitochondrial and Chloroplast DNA Sequences inChlamydomonasConclusions
AcknowledgmentsReferences
636464
6569
79
82
85878787
6 Uniparental Inheritance of Chloroplast Genomes 93–113E. Virginia Armbrust
SummaryI.II.III.IV.V.VI.VI.
IntroductionHistorical Overview of the Uniparental Inheritance of Chloroplast DNAMating-Type Control of Life Cycle EventsProtection of Plus Chloroplast DNAZygote Specific Elimination of Minus Chloroplast DNARegulation of Chloroplast DNA InheritanceEvolution of the Uniparental Inheritance of Organelle Genomes
AcknowledgmentsReferences
93949598
101103108110110110
7 Replication, Recombination, and Repair in the ChloroplastGenetic System of Chlamydomonas 115–138
Barbara B. SearsSummaryI.II.III.IV.
IntroductionReplicationRecombinationRepair
115116116123130
viii
63–91
V. Perspectives and ConclusionsAcknowledgmentsReferences
133133133
8 Chloroplast Transformation and Reverse Genetics 139–149Michel Goldschmidt-Clermont
SummaryI.II.III.IV.V.VI.
IntroductionDelivery of DNA to the ChloroplastSelectable Markers and ReportersFate of Transforming DNAReverse GeneticsConclusion and Perspective
AcknowledgmentsReferences
139140140140142147147148148
9 Chloroplast RNA Stability 151–163Jörg Nickelsen
SummaryI.II.III.IV.V.
IntroductionCell Cycle Dependent Regulation of Chloroplast RNA StabilityNuclear Mutants Affected in Chloroplast RNA StabilityTowards a Molecular Model of Chloroplast RNA Stabilization/DegradationConclusions and Perspectives
AcknowledgmentsReferences
151152152154154161161161
10 Chloroplast RNA Synthesis and Processing 165–183David B. Stern and Robert G. Drager
SummaryI.II.
Transcription of Chloroplast GenesProcessing of Chloroplast mRNAs
AcknowledgmentsReferences
165166171177177
11 RNA Splicing in the Chloroplast 183–195David L. Herrin, Tai-Chih Kuo and Michel Goldschmidt-Clermont
SummaryI.II.III.IV.
IntroductionGroup I IntronsGroup II Introns and Trans-SplicingPerspective
AcknowledgmentsReferences
183184184190193193193
12 Regulation of Chloroplast Translation 197–217Charles R. Hauser, Nicholas W. Gillham and John E. Boynton
SummaryI.II.
IntroductionThe Role of Physiological and Environmental Factors in Translational Control
197198200
ix
III.
IV.V.
VI.VII.VIII.IX.
Current Biochemical and Genetic Approaches to Dissect Mechanisms ofTranslational RegulationCis-acting Sequences Involved in Translation InitiationTranslational Regulation Involves Interactions between cis-ActingSequences and trans-Acting FactorsRibosomes, Membranes and TethersTranslational Regulation of Complex AssemblyHow are the Regulatory Proteins Regulated?Is there Hierarchical Control of Chloroplast mRNA Translation?
AcknowledgmentsReferences
202203
205209211212213214214
13 Chloroplast Protein Translocation 219–231Mireille C. Perret, Karen K. Bernd and Bruce D. Kohorn
SummaryI.II.III.IV.V.VI.
IntroductionChloroplast ImportSorting of Proteins Within the ChloroplastThylakoid TranslocationMutations Affecting TranslocationPerspectives
AcknowledgmentsReferences
219220220222223226228229229
14 Supramolecular Organization of the Chloroplast andof the Thylakoid Membranes 233–254
Jacqueline Olive and Francis-André WollmanSummaryI.II.III.IV.V.VI.
IntroductionCell and Chloroplast MorphologyUltrastructural Organization of Thylakoid MembranesDynamic Aspects of Thylakoid Membrane OrganizationBiogenesisConclusion
AcknowledgmentReferences
234234235239246248250251251
15 Assembly of Photosystem II 255–285Jeanne Marie Erickson
SummaryI.II.III.IV.
V.
