The Mobilization of Materials by Human and Natural Activitiesweb.mit.edu/2.813/www/Class Slides...
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The Mobilization of The Mobilization of The Mobilization of The Mobilization of The Mobilization of The Mobilization of The Mobilization of The Mobilization of Materials by Human and Materials by Human and Materials by Human and Materials by Human and Materials by Human and Materials by Human and Materials by Human and Materials by Human and Natural Activities Natural Activities Natural Activities Natural Activities Natural Activities Natural Activities Natural Activities Natural Activities 2.83/2.813 T. G. Gutowski
Transcript of The Mobilization of Materials by Human and Natural Activitiesweb.mit.edu/2.813/www/Class Slides...
The Mobilization of The Mobilization of The Mobilization of The Mobilization of The Mobilization of The Mobilization of The Mobilization of The Mobilization of Materials by Human and Materials by Human and Materials by Human and Materials by Human and Materials by Human and Materials by Human and Materials by Human and Materials by Human and
Natural ActivitiesNatural ActivitiesNatural ActivitiesNatural ActivitiesNatural ActivitiesNatural ActivitiesNatural ActivitiesNatural Activities2.83/2.813
T. G. Gutowski
Reading Assignments for Next Tuesday February 19th
2/19 Sustainability?
a) Diamond, J., “Easter Island’s End” Discover Magazine, 1995. (6 pages)http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/24/042.html
b) Broswimmer, “The Chaco Anasazi….,” p 45-48 (handout)
c) Hardin, G., �Tragedy of the Commons,� Science, 162, 1968, p 1243-1248.http://dieoff.org/
d) Wilson, E.O., �The Bottleneck� pp 22 � 41, Ch 2 in The Future of Life, 2001 (handout)
e) Lomborg, B., �Biodiversity� in The Skeptical Environmentalist: Measuring the Real State of the World, 2001, p 251-257. (handout)
Sign Up SheetSign Up Sheet
Outline
1. Global Cycles; Stocks and Flows� carbon, rock, water, nitrogen,
2. Klee and Graedel Paper� anthropogenic Vs natural �mobilization�
3. Toxic Chemicals� EPA, and CDC
4. Total Materials Flows for U.S.� DPO and TDO
Stocks and Flows
inm& outm&M(stock)
dtmmM outin )(stock) to(addition && −=∆ ∫
Cycles
Stock orReservoir A
Stock orReservoir B Stock or
Reservoir C
Cycles
Stock orReservoir A
Stock orReservoir B Stock or
Reservoir C
21)-n(n onsconversati way twoofNumber =
The Carbon Cycle
Other Cycles
� Hutton�s Rock Cycle
� Hydrological Cycle
� Nitrogen Cycle
Hutton�s Rock Cycle
Ref. Press and Siever
hydrological cycle
http://www.env.leeds.ac.uk/envi2150/oldnotes/lecture3/lecture3.html
Nitrogen CycleStocksStores in Atmosphere: ≈ 4 Et NStores in Soil: ≈ 95 Gt N
FlowsHaber-Bosch Flow: ≈ 100 Mt N/yrNatural Nitrogen Fixing Flow is of the same order as the anthropogenic flow
