The Millennium Science The Millennium Science InitiativeInitiative

Promoting Science and Technology Promoting Science and Technology Capacity for DevelopmentCapacity for Development

Michael CrawfordMichael Crawford

May 14, 2004May 14, 2004

Structure of PresentationStructure of Presentation

Science in Economic DevelopmentScience in Economic Development The Knowledge and Technology DivideThe Knowledge and Technology Divide Previous World Bank Experience with Support to Previous World Bank Experience with Support to

Science and TechnologyScience and Technology The Goals and Characteristics of the Millennium The Goals and Characteristics of the Millennium

Science InitiativeScience Initiative The Achievements of the MSI in ChileThe Achievements of the MSI in Chile Uganda: The MSI in an IDA ContextUganda: The MSI in an IDA Context Working with Partners for S&T Capacity BuildingWorking with Partners for S&T Capacity Building

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Differences in Physical and Human Differences in Physical and Human Capital do not Explain all of Growth...Capital do not Explain all of Growth...

Rep. of Korea

Ghana

Thousands of constant 1995 US dollars

S&T Capacity part of the residual

Difference due to physical and human capital

Global Agricultural Yields Global Agricultural Yields Increase Due to Science PowerIncrease Due to Science Power

0

0 . 5

1

1. 5

2

2 . 5

3

Argentina I ndia

Wheat Yields in Argentina and India 1885-1995

Average annual yields in 1,000 Kilogram/Hectare

Low income

41%

Lower

middle

income

35%

High income

16%

Upper

middle

income

8%

High income81%

Upper middle income

7%

Low income3%

Lower middle income

9%

Global Distribution of Population & GDP

2001 (Population) 2001(GDP)

Source: World Bank SIMA database.

1975

Lower middle

income

7%

Low income

3%

Upper middle

income

5%

High income

85%

2000

High income

58%

Upper middle

income

10%

Lower middle

income

26%

Low income

6%

Global Distribution of Telephone Mainlines

Source: Calculated based on World Bank SIMA database.

1993

Upper middle income4.5%

Low er middle income4.1%

Low income0.3%

High income91.1%

2000

High income68%

Upper middle income11%

Low income2%

Low er middle income19%

Global Distribution of Mobile Phones

Source: Calculated based on World Bank SIMA database.

1993

High income90%

Upper middle income

4%

Low er middle income

4%

Low income2%

2000Low income

3%

Upper middle income

6%

Low er middle income10%

High income81%

Global Distribution of Personal Computers

Source: Calculated based on World Bank SIMA database.

Internet Hosts (per 10,000 people, 2000)Internet Hosts (per 10,000 people, 2000)

Higher Education Enrollment Ratio (1997)Higher Education Enrollment Ratio (1997)

Lower middle income2.4%Upper middle

income4.1%

High income92.7%

Low income

0.8%

Global Distribution of R&D expenditures (1997)Global Distribution of R&D expenditures (1997)

Source: calculated based on data from the World Bank SIMA database 2002

050

100150200250300350400450500

High income Upper middleincome

Low er middleincome

Low income

1981

1997

Scientific & Technological Journal Articles (x1000)

Source: World Bank SIMA database.

231 148 2

62311

134 19

70862

3484 183150219970.05

5861

51252530

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

High income Upper middleincome

Lower middleincome

Low income

payments 1975

payments 2001

receipts 1975

receipts 2001

Royalty and license fees, payments & receipts (BoP, current US$, Millions)

Source: World Bank SIMA database.

Agriculture Accounts for More than Agriculture Accounts for More than Half of World Bank S&T LendingHalf of World Bank S&T Lending

$4.8 Billion in 447 projects or components for S&T in $4.8 Billion in 447 projects or components for S&T in Agriculture, 1980-99Agriculture, 1980-99

$4.8

$3.0Agricultural Lending

Non-agriculturalLending for S&T

Lending Volume by Region, 1992-1998Lending Volume by Region, 1992-1998

EA60%

AFR4%

LAC31%

MENA4%

ECA1%

SA0%

Outside of Agriculture, Most S&T Lending Has Gone to East Asia and LAC

1997: The Idea for the MSI1997: The Idea for the MSI

Develop S&T Capacity through support of international-Develop S&T Capacity through support of international-level quality research; level quality research;

Increase Ph.D, Master’s, Post-doc training opportunities; Increase Ph.D, Master’s, Post-doc training opportunities; Create alternatives to brain drain, incentives for brain gainCreate alternatives to brain drain, incentives for brain gain Involve researchers in “social marketing” of science in Involve researchers in “social marketing” of science in

secondary schools;secondary schools; Consolidate transparent, peer reviewed resource allocation Consolidate transparent, peer reviewed resource allocation

for research funding;; for research funding;; Valorize research relevance; Valorize research relevance;

Create linkages to the private sector;Create linkages to the private sector;

Competitive Grants: Competitive Grants: A Basic Feature of the MSIA Basic Feature of the MSI

Fluctuation and Fragmentation of Research Resources a Fluctuation and Fragmentation of Research Resources a Perennial Problem in Middle Income Countries; Perennial Problem in Middle Income Countries;

The MSI in Chile Funded 3 “Institutes” at US$ 1 million The MSI in Chile Funded 3 “Institutes” at US$ 1 million per year for 5 years; per year for 5 years;

10 MSI “Nuclei” were funded at US$ 300,000 per year for 10 MSI “Nuclei” were funded at US$ 300,000 per year for

3 years. Nuclei grants are renewable.3 years. Nuclei grants are renewable. Grant Selection Committee composed of top rank Chilean Grant Selection Committee composed of top rank Chilean

and International scientists; and International scientists; Initial project in Chile sparked regional interest in the MSI Initial project in Chile sparked regional interest in the MSI

LAC Region is an Early AdopterLAC Region is an Early Adopter

1998: Chile MSI Project Approved (2.5 1998: Chile MSI Project Approved (2.5 year, $15m project/$5 million loan)year, $15m project/$5 million loan)

1999: Venezuela MSI Project Approved 1999: Venezuela MSI Project Approved (2.5 year, $15m project/$5 million loan)(2.5 year, $15m project/$5 million loan)

2000 Mexico adds MSI Component to an 2000 Mexico adds MSI Component to an Existing S&T Infrastructure Loan; Existing S&T Infrastructure Loan;

2000 Brazil provides grants for 17 MSI 2000 Brazil provides grants for 17 MSI Institutes with WB Support Institutes with WB Support

Chile: Achievements of the MSIChile: Achievements of the MSI

MSI Closed in 2002: MSI Closed in 2002: Given highest ICR ratings in all categories: Given highest ICR ratings in all categories: Government increased attention to S&T and Government increased attention to S&T and

Innovation Policy as a result of the Project;Innovation Policy as a result of the Project; A larger, follow on program for Support to A larger, follow on program for Support to

S&T Capacity approved; S&T Capacity approved; S&T Institutions strengthened, international S&T Institutions strengthened, international

linkages improved linkages improved

Chile MSI: Impact on the S&T Chile MSI: Impact on the S&T SystemSystem

Prior to the MSI, Chile produced 50 Ph.Ds per year Prior to the MSI, Chile produced 50 Ph.Ds per year domestically; domestically;

New advanced training opportunities: 28 Ph.D positions, 5 New advanced training opportunities: 28 Ph.D positions, 5 post-docs, and 6 new M.Sc.; 6 foreign graduate students post-docs, and 6 new M.Sc.; 6 foreign graduate students supported; supported;

Research productivity increased (publications and patents); Research productivity increased (publications and patents); International collaborations up by 50%; International collaborations up by 50%; Monitoring, evaluation, and accountability increased; Monitoring, evaluation, and accountability increased; Higher confidence in transparent, merit-based selection Higher confidence in transparent, merit-based selection

processes reported processes reported

Uganda: The MSI in an IDA Uganda: The MSI in an IDA ContextContext

IDA Country with annual GDP per capita of US IDA Country with annual GDP per capita of US $300; $300;

5% have access to electricity; 5% have access to electricity; Agriculture is 40% of GDP, employs over 70% of Agriculture is 40% of GDP, employs over 70% of

the labor force; the labor force; Poor health and disease are the top reported cause Poor health and disease are the top reported cause

of poverty; of poverty;

Uganda: Progress in Key Related Uganda: Progress in Key Related AreasAreas

A decade of macro-economic stabilityA decade of macro-economic stability HIV incidence down to 6% from high of HIV incidence down to 6% from high of

15%15% Overall policy coherence highOverall policy coherence high Commitment to reform of higher education Commitment to reform of higher education

over the past three yearsover the past three years Decentralization creating need for technical Decentralization creating need for technical

skills for service delivery outside central skills for service delivery outside central governmentgovernment

The MSI Process in Uganda: The MSI Process in Uganda: Focus on Sector-wide CoherenceFocus on Sector-wide Coherence

Pre-university science education Pre-university science education Promotion of research in new universities, outside Promotion of research in new universities, outside

of the capitalof the capital Coherence with health, agriculture, environment Coherence with health, agriculture, environment

policiespolicies Building on the gains at MakerereBuilding on the gains at Makerere Not only research focused: engineering and Not only research focused: engineering and

strengthening undergraduate departments keystrengthening undergraduate departments key NETF providing critical support for a NETF providing critical support for a

participatory diagnosis of the state of the sectorparticipatory diagnosis of the state of the sector

Expanding the MSI Expanding the MSI

In Africa: Cameroon, Tanzania talksIn Africa: Cameroon, Tanzania talks South Asia: BangladeshSouth Asia: Bangladesh Eastern Europe/Central Asia: Kazakhstan, Eastern Europe/Central Asia: Kazakhstan,

Russia, and LatviaRussia, and Latvia Joining forces with capacity building efforts Joining forces with capacity building efforts

from the Inter-Academy Council from the Inter-Academy Council

Thank YouThank You

Additional information available in Additional information available in

The Millennium Science Initiative The Millennium Science Initiative Status ReportStatus Report