IntroductionDevelopmental Biogenesis of Photosystem IIAssembly of Photosystem II ComplexesAssembly of the Extrinsic Membrane Polypeptides of the PS IIOxygen-Evolving ComplexAssembly of Manganese: The Catalytic Center of the Oxygen-EvolvingComplex
AcknowledgmentsReferences
255256257260
270
273277277
x
16 Functional Analysis of Photosystem II 287–322Stuart V. Ruffle and Richard T. Sayre
SummaryI. IntroductionII. The Photosystem II ComplexIII. The Chloroplast DNA Encoded Small Polypeptides of Photosystem IIIV. The Nucleus Encoded Polypeptides of the Photosystem II ComplexV. PerspectivesAcknowledgmentsReferences
287288289308311315315315
17 Structure and Function of Photosystem I 323–348Andrew N. Webber and Scott E. Bingham
SummaryI.II.III.IV.V.VI.
IntroductionStructure of Photosystem INature and Function of Electron Transfer CofactorsAntenna Structure and FunctionFunction of Photosystem I SubunitsBiogenesis of Photosystem I
AcknowledgmentsReferences
324324325328332333341344344
18 Reexamining the Validity of the Z-Scheme: Is Photosystem IRequired for Oxygenic Photosynthesis in Chlamydomonas? 349–362
Kevin Redding and Gilles PeltierSummaryI. The Z-Scheme of Oxygenic Photosynthesis and Alternative SchemesII. Electron Transport in the Absence of PS IIIII. Photosynthesis in the Absence of PS IIV. Putative Electron Transport Pathways Outside of the Z-SchemeV. Thermodynamic ConsiderationsVI. Evolutionary ConsiderationsVII. ConclusionsAcknowledgmentsReferences
349350351354357358358359359360
19 Assembly of Light-Harvesting Systems 363–376J. Kenneth Hoober, Hyoungshin Park, Gregory R. Wolfe,Yutaka Komine and Laura L. Eggink
SummaryI.II.III.IV.
Thylakoid Biogenesis in ChlamydomonasAnalysis of LHCII AssemblySite of Assembly of LHCII During Initial GreeningConclusions
AcknowledgmentsReferences
363364366368371373373
xi
20 Pigment Biosynthesis: Chlorophylls, Heme, and Carotenoids 377–414Michael P. Timko
SummaryI.II.III.IV.V.VI.VII.VIII.
IntroductionTetrapyrroles and Their Derivatives—An OverviewFormation of ALAThe Pathway from ALA to Protoporphyrin IXThe Magnesium Branch—Chlorophyll FormationThe Iron Branch—Formation of HemeLight and Metabolic Regulation of Chlorophyll FormationCarotenoids
AcknowledgmentsReferences
378378378379383388397398401406406
21 Glycerolipids: Composition, Biosynthesis and Function inChlamydomonas 415–431
Antoine TrémolièresSummaryIntroductionII.III.IV.V.VI.
Glycerolipid and Fatty Acid Composition of ChlamydomonasLipid Metabolic Pathway in Chlamydomonas spp.In vivo Modifications of Lipid Composition in ChlamydomonasMutants Affected in Lipid CompositionInvolvement of Lipids in the Functional Organization and the Biogenesisof the Photosynthetic Apparatus
AcknowledgmentsReferences
415416417422425426
428429429
22 In vivo Measurements of Photosynthetic Activity: Methods 433–449Pierre Joliot, Daniel Béal and René Delosme
SummaryI.II.III.IV.V.VI.VII.VIII.
IntroductionKinetic Analysis of the Fluorescence YieldFluorescence Emission Spectra at Low TemperatureDelayed Fluorescence MeasurementsOxygen MeasurementsAbsorption SpectroscopyPhotoacoustic MeasurementsConclusion and Perspectives
Appendix A: Estimation of the Signal-to-Noise Ratio in FluorescenceMeasurements
Appendix B: Flash SpectrophotometerAcknowledgmentReferences
433434436439439439440443445
446446448448
23 New Digital Imaging Instrument For Measuring Fluorescence andDelayed Luminescence 451–458
Pierre Bennoun and Daniel BéalSummaryI.II.
IntroductionSetup for Fluorescence and Delayed Luminescence Video Imaging
451452452
xii
III.IV.
