The Modern Middle East 1.Geographically : “The Middle East/ Near East” – Egypt, Arabian...
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The Modern Middle East
1. Geographically :“The Middle East/ Near East”– Egypt, Arabian Peninsula and surrounding
countries, territory between Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, Black Sea, Caspian Sea, and Persian Gulf
2. Linguistically/ Ethnically :
“The Arab World” – Usually identified through Arab speakers of the
Arabic language (language spread through Islam)• Over 11 major languages in use throughout this region
(Arabic, Persian, Turkish, Berber, Kurdish- top 5)• Over 30 ethnic groups (see maps for diversity)
3. Religiously :
“The Islamic World”– Identified by followers of Islam in areas with
large populations of Muslims and/or theocratic government • Includes Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Turkey, Northern Africa• Over 10 main religious groups in this region
What do we call this region and why?
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Even though Arabic is the main language utilized:
There are many dialects of Arabic (mixed with native indigenous languages)
which could be considered a different language altogether and as a result many do not understand other Arabic speakers.
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Arabs:shaded yellow on map
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1290’s- created by Osman, a Turkoman1923- Officially becomes Republic of Turkey last of the empire is dissolved in 1922
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Egypt• Gamal Abdul Nasser-
– Deposed pro-western King Farouk
– Very popular nationalistic Pan-Arab leader– Needed $$ for Aswan Dam (US refused, USSR agreed)– Weapons- US refused, Czechs (USSR) agreed– THUS, nationalized Suez Canal – Very popular leader among
nonaligned countries standing up to strong Western leaders
(West NOT happy… Cold War)
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Iran• Iran– 1953• Shah Reza Pahlavi (king)• Oil- Brits controlled• Mossadeq- nationalist leader• CIA coup- rid Iran of Mossadeq’s influence, thus keeping oil
profits and a pro-western leader (also viewed as containment of communism)
– 1979• Iranian Revolution
– Shah deposed by Ayatollah Khomeini– Extreme religious nationalist movement backwards– Very anti-western (step back in women’s rights, education, etc).
• Iran Hostage Crisis- US Embassy attacked, 66 Americans held– Freed in 1981 (Argo film)
Crash Course
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Revolution in Iran: 1979
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ISRAELCrash Course- Israel
• Creation of Israel 1. 19th century Zionism (Jewish nationalism)2. Balfour Declaration, 1917 –
British intent to create a Jewish “national home”3. British mandate of Palestine - After WWI/ fall of Ottoman Empire control
-11% population- Jewish; 10% Christian - Also promised control to Arab Palestinians 4. 1947- UN voted to create 2 states (one Arab, one Jewish)5. May 1948- State of Israel6. 1948 Arab- Israeli War7. 1967 Six Day War & 1973 Yom Kippur War
- Israeli troops won (gained land)
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Iraq– Saddam Hussein and Ba’ath Party
• General of military in 1976• 1979- became President (forced resignation of Al-
Bakr)– Chemical gases against Kurds– Persian Gulf War (Kuwait and oil)
• Declawed Saddam, left in power. – After 9/11:
• Weapons of Mass Destruction claim –false• 2003- taken out of power, Iraq needed infrastructure to
be rebuilt.
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Afghanistan1979- USSR invades:
• US helps arm Afghan “freedom fighters”, mujahideen to fight USSR
-Osama bin Laden:
Wealthy Saudi who joins the fight against the non-believing Soviet invaders
-Taliban:
Afghan refugees educated in Pakistani religious schools, madrassas.
- “Talib”= student’ ; taliban= students
- Return to Afghanistan
- Most strict interpretation of Qu’ran
in history, ruled from 1996-2001.
- US invades after 9/11 due to aid to
Al Qaeda.
-Al Qaeda:
- Islamic fundamental extremist terror organization
- Trained in Afghanistan, led by bin Laden, responsible for attacks on World Trade Center in NYC, on Sept. 11, 2001
-Ideological not national group
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