Flow to Plants (NPP), Klee &Graedel estimate 5.6 Gt N
Residence Time
Reservoir(Stocks)
Reservoir(Stocks)
Flowsor
Fluxes
Out RateReservoirin Amount Time Residence =
Residence Times
� CO2 (atmosphere) 10 years
� Nitrogen (atmosphere) 400 million years
� Sulfur dioxide (atm) hours to weeks
� Sodium (ocean) 48 million years
� Iron (ocean) 100 years
Press and Siever
Klee & Graedel look at the mobilization (fluxes) of the elements
� Natural flows� weathering and
erosion
� sea spray
� primary plant productivity
� Anthropogenic flow
� mining
� fossil fuels
� biomass burning
Flux Categories
1. NPP plant uptake2. Sea Spray aerosols3. Erosion crustal weathering4. Fossil Fuel Burning to air5. Biomass Burning to air6. Mining from reservoir
Study of 77 of the 92 naturally occurring elements
Results for Magnesium Klee & Graedel 2004
Dominated Dominated Dominated Dominated + + + + Perturbed Perturbed Perturbed Perturbed + + + + Unperturbed Unperturbed Unperturbed Unperturbed = 77 elements= 77 elements= 77 elements= 77 elements
1A VIIIA1 H IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA
2 He
3 Li
4 Be
5 B
6 C
7 N
8 O
9 F
10 Ne
11 Na
12 Mg IIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB
13 Al
14 Si
15 P
16 S
17 Cl
18 Ar
19 K
20 Ca
21 Sc
22 Ti
23 V
24 Cr
25 Mn
26 Fe
27 Co
28 Ni
29 Cu
30 Zn
31 Ga
32 Ge
33 As
34 Se
35 Br
36 Kr
37 Rb
38 Sr
39 Y
40 Zr
41 Nb
42 Mo
43 Tc
44 Ru
45 Rh
46 Pd
47 Ag
48 Cd
49 ln
50 Sn
51 Sb
52 Te
53 I
54 Xe
55 Cs
56 Ba
57 La
72 Hf
73 Ta
74 W
75 Re
76 Os
77 Ir
78 Pt
79 Au
80 Hg
81 Ti
82 Pb
83 Bi
84 Po
85 At
86 Rn
87 Fr
88 Ra
89 Ac
58 Ce
59 Pr
60 Nd
61 Pm
62 Sm
63 Eu
64 Gd
65 Tb
66 Dy
67 Ho
68 Er
69 Tm
70 Yb
71 Lu
90 Th
91 Pa
92 U
Dominated (>50% of Mobilization)
Perturbed (15-50% of Mobilization)
Unperturbed (<15% of Mobilization) Undetermined
Adapted from Klee and Graedel, 2004
Periodic chart showing Human Periodic chart showing Human Periodic chart showing Human Periodic chart showing Human DominanceDominanceDominanceDominance
1A VIIIA1 H IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA
2 He
3 Li
4 Be
5 B
6 C
7 N
8 O
9 F
10 Ne
11 Na
12 Mg IIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB
13 Al
14 Si
15 P
16 S
17 Cl
18 Ar
19 K
20 Ca
21 Sc
22 Ti
23 V
24 Cr
25 Mn
26 Fe
27 Co
28 Ni
29 Cu
30 Zn
31 Ga
32 Ge
33 As
34 Se
35 Br
36 Kr
37 Rb
38 Sr
39 Y
40 Zr
41 Nb
42 Mo
43 Tc
44 Ru
45 Rh
46 Pd
47 Ag
48 Cd
49 ln
50 Sn
51 Sb
52 Te
53 I
54 Xe
55 Cs
56 Ba
57 La
72 Hf
73 Ta
74 W
75 Re
76 Os
77 Ir
78 Pt
79 Au
80 Hg
81 Ti
82 Pb
83 Bi
84 Po
85 At
86 Rn
87 Fr
88 Ra
89 Ac
58 Ce
59 Pr
60 Nd
61 Pm
62 Sm
63 Eu
64 Gd
65 Tb
66 Dy
67 Ho
68 Er
69 Tm
70 Yb
71 Lu
90 Th
91 Pa
92 U
Dominated (>50% of Mobilization)
Perturbed (15-50% of Mobilization)
Unperturbed (<15% of Mobilization) Undetermined
54/77 = 0.7 red or green
This is a first estimate
� �eat my dust�
� preliminary study