V.
Digital Fluorescence Imaging Related to Photosynthetic Electron TransferDigital Fluorescence Imaging Related to the Permanent ThylakoidElectrochemical GradientDigital Delayed Luminescence Imaging Related to Light-Induced andPermanent Thylakoid Electrochemical Gradient
AcknowledgmentsReferences
452
453
455457457
24 The Structure, Function and Biogenesis Of CytochromeComplexes 459–476
Francis-André WollmanSummaryI.II.III.IV.V.VI.
General TraitsBiochemical and Structural StudiesFunctional StudiesThe pet GenesBiogenesis and AssemblyConcluding Remarks
AcknowledgmentsReferences
460460461463466467472474474
25 Assembly and Function of the Chloroplast ATP Synthase 477–500Heinrich Strotmann, Noun Shavit and Stefan Leu
SummaryI.II.III.IV.V.VI.
IntroductionStructure ofMolecular Genetics ofMechanism ofRegulation ofConclusions
References
477478478482487492494494
26 Molecular Aspects of Components of the Ferredoxin/ThioredoxinSystems 501–514
Jean-Pierre Jacquot, Mariana Stein, Stéphane Lemaire,Paulette Decottignies, Pierre Le Maréchal and Jean-MarkLancelin
SummaryI.II.III.IV.
IntroductionFerredoxin Dependent SystemsThioredoxin Dependent SystemsConclusion
AcknowledgmentReferences
501502505508511512512
27 Genetic Engineering of Rubisco 515–527Robert J. Spreitzer
SummaryI.II.
IntroductionChloroplast Genetic Screening and Selection
515516518
xiii
III. Directed Mutagenesis and Chloroplast TransformationIV. Rubisco Nuclear MutantsV. Conclusion and PerspectiveAcknowledgmentsReferences
521523524524524
28 Acquisition. Acclimation to Changing Carbon Availability 529–547Martin H. Spalding
SummaryI.II.III.
IntroductionPhotosynthetic Carbon AssimilationInduction of the CCM and Related Adaptations to Limiting
AcknowledgmentsReferences
529530530539544544
29 Regulation of Starch Biosynthesis 549–567Steven G. Ball
SummaryI.II.III.IV.V.
Starch: Structure and FunctionThe Starch PathwayThe Genetics of Starch BiosynthesisA Model Explaining the Biogenesis of the Plant Starch GranuleFuture Prospects
AcknowledgmentsReferences
549550554559563564565565
30 State Transition and Photoinhibition 569–596Nir Keren and Itzhak Ohad
SummaryI.II.III.IV.
IntroductionState Transition: The PhenomenonLight Stress: Photoinhibition and RecoveryConcluding Remarks and Perspectives
AcknowledgmentsReferences
569570574578590590590
31 Synthesis of Metalloproteins Involved in Photosynthesis:Plastocyanin and Cytochromes 597–611
Sabeeha MerchantSummaryI.II.III.IV.
IntroductionCopper-Responsive Synthesis of Plastocyanin and CytochromeGenetic Analysis of Chloroplast Metalloprotein AssemblyConclusions
AcknowledgmentsReferences
598598600605608608609
32 Responses to Deficiencies in Macronutrients 613–635John P. Davies and Arthur R. Grossman
SummaryI. Introduction
614614
xiv
II. Nutrients in the EnvironmentIII. Specific ResponsesIV. Common ResponsesV. Model Integrating the Responses to Nutrient DeprivationVI. Regulation of the Responses to Nutrient DeprivationVII. Identification of Mutants Deficient in the Acclimation to Nutrient DeprivationAcknowledgmentsReferences
615617622626627629630630
33 Nitrogen Assimilation and its Regulation 637–659Emilio Fernández, Aurora Galván and Alberto Quesada
SummaryI.II.III.IV.V.VI.
Introduction. Pathways for Nitrogen Assimilation in ChlamydomonasAssimilation of AmmoniumAssimilation of Amino AcidsAssimilation of PurinesAssimilation of Nitrate and NitriteConcluding Remarks
AcknowledgmentsReferences
638638639642643645654655655
34 Mitochondrial Genetics 661–674Claire Remacle and René F. Matagne
SummaryI.II.III.IV.V.VI.
