The Middle Colonies
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Transcript of The Middle Colonies
New YorkNew York
Settling the Middle Settling the Middle ColoniesColonies
Settling the Middle Settling the Middle ColoniesColonies
Old Netherlanders at Old Netherlanders at New NetherlandsNew Netherlands
Old Netherlanders at Old Netherlanders at New NetherlandsNew Netherlands
Henry Hudson’s voyage provided Holland with a claim to the region
1600s Golden Age of Dutch history.
Major commercial and naval power.
Challenging England on the seas.
3 major Anglo-Dutch Wars
Major colonial power [mainly in the East Indies].
Henry Hudson’s Henry Hudson’s VoyagesVoyages
Henry Hudson’s Henry Hudson’s VoyagesVoyages
New NetherlandsNew NetherlandsNew NetherlandsNew Netherlands
New Netherlands founded in the Hudson River area (1623-1624)
Established by Dutch West India Company for quick-profit fur trade.
Company wouldn’t pay much attention to the colony.
30 families settled along Hudson River and Manhattan Island
Manhattan [New Amsterdam]
Purchased by Company for pennies per (22,000) acre.
Peter Minuit
• New Netherland Governor• Purchased Manhattan for $24.00
worth of cloth and trinkets• Indians did not have concept of
“white” land ownership. Land was communal. It could not be owned.
Cha Ching!!!
Dutch West India Company ran with the interests of the stockholders in mind.
No interest in religious toleration, free speech, or democracy.
Governors appointed by the Company were autocratic.
Religious dissenters against Dutch Reformed Church [including Quakers] were persecuted.
Local assembly with limited power to make laws established after repeated protests by colonists.
New Amsterdam, 1639New Amsterdam, 1639New Amsterdam, 1639New Amsterdam, 1639
New Amsterdam, New Amsterdam, 16601660
New Amsterdam, New Amsterdam, 16601660
Characteristics of New Amsterdam:
Aristocratic patroonships [feudal estates granted to promoters who would settle 50 people on them].
Cosmopolitan diverse population with many different languages.
New YorkNew York
Manors &Manors &
Land Land GrantsGrants
PatroonshipsPatroonships
Patroon System
• Patroon: person who transported and settled fifty families in exchange for a large tract of land in the New World.
• Families had to live on the patroon’s land and under his control
• System was unfair and feudalistic.• It failed because land was in
abundance and people didn’t want to sacrifice their freedom.
New Netherlands &New Netherlands &New SwedenNew Sweden
New Netherlands &New Netherlands &New SwedenNew Sweden
Swedes in New Swedes in New NetherlandsNetherlands
Swedes in New Swedes in New NetherlandsNetherlandsMid-1600s Sweden in Golden Age
settled small, under-funded colony [called “New Sweden”] near New Netherland.
1655 Dutch under director-general Peter Stuyvesant attacked New Sweden.
Main fort fell after bloodless siege.
New Sweden absorbed into New Netherland.
New Netherlands New Netherlands Becomes a British Royal Becomes a British Royal
ColonyColony
New Netherlands New Netherlands Becomes a British Royal Becomes a British Royal
ColonyColonyCharles II granted New Netherland’s land to his brother, the Duke of York, [before he controlled the area!]
1664 English soldiers arrived.
Dutch had little ammunition and poor defenses. People living there did not see Britain as a threat.
Stuyvesant forced to surrender without firing a shot. (Angered Dutch by taxing them to fight the Indians)
Renamed “New York”
England gained strategic harbor between her northern & southern colonies.
England now controlled the Atlantic coast!
Duke of York’s Original Duke of York’s Original CharterCharter
Duke of York’s Original Duke of York’s Original CharterCharter
New Amsterdam, New Amsterdam, 16641664
New Amsterdam, New Amsterdam, 16641664
Dutch Residue in New Dutch Residue in New YorkYork
Dutch Residue in New Dutch Residue in New YorkYorkEarly 20Early 20cc Dutch Revival Dutch Revival
Building in NYC.Building in NYC.
New York New York CityCityseal.seal.
Names Harlem, Brooklyn
Architecture gambrel roof
Customs Easter eggs, Santa Claus, waffles, bowling, sleighing, skating, kolf [golf].
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
The QuakersThe QuakersThe QuakersThe QuakersCalled Quakers because they “quaked” during intense religious practices.
They offended religious & secular leaders in England.
Refused to pay taxes to support the Church of England.