� ignores pathways, exposure, sensitivity
� doesn�t differentiate between the elements
� more study needed
� but this doesn�t look good (potential disruptions)
Methodology
� Estimated mobilization of total mass of
major categories
� Estimated elemental composition for each
category
Quantities Mobilized from Klee and Graedel
= 1.5 Gt/yr1,500 Tg/yrErosion to rivers
= 224.5 Gt/yr224,500 Tg/yrNPP
= 3.8 Gt/yr3,800 Tg/yrSea spray
= 8.6 Gt/yr8,600 Tg/yrBiomass burning
= 3.3 Gt/yr3,268 Tg/yrOil
= 4.7 Gt/yr4,741 Tg/yrCoal
Mass/yrMass/yrCategory
Composition
Element
Average Concentration in Coal in g/Mg *
Average Concentration in
Petroleum in g/Mg •
Average Concentration in Crust in g/Mg †
Average Concentration in
Seawater in g/Mg ‡
Average Concentration in Dry Plant Matter in g/Mg
§
2 He -- -- 0.003h 0.00001 --3 Li 20 -- 22 0.2 --4 Be 2.0 0.0004d 3.1 --5 B 50 0.2e 17 4.5 586 C 890000a 855000f 3240 28 478000i
7 N 5850a 10500f 83 150 250009 F 150 -- 611 1.3 --11 Na 400b 12 25670 10770 110012 Mg 700b 0.1d 13510 1290 625013 Al 11000b 0.5d 77440 0.002 500j
14 Si -- -- 303480 2.2 --15 P 150 -- 665 0.1 225016 S 13500a 10300f 953 905 200017 Cl 1000 10 640 19354 55019 K 1000b 4.9 28650 399 3250020 Ca 2300b 5.0d 29450 412 3000021 Sc 4.0 0.004 7.0 -- --22 Ti 600 0.1 3117 -- 1.0j
23 V 40 279 53 0.003 1.6j
Example: Mt Krakatoa
� Mt Krakatoa ejected nearly 20km3 into the air in 1883, almost total darkness in Jakarta, lowers earth�s temperature a few degrees for several years
� tsunami kills 36,000� child of Krakatowa
Mt Krakatoa*
1A VIIIA1 H IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA
2 He
3 Li
4 Be
5 B
6 C
7 N
8 O
9 F
10 Ne
11 Na
12 Mg IIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB
13 Al
14 Si
15 P
16 S
17 Cl
18 Ar
19 K
20 Ca
21 Sc
22 Ti
23 V
24 Cr
25 Mn
26 Fe
27 Co
28 Ni
29 Cu
30 Zn
31 Ga
32 Ge
33 As
34 Se
35 Br
36 Kr
37 Rb
38 Sr
39 Y
40 Zr
41 Nb
42 Mo
43 Tc
44 Ru
45 Rh
46 Pd
47 Ag
48 Cd
49 ln
50 Sn
51 Sb
52 Te
53 I
54 Xe
55 Cs
56 Ba
57 La
72 Hf
73 Ta
74 W
75 Re
76 Os
77 Ir
78 Pt
79 Au
80 Hg
81 Ti
82 Pb
83 Bi
84 Po
85 At
86 Rn
87 Fr
88 Ra
89 Ac
58 Ce
59 Pr
60 Nd
61 Pm
62 Sm
63 Eu
64 Gd
65 Tb
66 Dy
67 Ho
68 Er
69 Tm
70 Yb
71 Lu
90 Th
91 Pa
92 U
Dominated (>50% of Mobilization)
Perturbed (15-50% of Mobilization)
Unperturbed (<15% of Mobilization) Undetermined
Mining data from USGSAluminum Production
0
5,000,000
10,000,000
15,000,000
20,000,000
25,000,000
30,000,000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050
year
met
ric to
ns
Primary production
SecondaryproductionApparentconsumptionWorld production
Toxicity
� nutrients and toxins� dose - response� LD50
� persistent� bio-accumulative
� lead� mercury� cadmium� arsenic
Periodic Table Showing Toxicity*Periodic Table Showing Toxicity*Periodic Table Showing Toxicity*Periodic Table Showing Toxicity*