VII.
IntroductionMitochondrial GenomeMitochondria and the Electron Transport ChainMutations Affecting the Mitochondrial GenomeTransmission of Mitochondrial Genes in Meiotic ZygotesTransmission of Mitochondrial Genes in Vegetative Zygotes andMapping of Mitochondrial Mutations by Recombinational AnalysisMitochondrial Transformation
AcknowledgmentsReferences
661662662664665668
669671672672
35 Chlororespiration, Sixteen Years Later 675–683Pierre Bennoun
SummaryI.II.III.IV.V.
IntroductionThe Thylakoid Electrochemical Gradient Present in the DarkReduction of Plastoquinone in the DarkOxidation of Plastoquinol in the DarkConclusion
Cautionary NoteAcknowledgmentsReferences
675676676678680680682682682
36 Perspectives 685–703Lauren J. Mets and Jean-David Rochaix
SummaryI.II.
IntroductionThe Niche of Chlamydomonas in Photosynthesis Research
685686687
xv
III. Forefront Problems in Photosynthesis and Organelle ResearchAcknowledgmentsReferences
696700700
Index 705
xvi
Preface
The Molecular Biology of Chloroplasts andMitochondria in Chlamydomonas is the seventhvolume to be published in the series Advances inPhotosynthesis of Kluwer Academic Publishers(Series Editor: Govindjee). Volume 1 dealt with TheMolecular Biology of Cyanobacteria; Volume 2 withAnoxygenic Photosynthetic Bacteria; Volume 3 withBiophysical Techniques in Photosynthesis; Volume 4with Photosynthesis and the Environment; andVolume 6 with Lipids in Photosynthesis: Structure,Function and Genetics.
The main goal of this book is to provide acomprehensive overview of current research withthe green alga Chlamydomonas on chloroplast andmitochondrial biogenesis and function, with specialemphasis on the assembly and structure-functionrelationships ofthe constituents ofthe photosyntheticapparatus. The editors have encouraged thecontributors of this volume to emphasize theparticular features of Chlamydomonas that makethis unicellular organism uniquely suited for study-ing photosynthesis and its multiple regulatorymechanisms operating under various environmentaland stress conditions. A second, but equally importantaim is to show that current research in photosyn-thesis is multidisciplinary and combines moleculargenetics, biochemical, biophysical and physiologicalapproaches. Although Chlamydomonas has alsoproven to be apowerful system forunderstanding thestructure, function and assembly of flagella, thistopic is not covered in the book.
Chlamydomonas research would not have reachedits present status without the pioneering studies ofthe late Ruth Sager and of Paul Levine. Organellargenetic analysis of this alga started over 40 years agowhen Ruth Sager discovered that during crossescertain traits were transmitted uniparentally to theprogeny from the mating-type plus parent, but notfrom the mating-type minus parent. These uniparentaltraits were shown later to be specified by thechloroplast genome. Sager also found that, in rarecases, the uniparental traits ofboth parents could beinherited and that the analysis of their segregationpattern during crosses could be used to construct agenetic map. The potential ofusing C. reinhardtii for
a genetic dissection of photosynthesis was firstrecognized by Paul Levine. Together with hiscoworkers, he initiated a long-range genetic approachwhich proved to be highly successful. It providedgenetic support for the linear Z scheme ofphotosynthesis and led to the identification of newcomponents of the photosynthetic electron transferchain such as the Rieske protein ofthe cytochromecomplex.
During the past 20 years, the powerful techniquesof molecular biology and genetics, and thedevelopment of methods for efficient nuclear andchloroplast transformation of C. reinhardtii havegreatly enhanced the potential of this organism as anexperimental system for studying chloroplastbiogenesis. This has led to impressive advances inour understanding of the regulation of chloroplastgene expression and it has provided important newinsights into the complex cooperative interplaybetween the chloroplast and nuclear compartmentsin the assembly of the photosynthetic apparatus. Atthe same time, the ability to manipulate the chloroplastgenome with surgical precision has opened the doorfor a detailed structure-function analysis ofphotosynthetic complexes in vitro, and thanks to therefinements and new developments in spectroscopicand fluorescence techniques, also in vivo. We feelstrongly that a book on these recent exciting advancesin research on photosynthesis in Chlamydomonas istimely and important.