They met without paid clergy
Believed all were children of God refused to treat the upper classes with deference.
Keep hats on.
Addressed them as commoners
Wouldn’t take oaths.
Pacifists.
Aristocratic Englishman.
1660 – attracted tothe Quaker faith.
Embraced Quakerismafter military service.
1681 he received agrant from king (Charles II)to establish a colony.
This settled a debt the king owed his father.
Named Pennsylvania [“Penn’s Woodland”].
He sent out paid agents and advertised for settlers his pamphlets were pretty honest.
Liberal land policy attracted many immigrants.
“Holy Experiment” in America.
William PennWilliam PennWilliam PennWilliam Penn
Royal Land Grant to Royal Land Grant to PennPenn
Royal Land Grant to Royal Land Grant to PennPenn
Penn & Native Penn & Native AmericansAmericans
Penn & Native Penn & Native AmericansAmericans
Bought [didn’t simply take] land from Indians.
Quakers went among the Indians unarmed.
BUT…….. non-Quaker Europeans flooded PA
Treated native peoples poorly.
This undermined the actions of the Quakers!
Penn’s Treaty with Penn’s Treaty with thetheNative AmericansNative Americans
Penn’s Treaty with Penn’s Treaty with thetheNative AmericansNative Americans
Government of Government of PennsylvaniaPennsylvania
Government of Government of PennsylvaniaPennsylvania
Representative assembly elected by landowners.
No tax-supported church.
Political liberty
Freedom of worship guaranteed to all.
Forced to deny right to vote & hold office to Catholics & Jews by English govt.
Death penalty only for treason & murder.
Compared to 200 capital crimes in England!
Pennsylvanian SocietyPennsylvanian SocietyPennsylvanian SocietyPennsylvanian Society
Attracted many different people
Religious misfits from other colonies.
Many different ethnic groups.
No provision for military defense.
No restrictions on immigration.
No slavery!!
“Blue Laws” [sumptuary laws] against stage plays, cards, dice, excessive hilarity, etc.
A society that gave its citizens economic opportunity, civil liberty, & religious freedom!!
Pennsylvania Summary
1. Religious toleration2. political liberty3. respectful treatment of the
Indians4. Generous terms on which Penn
offered land5. Penn offered aid to immigrants6. Freemen (taxpayers and property owners elected the councilors and
assembly
Philadelphia & Boston Philadelphia & Boston ComparedCompared
Philadelphia & Boston Philadelphia & Boston ComparedCompared
Urban Population Urban Population GrowthGrowth
1650 - 17751650 - 1775
Urban Population Urban Population GrowthGrowth
1650 - 17751650 - 1775
New JerseyNew
Jersey
New Jersey — PA’s New Jersey — PA’s NeighborNeighbor
New Jersey — PA’s New Jersey — PA’s NeighborNeighbor1664 aristocratic
proprietors rcvd. the area from the Duke of York.
Many New Englanders [because of worn out soil] moved to NJ.
1674 West NJ sold to Quakers.
East NJ eventually acquired by Quakers.
1702 E & W NJ combined into NJ and created one colony.
New Jersey: named after the island of Jersey: (Sir George Carteret)
• Originally East and West Jersey• Came under control of New York in
1664• East: NYC (Dutch settlers • West: Phila. Swedish settlers
• 1676: Quakers• 1689: common ownership of New Jersey, but
not really unified.• 1702: Royal colony
DelawareDelaware
Delaware — PA’s Delaware — PA’s NeighborNeighbor
Delaware — PA’s Delaware — PA’s NeighborNeighbor
Named after Lord De La Warr [harsh military governor of VA in 1610].
Closely associated with Penn’s colony.
1703 granted its own assembly.
Remained under the control of PA until the American Revolution.
First controlled by the Swedes, Dutch, then English
Ethnic GroupsEthnic GroupsEthnic GroupsEthnic Groups
Southern Colonies
MarylandMarylandMarylandMaryland
A royal charter wasA royal charter wasgranted to granted to GeorgeGeorgeCalvert, Lord Calvert, Lord Baltimore,Baltimore,in 1632.in 1632.
Maryland named for Maryland named for
Wife of Charles I, Queen Wife of Charles I, Queen
Henrietta MariaHenrietta Maria
A A proprietary proprietary colony colony created in 1634.created in 1634.
A healthier locationA healthier locationthan Jamestownthan Jamestown..
Tobacco would be the Tobacco would be the main crop.main crop.