1A VIIIA1 H IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA
2 He
3 Li
4 Be
5 B
6 C
7 N
8 O
9 F
10 Ne
11 Na
12 Mg IIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB
13 Al
14 Si
15 P
16 S
17 Cl
18 Ar
19 K
20 Ca
21 Sc
22 Ti
23 V
24 Cr
25 Mn
26 Fe
27 Co
28 Ni
29 Cu
30 Zn
31 Ga
32 Ge
33 As
34 Se
35 Br
36 Kr
37 Rb
38 Sr
39 Y
40 Zr
41 Nb
42 Mo
43 Tc
44 Ru
45 Rh
46 Pd
47 Ag
48 Cd
49 ln
50 Sn
51 Sb
52 Te
53 I
54 Xe
55 Cs
56 Ba
57 La
72 Hf
73 Ta
74 W
75 Re
76 Os
77 Ir
78 Pt
79 Au
80 Hg
81 Ti
82 Pb
83 Bi
84 Po
85 At
86 Rn
87 Fr
88 Ra
89 Ac
58 Ce
59 Pr
60 Nd
61 Pm
62 Sm
63 Eu
64 Gd
65 Tb
66 Dy
67 Ho
68 Er
69 Tm
70 Yb
71 Lu
90 Th
91 Pa
92 U
High Toxicity Moderate Toxicity
*Adapted from Industrial Ecology (Table 10.5)
1A VIIIA1 H IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA
2 He
3 Li
4 Be
5 B
6 C
7 N
8 O
9 F
10 Ne
11 Na
12 Mg IIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB
13 Al
14 Si
15 P
16 S
17 Cl
18 Ar
19 K
20 Ca
21 Sc
22 Ti
23 V
24 Cr
25 Mn
26 Fe
27 Co
28 Ni
29 Cu
30 Zn
31 Ga
32 Ge
33 As
34 Se
35 Br
36 Kr
37 Rb
38 Sr
39 Y
40 Zr
41 Nb
42 Mo
43 Tc
44 Ru
45 Rh
46 Pd
47 Ag
48 Cd
49 ln
50 Sn
51 Sb
52 Te
53 I
54 Xe
55 Cs
56 Ba
57 La
72 Hf
73 Ta
74 W
75 Re
76 Os
77 Ir
78 Pt
79 Au
80 Hg
81 Ti
82 Pb
83 Bi
84 Po
85 At
86 Rn
87 Fr
88 Ra
89 Ac
58 Ce
59 Pr
60 Nd
61 Pm
62 Sm
63 Eu
64 Gd
65 Tb
66 Dy
67 Ho
68 Er
69 Tm
70 Yb
71 Lu
90 Th
91 Pa
92 U
54 12 13
Unperturbed (<15% of Mobilization) Undetermined
High Toxicity Moderate Toxicity
Dominated (>50% of Mobilization)
Perturbed (15-50% of Mobilization)
Periodic Table Showing Toxicity*Periodic Table Showing Toxicity*Periodic Table Showing Toxicity*Periodic Table Showing Toxicity*
Only Toxic Elements ColoredOnly Toxic Elements ColoredOnly Toxic Elements ColoredOnly Toxic Elements Colored
1A VIIIA1 H IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA
2 He
3 Li
4 Be
5 B
6 C
7 N
8 O
9 F
10 Ne
11 Na
12 Mg IIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB
13 Al
14 Si
15 P
16 S
17 Cl
18 Ar
19 K
20 Ca
21 Sc
22 Ti
23 V
24 Cr
25 Mn
26 Fe
27 Co
28 Ni
29 Cu
30 Zn
31 Ga
32 Ge
33 As
34 Se
35 Br
36 Kr
37 Rb
38 Sr
39 Y
40 Zr
41 Nb
42 Mo
43 Tc
44 Ru
45 Rh
46 Pd
47 Ag
48 Cd
49 ln
50 Sn
51 Sb
52 Te
53 I
54 Xe
55 Cs
56 Ba
57 La
72 Hf
73 Ta
74 W
75 Re
76 Os
77 Ir
78 Pt
79 Au
80 Hg
81 Ti
82 Pb
83 Bi
84 Po
85 At
86 Rn
87 Fr
88 Ra
89 Ac
58 Ce
59 Pr
60 Nd
61 Pm
62 Sm
63 Eu
64 Gd
65 Tb
66 Dy
67 Ho
68 Er
69 Tm
70 Yb
71 Lu
90 Th
91 Pa
92 U
54 12 13
Unperturbed (<15% of Mobilization) Undetermined
High Toxicity Moderate Toxicity
Dominated (>50% of Mobilization)
Perturbed (15-50% of Mobilization)
Strategies for Improvement
� 50% fossil fuels, 10% mining,
50% bio-mass burning
� Mining=0
� Fossil Fuel consumption=0
� Fossil Fuels=0 and Mining=0
50% fossil fuels, 10% mining, 50% bio-mass burning