The first part of the book provides a generalintroduction to Chlamydomonas (Chapter 1, Harris),a historical chapter on early research on photo-synthesis in this organism (Chapter 2, Togasaki andSurzycki) and chapters on nuclear genome organi-zation (Chapter 3, Silflow), nuclear transformation(Chapter 4, Kindle), mitochondrial and chloroplastgenome evolution (Chapter 5, Nedelcu and Lee),chloroplast uniparental inheritance (Chapter 6,Armbrust), chloroplast DNA metabolism (Chapter 7,Sears) and chloroplast transformation and reversegenetics (Chapter 8, Goldschmidt-Clermont). Thesecond part includes several chapters on chloroplastgene expression: RNA stability (Chapter 9,Nickelsen), RNA processing (Chapter 10, Stern and
xvii
Drager), splicing (Chapter 11, Herrin et al.) andtranslation (Chapter 12, Hauser et al.). Proteintargeting in the chloroplast is discussed in Chapter 13(Perret et al.). The third part includes articles on thebiosynthesis and function of thylakoid membranes(Chapter 14, Olive and Wollman), Photosystem II(Chapter 15, Erickson; Chapter 16, Ruffle and Sayre),Photosystem I (Chapter 17, Webber and Bingham;Chapter 18, Redding and Peltier), LHCII (Chapter19, Hoober et al.), pigments (Chapter 20, Timko),glycerolipids (Chapter 21, Trémolières), thecytochrome complex (Chapter 24, Wollman), theATP synthase (Chapter 25, Strotmann et al.),ferredoxin and thioredoxin (Chapter 26, Jacquot etal.) and of ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (Chapter 27, Spreitzer). In addition,Chapters 22 (Joliot et al.) and 23 (Bennoun and Beal)describe new and powerful techniques used formeasurements of photosynthetic activity in vivo.These techniques are particularly suited forChlamydomonas. The fourth part includes chapterson uptake (Chapter 28, Spalding) and starchbiosynthesis (Chapter 29, Ball). Several articles aredevoted to the responses of Chlamydomonas tovarious stress conditions, such as high light(Chapter 30, Keren and Ohad), copper deficiency(Chapter 31, Merchant) and macronutrient depri-vation (Chapter 32, Davies and Grossman). Nitrogenassimilation and its regulation is discussed inChapter 33 (Fernández et al.). Chapter 34 (Remacleand Matagne) describes mitochondrial genetics and
Chapter 35 (Bennoun) discusses the current modelsof chlororespiration. The last Chapter (36, Mets andRochaix) offers a perspective on research onphotosynthesis with Chlamydomonas.
We thank the authors for their invaluablecontributions which we hope will make this bookvery useful for researchers and students interested inphotosynthesis and organellar biology in Chlamy-domonas. The book is also intended for a wideaudience, but is specifically designed for advancedundergraduate and graduate students and researchersin the fields of biochemistry, molecular biology,physiology, biophysics, plant biology, phycology andbiotechnology. We also hope that this book willstimulate scientists outside the Chlamydomonasresearch community to use this organism for theirstudies.
We wish to express our gratitude to Larry Orr forhis patience with inexperienced editors, generoushelp and remarkable efficiency, to Govindjee for hiscontinued interest and for his many helpfulsuggestions, and to Nicolas Roggli and MichaelHippler for their help in designing the cover graphics.Finally, we hope that by showing the extraordinarypower and uniqueness of Chlamydomonas as aresearch tool in photosynthesis and by documentingthe fast pace of progress achieved in the past yearswith this unicellular organism, this book will helppromote Chlamydomonas as the ‘green yeast’ amongthe plant research community.
Jean-David RochaixMichel Goldschmidt-Clermont
Sabeeha Merchant
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Color Plates
J. -D. Rochaix, M. Goldschmidt-Clermont and S. Merchant (eds): The Molecular Biology of Chloroplasts and Mitochondria in Chlamydomonas,pp. CP-1–CP-7. © 1998 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in The Netherlands.