Huge tracts of land granted to his Catholic Huge tracts of land granted to his Catholic relativesrelatives..
The Settlement of The Settlement of MarylandMaryland
The Settlement of The Settlement of MarylandMaryland
Colonization of Colonization of MarylandMaryland
Colonization of Colonization of MarylandMaryland
St Mary’s City St Mary’s City (1634)(1634)St Mary’s City St Mary’s City (1634)(1634)
Currency in Early Currency in Early MarylandMaryland
Currency in Early Currency in Early MarylandMaryland
Colonists only willing to come to Colonists only willing to come to MD if they received landMD if they received land..
Colonists who did come received Colonists who did come received modest farms dispersed around the modest farms dispersed around the Chesapeake area.Chesapeake area.
Catholic land barons surrounded by Catholic land barons surrounded by mostly Protestant small farmmostly Protestant small farmersers..
Conflict between barons and farmers led Conflict between barons and farmers led to Baltimore losing proprietary rights at to Baltimore losing proprietary rights at the end of the 17the end of the 17cc..
In the late 1600s, black slaves In the late 1600s, black slaves began to be importedbegan to be imported..
A Haven for CatholicsA Haven for CatholicsA Haven for CatholicsA Haven for Catholics
Baltimore permitted high degree of Baltimore permitted high degree of freedom of worship freedom of worship in order to in order to prevent repeat of persecution of prevent repeat of persecution of Catholics by Protestants.Catholics by Protestants.
High number of Protestants threatened High number of Protestants threatened because of overwhelming rights given to because of overwhelming rights given to Catholics.Catholics.
Toleration Act of 1649Toleration Act of 1649 Supported by the Catholics in MD.Supported by the Catholics in MD.
Guaranteed toleration to all Guaranteed toleration to all CHRISTIANSCHRISTIANS..
Decreed death to those who denied the Decreed death to those who denied the divinity of Jesus [like Jews, atheists, etc.].divinity of Jesus [like Jews, atheists, etc.].
In one way, it was less tolerant than In one way, it was less tolerant than before the law was passed!!before the law was passed!!
A Haven for CatholicsA Haven for CatholicsA Haven for CatholicsA Haven for Catholics
MD Toleration Act, MD Toleration Act, 16491649MD Toleration Act, MD Toleration Act, 16491649
Virginia
Why was Why was 16191619 a pivotal year a pivotal year
for the for the Chesapeake Chesapeake settlement?settlement?
Why was Why was 16191619 a pivotal year a pivotal year
for the for the Chesapeake Chesapeake settlement?settlement?
1619: Year of Importance
• 1. House of Burgesses established • 2. arrival of African slaves• 3. women arrived: thank goodness!!• 4. Profitable trade in tobacco
VirginiaVirginiaHouse of BurgessesHouse of Burgesses
VirginiaVirginiaHouse of BurgessesHouse of Burgesses
The House of Burgesses established in The House of Burgesses established in 16191619 & began to assume the role of the House of & began to assume the role of the House of Commons in EnglandCommons in England
Control over finances, militia, etc.Control over finances, militia, etc.
By the end of the 17By the end of the 17cc, H of B was able , H of B was able to initiate to initiate legislationlegislation..
First self-governing assembly in New WorldFirst self-governing assembly in New World
A Council appointed by royal governorA Council appointed by royal governor
Mainly leading planters.Mainly leading planters.
Functions like House of LordsFunctions like House of Lords..
High death rates ensured rapid turnover of High death rates ensured rapid turnover of
membersmembers..
Growing Political PowerGrowing Political PowerGrowing Political PowerGrowing Political Power
James I grew hostile to VirginiaJames I grew hostile to Virginia
He hated tobacco.He hated tobacco.
He distrusted the House of He distrusted the House of Burgesses which he called a Burgesses which he called a seminary of seditionseminary of sedition..
1624 1624 he revoked the he revoked the charter of the bankrupt VA charter of the bankrupt VA Company.Company.
Thus, VA became a royal colony, Thus, VA became a royal colony, under the king’s direct controlunder the king’s direct control!!
Virginia Becomes a Royal Virginia Becomes a Royal ColonyColony
Virginia Becomes a Royal Virginia Becomes a Royal ColonyColony
English Tobacco English Tobacco LabelLabel
English Tobacco English Tobacco LabelLabel
First Africans arrived in Jamestown First Africans arrived in Jamestown in in 16191619..
Their status was not clear Their status was not clear perhaps perhaps slaves, perhaps indentured servants.slaves, perhaps indentured servants.
Slavery not that important until the end Slavery not that important until the end of the 17of the 17cc..
1717c c PopulationPopulationin the Chesapeakein the Chesapeake
1717c c PopulationPopulationin the Chesapeakein the Chesapeake
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
1607 1630 1650 1670 1690
White
Black
WHY this large increase in black WHY this large increase in black popul.??popul.??
The Atlantic Slave TradeThe Atlantic Slave TradeThe Atlantic Slave TradeThe Atlantic Slave Trade
The “Middle Passage”The “Middle Passage”The “Middle Passage”The “Middle Passage”
As the number of slaves As the number of slaves increased, increased, white colonists white colonists reacted to put down perceived reacted to put down perceived racial threatracial threat..
Slavery transformed from Slavery transformed from economic to economic and racial economic to economic and racial institution.institution.
Early 1600s Early 1600s differences between differences between slave and servant were unclear.slave and servant were unclear.
By the mid-1680s, black slaves By the mid-1680s, black slaves outnumbered white indentured outnumbered white indentured servantsservants..
Colonial SlaveryColonial SlaveryColonial SlaveryColonial Slavery
Beginning in 1662 Beginning in 1662 “Slave Codes”“Slave Codes”
Made blacks [and their children] Made blacks [and their children] property, or property, or chattelchattel for life of white for life of white masters.masters.
In some colonies, it was a crime to In some colonies, it was a crime to teach teach a slave to read or write.a slave to read or write.
Conversion to Conversion to Christianity did Christianity did not qualify the not qualify the slave for slave for freedom.freedom.
Colonial SlaveryColonial SlaveryColonial SlaveryColonial Slavery
Late 1600s Late 1600s large numbers of large numbers of young, poor, discontented men in young, poor, discontented men in the Chesapeake area.the Chesapeake area.
Little access to land or women for Little access to land or women for marriage.marriage.
1670 1670 The Virginia Assembly The Virginia Assembly disenfranchised most landless men!disenfranchised most landless men!
Frustrated FreemenFrustrated FreemenFrustrated FreemenFrustrated Freemen
Led 1,000 Virginians Led 1,000 Virginians in a rebellion against in a rebellion against Governor BerkeleyGovernor Berkeley
Rebels resented Rebels resented Berkeley’s close Berkeley’s close relations with relations with Indians.Indians.
Berkeley Berkeley monopolized the fur monopolized the fur trade with the trade with the Indians in the area.Indians in the area.
Berkley refused to Berkley refused to retaliate for Indian retaliate for Indian attacks on frontier attacks on frontier settlements.settlements.
Nathaniel Bacon’s Nathaniel Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676Rebellion: 1676
Nathaniel Bacon’s Nathaniel Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676Rebellion: 1676
Nathaniel Nathaniel BaconBacon
GovernoGovernorr
William William BerkeleyBerkeley
Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676
Rebels attacked Indians, whether Rebels attacked Indians, whether they were friendly or not to whites.they were friendly or not to whites.
Governor Berkeley driven from Governor Berkeley driven from Jamestown.Jamestown.
They burned the capital.They burned the capital.
Rebels went on a rampage of Rebels went on a rampage of plundering.plundering.
Bacon suddenly died of fever.Bacon suddenly died of fever.
Berkeley brutally crushed the Berkeley brutally crushed the rebellion and hanged 20 rebels.rebellion and hanged 20 rebels.
Bacon’s RebellionBacon’s RebellionBacon’s RebellionBacon’s Rebellion
Governor Berkeley’sGovernor Berkeley’s“Fault Line”“Fault Line”
Governor Berkeley’sGovernor Berkeley’s“Fault Line”“Fault Line”
It exposed It exposed resentments between resentments between inland frontiersmen and landless inland frontiersmen and landless former servants against gentry on former servants against gentry on coastal plantations.coastal plantations.
Socio-economic class Socio-economic class differences/clashes differences/clashes between rural between rural and urban communities would and urban communities would continue throughout American continue throughout American history.history.
Upper class planters searched for Upper class planters searched for laborers less likely to rebel laborers less likely to rebel BLACK BLACK SLAVES!!SLAVES!!
Results of Bacon’s Results of Bacon’s RebellionRebellion
Results of Bacon’s Results of Bacon’s RebellionRebellion
The Carolinas
The Carolinas
Carolina
• 1. Carolina: Latin for Charles, Carolus• 2. 1624: Virginia Company: • North of the James River: Maryland• South: of the Virginia Colony
The West Indies The West Indies Way Way Station to Mainland Station to Mainland
AmericaAmerica
The West Indies The West Indies Way Way Station to Mainland Station to Mainland
AmericaAmerica1670 a group of small English farmers from the West Indies arrived in Carolina.
Were squeezed out by sugar barons.
Sugar barons brought black slaves and a model of the Barbados slave code with them.
The King granted Carolina to 8 supporters
They hoped to use Carolina to supply their plantations in Barbados with food and export wine, silk, and olive oil to Europe.
Settling the “Lower Settling the “Lower South”South”
Settling the “Lower Settling the “Lower South”South”
Colonizing the CarolinasColonizing the CarolinasColonizing the CarolinasColonizing the Carolinas
Carolina developed close economic ties to the West Indies.
Many Carolinian settlers were originally from the West Indies.
Port of Charles Port of Charles Town, SCTown, SC
Port of Charles Port of Charles Town, SCTown, SC
Became the busiest port in the South.
City with aristocratic feel.
Religious toleration attracted diverse inhabitants.
The primary export.
Rice was still an exotic food in England.
Was grown in Africa, so planters imported West African slaves.
These slaves had a genetic trait that made them immune to malaria.
By 1710 black slaves were a majority in Carolina.
Crops of Crops of the the Carolinas: Carolinas: RiceRice
Crops of Crops of the the Carolinas: Carolinas: RiceRice
American Long American Long Grain RiceGrain Rice
Crops of theCrops of theCarolinas: Carolinas:
IndigoIndigo
Crops of theCrops of theCarolinas: Carolinas:
IndigoIndigoIn colonial times, the main use for indigo was as a dye for spun cotton threads that were woven into cloth for clothes.
Today in the US, the main use for indigo is a dye for cotton work clothes & blue jeans.
Rice & Indigo ExportsRice & Indigo Exportsfrom SC & GA: 1698-from SC & GA: 1698-
17751775
Rice & Indigo ExportsRice & Indigo Exportsfrom SC & GA: 1698-from SC & GA: 1698-
17751775
Conflict With Spanish Conflict With Spanish FloridaFlorida
Conflict With Spanish Conflict With Spanish FloridaFlorida
Catholic Spain hated the mass of Protestants on their borders.
Anglo-Spanish Wars
The Spanish conducted border raids on Carolina.
Either inciting local Native Americans to attack or attacking themselves.
By 1700 Carolina was too strong to be wiped out by the Spanish!
The Emergence of North The Emergence of North CarolinaCarolina
The Emergence of North The Emergence of North CarolinaCarolinaNorthern part of Carolina shared a
border with VA
Dissenters from VA moved south to northern Carolina.
Poor farmers with little need for slaves.
Religious dissenters.
Distinctive trait of North Carolinians
trong spirit of resistance to authority.
1712 NC officially separated from SC.
GeorgiaGeorgia
18c Southern 18c Southern ColoniesColonies
18c Southern 18c Southern ColoniesColonies
Late-Coming GeorgiaLate-Coming GeorgiaLate-Coming GeorgiaLate-Coming Georgia
Founded in 1733.
Last of the 13 colonies.
Named in honor of King George II.
Founded by James Oglethorpe: rehab
People through hard word and opportunity
Oglethorpre
• Model poor: Georgia would be founded by those who could not pay their debts in England
• Utopian rules in place: no slavery or rum
Georgia--The “Buffer” Georgia--The “Buffer” ColonyColony
Georgia--The “Buffer” Georgia--The “Buffer” ColonyColony
Chief Purpose of Creating Georgia:
As a “buffer” between the valuable Carolinas & Spanish Florida & French Louisiana.
A haven for debtors thrown in to prison.
Determined to keep slavery and rum out.
Slavery found in GAby 1750.
The Port City of The Port City of Savannah Savannah
The Port City of The Port City of Savannah Savannah
Diverse community.
All Christians except Catholics enjoyed religious toleration.
North-South Divide
• New England: all class, mobile, and fluctuating society with upward movement pushed by solid work ethic
• South: gentry land owning class with hereditary longings, emphasis on families, using indentured servants and black slaves. Religion used to maintain the status quo, rather than overwhelming desire to live a godly life.Division of country into north and south