1A VIIIA1 H IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA
2 He
3 Li
4 Be
5 B
6 C
7 N
8 O
9 F
10 Ne
11 Na
12 Mg IIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB
13 Al
14 Si
15 P
16 S
17 Cl
18 Ar
19 K
20 Ca
21 Sc
22 Ti
23 V
24 Cr
25 Mn
26 Fe
27 Co
28 Ni
29 Cu
30 Zn
31 Ga
32 Ge
33 As
34 Se
35 Br
36 Kr
37 Rb
38 Sr
39 Y
40 Zr
41 Nb
42 Mo
43 Tc
44 Ru
45 Rh
46 Pd
47 Ag
48 Cd
49 ln
50 Sn
51 Sb
52 Te
53 I
54 Xe
55 Cs
56 Ba
57 La
72 Hf
73 Ta
74 W
75 Re
76 Os
77 Ir
78 Pt
79 Au
80 Hg
81 Ti
82 Pb
83 Bi
84 Po
85 At
86 Rn
87 Fr
88 Ra
89 Ac
58 Ce
59 Pr
60 Nd
61 Pm
62 Sm
63 Eu
64 Gd
65 Tb
66 Dy
67 Ho
68 Er
69 Tm
70 Yb
71 Lu
90 Th
91 Pa
92 U
Dominated (>50% of Mobilization)
Perturbed (15-50% of Mobilization)
Unperturbed (<15% of Mobilization) Undetermined
Mining=0
1A VIIIA1 H IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA
2 He
3 Li
4 Be
5 B
6 C
7 N
8 O
9 F
10 Ne
11 Na
12 Mg IIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB
13 Al
14 Si
15 P
16 S
17 Cl
18 Ar
19 K
20 Ca
21 Sc
22 Ti
23 V
24 Cr
25 Mn
26 Fe
27 Co
28 Ni
29 Cu
30 Zn
31 Ga
32 Ge
33 As
34 Se
35 Br
36 Kr
37 Rb
38 Sr
39 Y
40 Zr
41 Nb
42 Mo
43 Tc
44 Ru
45 Rh
46 Pd
47 Ag
48 Cd
49 ln
50 Sn
51 Sb
52 Te
53 I
54 Xe
55 Cs
56 Ba
57 La
72 Hf
73 Ta
74 W
75 Re
76 Os
77 Ir
78 Pt
79 Au
80 Hg
81 Ti
82 Pb
83 Bi
84 Po
85 At
86 Rn
87 Fr
88 Ra
89 Ac
58 Ce
59 Pr
60 Nd
61 Pm
62 Sm
63 Eu
64 Gd
65 Tb
66 Dy
67 Ho
68 Er
69 Tm
70 Yb
71 Lu
90 Th
91 Pa
92 U
Dominated (>50% of Mobilization)
Perturbed (15-50% of Mobilization)
Unperturbed (<15% of Mobilization) Undetermined
Fossil Fuel consumption=0
1A VIIIA1 H IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA
2 He
3 Li
4 Be
5 B
6 C
7 N
8 O
9 F
10 Ne
11 Na
12 Mg IIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB
13 Al
14 Si
15 P
16 S
17 Cl
18 Ar
19 K
20 Ca
21 Sc
22 Ti
23 V
24 Cr
25 Mn
26 Fe
27 Co
28 Ni
29 Cu
30 Zn
31 Ga
32 Ge
33 As
34 Se
35 Br
36 Kr
37 Rb
38 Sr
39 Y
40 Zr
41 Nb
42 Mo
43 Tc
44 Ru
45 Rh
46 Pd
47 Ag
48 Cd
49 ln
50 Sn
51 Sb
52 Te
53 I
54 Xe
55 Cs
56 Ba
57 La
72 Hf
73 Ta
74 W
75 Re
76 Os
77 Ir
78 Pt
79 Au
80 Hg
81 Ti
82 Pb
83 Bi
84 Po
85 At
86 Rn
87 Fr
88 Ra
89 Ac
58 Ce
59 Pr
60 Nd
61 Pm
62 Sm
63 Eu
64 Gd
65 Tb
66 Dy
67 Ho
68 Er
69 Tm
70 Yb
71 Lu
90 Th
91 Pa
92 U
Dominated (>50% of Mobilization)
Perturbed (15-50% of Mobilization)
Unperturbed (<15% of Mobilization) Undetermined
Fossil Fuels=0 and Mining=0
1A VIIIA1 H IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA
2 He
3 Li
4 Be
5 B
6 C
7 N
8 O
9 F
10 Ne
11 Na
12 Mg IIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB
13 Al
14 Si
15 P
16 S
17 Cl
18 Ar
19 K
20 Ca
21 Sc
22 Ti
23 V
24 Cr
25 Mn
26 Fe
27 Co
28 Ni
29 Cu
30 Zn
31 Ga
32 Ge
33 As
34 Se
35 Br
36 Kr
37 Rb
38 Sr
39 Y
40 Zr
41 Nb
42 Mo
43 Tc
44 Ru
45 Rh
46 Pd
47 Ag
48 Cd
49 ln
50 Sn
51 Sb
52 Te
53 I
54 Xe
55 Cs
56 Ba
57 La
72 Hf
73 Ta
74 W
75 Re
76 Os
77 Ir
78 Pt
79 Au
80 Hg
81 Ti
82 Pb
83 Bi
84 Po
85 At
86 Rn
87 Fr
88 Ra
89 Ac
58 Ce
59 Pr
60 Nd
61 Pm
62 Sm
63 Eu
64 Gd
65 Tb
66 Dy
67 Ho
68 Er
69 Tm
70 Yb
71 Lu
90 Th
91 Pa
92 U
Dominated (>50% of Mobilization)
Perturbed (15-50% of Mobilization)
Unperturbed (<15% of Mobilization) Undetermined
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Klee & Graedel Realistic conversation Mining=0 Fossil Fuels=0 Fossil Fuels, Mining=0
DominatedPerturbed Unperturbed
Total High Toxicity Mod Toxicity Total High Toxicity Mod Toxicity Total High Toxicity Mod Toxicity Klee & Graedel 54 7 27 12 1 3 13 1 0
Realistic conservation 27 3 11 27 3 15 25 3 4Mining=0 31 3 16 24 4 10 24 2 4
Fossil Fuels=0 25 1 8 21 4 9 33 4 12Fossil Fuels, Mining=0 0 0 0 0 0 0 79 9 30
Dominated Perturbed Unperturbed
Per cent Ant hr opogeni c Mobi l i zat i on
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010Year
Pe
rce
nt
Zn As Se Br Mo Ag Cd Sn Sb Te
Natural Mobilization By SourceNatural Mobilization By SourceNatural Mobilization By SourceNatural Mobilization By Source
1 H IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA
2 He
3 Li
4 Be
5 B
6 C
7 N
8 O
9 F
10 Ne
11 Na
12 Mg IIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB
13 Al
14 Si
15 P
16 S
17 Cl
18 Ar
19 K
20 Ca
21 Sc
22 Ti
23 V
24 Cr
25 Mn
26 Fe
27 Co
28 Ni
29 Cu
30 Zn
31 Ga
32 Ge
33 As
34 Se
35 Br
36 Kr
37 Rb
38 Sr
39 Y
40 Zr
41 Nb
42 Mo
43 Tc
44 Ru
45 Rh
46 Pd
47 Ag
48 Cd
49 ln
50 Sn
51 Sb
52 Te
53 I
54 Xe
55 Cs
56 Ba
57 La
72 Hf
73 Ta
74 W
75 Re
76 Os
77 Ir
78 Pt
79 Au
80 Hg
81 Ti
82 Pb
83 Bi
84 Po
85 At
86 Rn
87 Fr
88 Ra
89 Ac
58 Ce
59 Pr
60 Nd
61 Pm
62 Sm
63 Eu
64 Gd
65 Tb
66 Dy
67 Ho
68 Er
69 Tm
70 Yb
71 Lu
90 Th
91 Pa
92 U
Crustal weathering Seaspray Plant primary production Undetermined
Elements Dominated by Natural Elements Dominated by Natural Elements Dominated by Natural Elements Dominated by Natural MobilizationMobilizationMobilizationMobilization
1A VIIIA1 H IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA
2 He
3 Li
4 Be
5 B
6 C
7 N
8 O
9 F
10 Ne
11 Na
12 Mg IIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB
13 Al
14 Si
15 P
16 S
17 Cl
18 Ar
19 K
20 Ca
21 Sc
22 Ti
23 V
24 Cr
25 Mn
26 Fe
27 Co
28 Ni
29 Cu
30 Zn
31 Ga
32 Ge
33 As
34 Se
35 Br
36 Kr
37 Rb
38 Sr
39 Y
40 Zr
41 Nb
42 Mo
43 Tc
44 Ru
45 Rh
46 Pd
47 Ag
48 Cd
49 ln
50 Sn
51 Sb
52 Te
53 I
54 Xe
55 Cs
56 Ba
57 La
72 Hf
73 Ta
74 W
75 Re
76 Os
77 Ir
78 Pt
79 Au
80 Hg
81 Ti
82 Pb
83 Bi
84 Po
85 At
86 Rn
87 Fr
88 Ra
89 Ac
58 Ce
59 Pr
60 Nd
61 Pm
62 Sm
63 Eu
64 Gd
65 Tb
66 Dy
67 Ho
68 Er
69 Tm
70 Yb
71 Lu
90 Th
91 Pa
92 U
*crustal weathering accounts for more mobilization of brown colored elements than seaspray and plant primary production combined (similarly seaspray and plant primary production dominate for blue and green colored elements respectfully).
Crustal weathering* Seaspray Plant primary production Anthropogenic dominates or undetermined
TRI list of 517 toxic chemicals
0 0 On-site Disposa 0 0 0 Other On-site D 0Row # Chemical Class I Wells RCRA Subtitle Other On-Site LSub Total Fugitive Air Em Point Source Air
0 1 1,1,1,2-TETRACHLOROETHANE 0 1 0 1 1398 11572 1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE 0 38399 0 38399 114240 1197733 1,1,2,2-TETRACHLORO-1-FLUOROETHANE 0 0 0 0 20 54 1,1,2,2-TETRACHLOROETHANE 0 1 0 1 6714 11655 1,1,2-TRICHLOROETHANE 0 1 0 1 17698 213496 1,1-DICHLORO-1,2,2,3,3-PENTAFLUOROPR. . . 0 . .7 1,1-DICHLORO-1,2,2-TRIFLUOROETHANE 0 0 0 0 400 08 1,1-DICHLORO-1-FLUOROETHANE 0 83 21416 21499 2688107 42143079 1,1-DIMETHYL HYDRAZINE 0 0 0 0 676 108
10 1,2,3-TRICHLOROPROPANE 0 816 453 1269 6453 8602611 1,2,4-TRICHLOROBENZENE 5300 0 0 5300 15040 1628612 1,2,4-TRIMETHYLBENZENE 2095 11004 36307 49406 1961650 532567813 1,2-BUTYLENE OXIDE 0 4 2 6 2585 327314 1,2-DIBROMO-3-CHLOROPROPANE 0 0 0 0 1 015 1,2-DIBROMOETHANE 0 0 0 0 10878 77216 1,2-DICHLORO-1,1,2-TRIFLUOROETHANE 0 0 0 0 73804 3773817 1,2-DICHLORO-1,1-DIFLUOROETHANE 0 0 0 0 530 1300518 1,2-DICHLOROBENZENE 8704 556 0 9260 25362 5114519 1,2-DICHLOROETHANE 212406 460 0 212866 255294 19790720 1,2-DICHLOROETHYLENE 0 2 0 2 4083 2106721 1,2-DICHLOROPROPANE 0 2901 37 2938 100207 4449622 1,2-DIPHENYLHYDRAZINE 0 0 0 0 0 0
http://www.epa.gov/tri/
http://www.epa.gov/triexplorer/
Mercury, Hg
� Klee and Graedel�s Results� Natural Sources� Anthropogenic Sources� Fish, Minamata Bay and CH3Hg� Toxic levels, CDC report
Klee and Gradel�s Results for Mercury Mobilization
(Modified to correct errors)
.0054.64.5.01.08
TotalTg/yr
TotalGg/yr
NPPGg/yr
SeaGg/yr
WeatherGg/yr
.0328.2.8261.4
TotalTg/yr
TotalGg/yr
BurnGg/yr
Fossil Gg/yr
MiningGg/yr
Anthropogenic Mercury US and World
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050
Year
Am
ount
(Met
ric T
ons)
Primary production
ApparentconsumptionUnit value ($/t)
World production
Mercury in the Environment
Emission from Power Plants in US
Fish and CH3Hg
CDCCenters for Disease Control and
Prevention
www.cdc.gov/
Mercury in Blood measured on µg/L, From 3rd CDC
Lead, Pb
� Klee and Graedel�s Result� Natural Sources� Anthropogenic Sources� Cycles� Toxic levels, CDC report
Klee and Gradel�s Results for Lead Mobilization
0.6606.0126
TotalTg/yr
TotalGg/yr
NPPGg/yr
SeaGg/yr
WeatherGg/yr
3.3231913100
TotalTg/yr
TotalGg/yr
BurnGg/yr
Fossil Gg/yr
MiningGg/yr
Lead Production: World (top); US apparent consumption (yellow);
US primary (blue);US secondary
0
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
3,000,000
3,500,000
4,000,000
1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020
year
met
ric to
ns
Lead in Blood, 3rd CDC Report measured in µg/dL
Historical Values
Lead, Pb
Lead, Pb
How big are our materials flows?
DPO ≈ 23t/person
How big are our materials flows?
US TDO≈ 90t per capita
90 t X 6 billion people =���
Edm
und H
illa
ry a
nd T
enzi
ng
Norg
ay
sum
mit M
ount
Evere
st, M
ay 1
953
sea level
8,848 m
≈200km3
rightcircular
cone
Next Class on Tuesday,�Sustainability?�
