The Meaning of Integrated Waste ManagementSeptember 1st, 2001

Christopher J. Barrett, NH Pollution Prevention Intern

For a common person audience:

Over the course of the summer through discussion with family, friends, coworkers, and those in the Durham / UNH community, I have noted a misunderstanding by some when the term integrated waste management is mentioned. I too was guilty of this fault when I first heard the term because of my background in concrete thinking. The mistaken perceptions include focusing on one of the many issues involved and thinking that the word integrated means completely the same entity. An incorrect example would be thinking that integrated waste management requires an integrated waste management facility for the town and campus and that the two management programs would have to be molded perfectly into one operating department. First of all, integrated waste management focuses on many issues of waste including, but not restricted to, refuse, recyclables, composting, brush burning, bulky waste, electronic waste, household hazardous waste, and non-household hazardous waste. Second an integrated waste management facility is not required for an integrated waste management program for the town and campus and an integrated facility is a broad definition for a place that the town and campus would be working together on waste management.

Integrated waste management means that the town and campus work together on waste management issues whether that means communicating, analyzing the other's program, helping each other out, combining forces, or becoming one entity. The ultimate goal of any integrated program is to have two programs working as a team, which leads to possibilities in higher operational efficiency, savings, and waste reduction amongst other possibilities.

For a business person audience:

It has come to my attention that the term integrated waste management has been mistaken by some to mean an integrated waste management facility. As a point of clarification it should be noted that integrated waste management means looking at the waste generated by the Durham / UNH community as the responsibility of Durham and UNH and therefore tackling the issue of waste management as a team. Through communication and working together improvements in operational efficiency, waste reduction, environmental impact, and savings can occur. It would be unfortunate and unwise if irrational thinking clouded our judgements on the issue of integrated waste management due to the politics involved with an integrated waste management facility.

2001 Pollution Prevention Internship Program

Final Report

Date: Friday, August 31, 2001Project Title: Integrated Waste Management System: Modeling best practices in the UNH Durham Community.

Intern: Christopher J. Barrett9 Woodman Avenue, Apt. #216 Durham, NH 03824Email: cbarrett@cisunix.unh.edu

Facility: Office of Sustainability Programs, UNH107 Nesmith HallDurham, NH 03824

Executive Summary: The Office of Sustainability Programs (OSP) is interested in coordinating with UNH facilities, Health and Safety, Purchasing, and the Town of Durham in the development of an Integrated Waste Management System (IWMS). Successful design and implementation of a single IWMS for Durham and UNH will advance good public administration while supporting the teaching, research, and extension mission of the university.

Background: Integrated Waste Management is a systemic approach to management of institutional and community waste streams. IWMS includes siting of facilities, developing systems for resource recovery, and policies and practices that result in significant waste reduction. Neither Durham nor UNH have an IWMS in place, and there is no confirmed policy to pursue a single IWMS for the town and the university. Since Durham and the University are in the process of reviewing their waste management systems in the context of master planning, this is an opportune time to pursue a systemic approach to IWMS.

History of Integrated Waste Management Discussion for Durham & UNHIn April 1997, a committee was formed consisting of town and campus officials

and staff to explore the possibility of building a cooperatively owned and operated solid waste / recycling facility. All involved agreed that such a facility would be the most cost-effective option for the community's future solid waste and recycling programs. This committee met over the next two years (1997 & 1998) and produced a draft report of their findings in July of 1998.(25)(2) The report was then given to the Office of

Sustainability Programs, which was formed in July of 1997,(29) and experts were brought in for further analysis.(7) The only progress which has been made since the meeting has been, the purchase of a jointly owned rolloff truck by suggestion of the report.(28) Tom Kelly, UNH Office of Sustainability Programs (OSP), held a meeting to further review the cooperative venture in 1999. (2) That year the town Recycling Committee evaluated the town waste management and started looking into Pay as You Throw (PAYT) programs. Since then they have proposed a PAYT program for Durham.

In February of 2000, Julie Newman, OSP, joined the Durham Recycling Committee, serving as a liaison between the town and OSP. In the fall of 2000, two UNH students did an independent study on recycling and waste management in the Greek system. Conversations were started with Guy Hodgdon and OSP about diverting town leaves to the UNH compost facility at Kingman Farm. In the spring of 2001, the town's 'Recycling Committee' became the 'Integrated Waste Management Committee'.(28) In the summer of 2000, OSP hired two interns Yi Luo and myself, Chris Barrett, to investigate respectively electronic recycling on campus and integrated waste management systems.

Contents:

Pages 3 to 19 I.) Assessment of Durham Waste Management Program 20 to 31 II.) Assessment of UNH Waste Management Program 32 to 34 III.) Challenges in Solid Waste, Hazardous Waste, Recycling for Durham and UNH Programs. 34 to 38 IV.) Choices in Solid Waste, Hazardous Waste, Recycling for Durham and UNH Programs from 1998 Solid Waste / Recycling Committee 38 to 45 V.) Proposals for Durham & UNH Waste Management Programs 45 to 47 Appendix A. - What other Colleges & College-Towns have Done 48 to 50 Appendix B. - Glossary 50 to 51 Appendix C. - References & Related Sources 52 Appendix D. - Acknowledgements 53 to 56 Appendix E. - Contact Resources & Links

I.) Assessment of Durham Waste Management ProgramAugust 9th, 2001

All information directly from Guy Hodgdon's "Solid Waste Management Report, Nov 1999" or through personal contact with Guy Hodgdon, except otherwise noted.

Index1.) Organization (pg 4 - 12)

1A.) Refuse & Recyclables (4-5)1Aa.) Refuse Disposal (4-5)1Ab.) Alternate Week Collection of Recyclables & Processing (5)

1B.) Other Materials Dealt With & How they are Dealt with (pg 5-8)1Ba.) Brush Burn Pit ( 5-6 )1Bb.) Bulky Waste/ Demolition Handling (6)1Bc.) Car/Truck "Wet Cell" Battery Collection (6)1Bd.) Electronic Recycling (6)1Be.) Freon Gas Removal/ Recycling (6)1Bf.) Household Battery Collection (7)1Bg.) Leaf and Yard Wastes Handling (7)1Bh.) Paint Recycling/Disposal (7)1Bi.) Propane Tank Recycling (7)1Bj.) Scrap Metal Recycling (7)1Bk.) Solid Fill Disposal (8)1Bl.) Textile Recycling (8)1Bm.) Tires (8)1Bn.) Tree Stumps Disposal (8)1Bo.) Waste Oil and Oil Filters (8)

1C.) Special Programs (pg 9-10)1Ca.) Spring Cleanup (9)1Cb.) Fall Cleanup (9)1Cc.) Hazardous Waste Collection Day (9-10)1Cd.) Litter Removal Downtown/Parks (10)

1D.) Other (pg 10-12)1Da.) NRRA Northeast Resource Recovery Association (10)1Db.) Privatization of Services (10)1Dc.) Rutland County Evaluation of Durham (11)1Dd.) SWMF Permit System (11-12)

2.) Accounting System (pg 12)2A.) Info on PAYT (12)

3.) Infrastructure (pg 13)

3C.) Rolloff Containers owned by Dump (13)4.) Costs & Trends (pg 14 - 19)

4A.) Unaudited Expenditures for the 2000 Fiscal Year. (14)4B.) Tonnages & Cost Trends (15-19)

**Note** Glossary & References are found at the end of the entire report

1.) Organization

A Normal Week

Mon - Thur : Residential Trash and Recycling Pickup Mon - Fri : Recycling Processing Tuesday & Saturday : Site is open to public for dumping

Staffing: Solid Waste Division of Durham Public Works Department

Guy Hodgdon, the superintendent of the Solid Waste Division and Water Division of Public Works oversees all operations and the facilities. Working for him in the Solid Waste Division he has four full time workers and one half-time worker. Their tasks are to collect the refuse and recyclables around town, process the recyclables, haul demolition materials and bulky waste, monitor the site when it is open to the public, and monitor the commercial recycling program. Each worker works four ten-hour shifts since it allows them to finish the collection routes on time. (1)

1A.) Refuse & Recyclables

1Aa.) Refuse Disposal Durham has contracted with Waste Management Incorporated (WMI) in

Rochester, NH for disposal of municipal solid waste, MSW, from Durham. WMI has the best prices for disposal in southern NH because they are the only private landfill in the region. The solid waste division collects the residential waste curbside and then directly delivers the waste to WMI's Turnkey Landfill. Residential refuse is paid for through property taxes. Commercial businesses and multi-unit apartments have their refuse picked up by WMI and receive their bill from WMI. On July 1st, 2001 commercial businesses and multi-unit apartments began paying for their own refuse in order to encourage them to increase their recycling rate. Recycling disposal fees for businesses and multi-units are still paid for by the town. A Pay as You Throw (PAYT) program is also being proposed to shift the fees from the property tax to a program where individuals pay per trash bag. (1 & 2, pg. 38, 44)

1Ab.) Alternate Week Collection of Recyclables: Recycling & Processing In January of 1999, the town started an alternate week collection program

for recyclable material at the curbside. All container type material (bottles, cans, etc.) would be collected one week and the fiber or paper material (newspaper, cardboard, etc) would be collected the next week. Refuse would continue to be collected on a weekly

basis at the curbside. The change occurred due to the increase in recyclable material that had to be hauled, markets for separated containers didn't justify cost to separate, time to complete the collection route had increased significantly, and staff time for the division was marginal to perform the previous recycling tasks. The program's benefits allowed for one worker to focus on refuse, while the other focused on recyclables allowing for each to get around the collection routes in the available time for that day. The program allowed for one worker to spend time on processing fiber as opposed to recycling collection and for the recyclables to be hauled to market instead of picked up by an outside contractor. The program increased recycling revenue by over $7,000, decreased cost of hauling material by around $90 a load, a savings of $18,000, increased the amount of fiber baled from 514 bales in 1998 to 846 bales in 1999, and improved the general appearance of the transfer facility. Even with these changes the division remains understaffed to properly perform their tasks on a regular basis. If a person takes leave for any reason or there is equipment failure the Solid Waste Division must rely on other divisions to help complete the tasks in the required time. (2, pg. 41)

1B.) Other Materials Dealt With & How they are Dealt with

1Ba.) Brush Burn Pit The town uses an area approximately 100' square at the transfer facility to

collect and burn brush and unpainted wood up to 5" in diameter. The burning is done by permit from the State of NH, which is renewed yearly. Water supply is short at the site forcing the Fire Dept. to make numerous trips to quench the fire (if needed). Burning is not possible all the time due to the weather conditions, which can cause a backlog of material. The area must be monitored during the burning process, which normally runs into overtime situations. Closeness to the woods and a residential area is also a concern. A problem will appear once the Durham landfill is capped because this operation will no longer be able to be done as it has forcing either sending the brush to Turnkey or the chipping of the brush. A new burn pit wouldn't be allowed to be built due to state laws that now exist. (1& 2, pg. 18)

1Bb.) Bulky Waste/ Demolition Handling Bulky waste and demolition material is currently accepted at the transfer

station. A coupon is required to unload material and two of these coupons are given to each resident with their yearly Solid Waste Management Facility Permit. This waste is also collected from the curb during the Spring Cleanup Program. Another option deals with how some of the material can be recycled if separated from the rest. This would require residents to put different materials into different containers and staff to do quality control prior to hauling the material. Current lack of space at the transfer site make this option unfeasible.

The bulky waste is currently hauled using the Town/UNH rolloff truck with in-house labor and disposed of at Kingston, NH approved landfill. Kingston landfill specializes in bulky waste, but will be closing soon. (32) The town owns the rolloff containers used in this program. Disposal fees for bulky waste at Kingston and Turnkey landfills are close and are bid against each other. (2, pg. 26-28)

1Bc.) Car/Truck "Wet Cell" Battery Collection These batteries are only collected at the transfer station, where they are

stored on pallets under cover and hauled to Harding Metals in Northwood, NH for recycling. The town markets the automobile batteries two to three times a year. Approximately 125 units come in a year and are sold at $1.50 each for a revenue of $185. (2, pg. 7)

1Bd.) Electronic RecyclingThe town currently does not have any programs set up for electronic

recycling. This will be reviewed in the near future. (1, 8/9/01)

1Be.) Freon Gas Removal/Recycling Freon gas is a coolant used in most refrigerators, air conditioners, freezers,

etc and is regulated by the EPA. The gas is removed at the transfer facility by Harding Metals, of Northwood, NH, who recycles the gas material. Usually a hundred units are collected in a year with a $10 cost each for removal. The cost to train a town worker to do this and keep them is too high in comparison to using Harding Metals. (2, pg. 8)

1Bf.) Household Battery Collection Household batteries are collected curbside with normal recyclables and at

the transfer station. Most dry cell batteries, such as AA, A, C, D, etc., made after 1995 are mercury free. Batteries made before then are sorted out and disposed of through Laidlaw Environmental Services Inc. of Lawrence, MA. (2, pg. 6)

1Bg.) Leaf and Yard Wastes Handling Leaf and yard waste is accepted from residents at the facility and piled in

an area adjacent to the west-facing slope of the area. Leaves collected at the curb during the Fall Cleanup Program are directly hauled to a commercial composting facility in Epping or Hampton, NH using the refuse packer for collection. Space isn't available to do new processes such as composting at the transfer station due to the capping in the future of the landfill. (2, pg. 22)

1Bh.) Paint Recycling/Disposal Paint is split into three categories. Oil based, latex, and other. Oil based

paint, which includes oil based stains, varnishes, and polyurethane-based coatings is recycled through Laidlaw Environmental Services of Lawrence, MA. and requires delivery to the transfer station by residents. Latex paint is disposed of after it is dried and the metal container is then recycled in the commingled containers. Paint materials that don't fall into these two categories must be held for Hazardous Waste Collection Day. (2, pg. 9)

1Bi.) Propane Tank Recycling Residents leave their propane tanks at the transfer station for recycling.

Yankee Gas of Middleton, M.A. collects the tanks 4 to 5 times a year. The usable tanks are repaired, cleaned, and refilled, while unusable tanks are recycled for their metal

content. Revenue from the program is about $100 a year. Approximately 190 tanks are dealt with in a year. (2, pg. 16)

1Bj.) Scrap Metal Recycling Scrap metal is collected at the transfer station by resident delivery and

through the Spring Cleanup Program. The metal is separated into piles of light iron, heavy iron, and aluminum. The material is marketed either loose or baled depending on what gives the best price, since baling costs labor hours to do. The materials are marketed three to four times a year. Residents are required to bring the metal free of contaminants. In a year a 100 tons of metal is collected and sold at about $13 a ton for a revenue of $1,300. (2, pg. 11)

1Bk.) Solid Fill Disposal Solid fill (concrete, bricks, rocks, soil, etc) is not accepted at the SWMF.

Residents needing to dispose of this material are directed to an approved landfill. The Public Works Dept. also maintains a list of areas in and around Durham that are looking for solid fill material. (2, pg. 24)

1Bl.) Textile Recycling Textiles are collected at the curbside weekly as part of the recycling

program. Residents simply put the material in a plastic bad, label, and put it out by the curb on their normal recycling day. This material can also be delivered to the transfer station or dropped off directly at non-profit companies like Goodwill, Salvation Army, etc including the Goodwill bin at the transfer station. (2, pg. 4)

1Bm.) Tires Tires are collected in a 30 cubic yard rolloff at the transfer station where

residents deliver them or they are picked up during Spring Cleanup. Approximately 3.26 tons of tires can be fit in a 30 cubic yard rolloff depending on sizes of tires and packing. The tires are then hauled off to the disposal/recycling center using town labor and equipment. The center used depends on the best price available. 2000 budget was $3,000. Cost to dispose of tires in other communities ranges from $1 to $5+ dollars per tire. (2, pg. 13)

1Bn.) Tree Stumps Disposal Tree stump disposal is not handled at the transfer station. The facility is

not permitted to accept this material and residents are directed to an approved landfill, such as Turnkey. The stumps are not picked up during Spring or Fall Cleanup either. (2, pg. 21)

1Bo.) Waste Oil and Oil Filters Waste oil is collected in a fully contained 275 gallon tank at the transfer

station. Residents bring the waste oil to the facility and pour it into the tank. When the tank is full, waste oil hauler, Wentworth Oil of Rollinsford, NH, samples the oil for contaminants prior to the removal of the oil. The oil is used in heating greenhouses. Used oil filters are deposited in Department of Transportation, D.O.T., approved 55

gallon barrels at the facility. When full these containers are picked up by Advanced Recycling of Concord, N.H., who recycles the oil. The oil filter is then crushed and the metal is recycled. The hauler of the waste oil takes the oil and charges the town nothing. The oil filters cost about $1,500 a year to recycle and dispose of. (2, pg. 14)

1C.) Special Programs

1Ca.) Spring Cleanup Held annually in May or June. The program allows residents to put stuffed

goods, metal items, appliances, tires, etc. at the curbside for collection by Public Works. The collection and disposal of the material requires the use of the entire Public Works Dept. labor force and many vehicles for two to three weeks. While this is a convenient disposal option for residents, it is very expensive. Approximately $225/ton in 1999. Newmarket has a similar program that uses a private contractor to provide the collection vehicles, while the town provides the labor. Newmarket's cost is approximately $169/ton. Fees charged for the vehicle rental by the private contractor are close to Durham's costs for our program in regard to equipment. It is suggested to do the whole program through a private contractor because it would cost as much as the current program and allow for normal operation with the Public Works department. The 1999 and 2000 budget set forth for Spring Cleanup was $25,000. 2000 program cost $29,130 with 578.5 hours of work done and 110.98 tons collected. The 1999 program cost $25,500 with 518 hours of work done and 113.89 tons collected. Before Spring Cleanup fliers are sent out on where to send good furniture that is unwanted to places such as Goodwill, Salvation Army, My Friends Place, Operation Blessing. (2, pg. 30 & Section 4)

1Cb.) Fall Cleanup Fall Cleanup is another annual program that occurs in October or November.

Leaves, brush, and yard waste are placed curbside for collection by the Public Works Department. This program usually takes two weeks to complete using Highway Division employees and vehicles. Many times other division employees must be used to assist with this program. 1999 cost for the program was $7,900 with 232 labor hours used and 7 tons of leaves and 57 loads of brush (456CY). 1998 cost for the program was $10,160 with 340 labor hours used and 9.75 tons of leaves and 28 tons of brush (280CY). (2, pg. 31 & Section 4)

1Cc.) Hazardous Waste Collection Day Hazardous waste Collection Day is held every other year. Durham joins with

other local towns in the program to spread the fixed cost over a larger base, reducing costs for all. Typical items collected include solvents, thinners, pesticides, chemicals, etc. which are all classified as hazardous waste by law and can't be dealt with under normal disposal programs. Public education programs on alternatives to these hazardous waste products has begun, but the education program should be expanded. 2001 budget for a once every two year program is $5,000 and a yearly program budget would be $3,500. It is suggested that the switch to a yearly program be made in order to provide more reasonable, realistic, and responsible disposal options for residents. Waiting two

years to get rid of a can of pesticides is too long and residents will just throw the waste away with normal refuse causing environmental and health damage possibilities. Laidlaw Environmental Services was the transporter of the waste. (2, pg. 32 & Section 4 & 6)

1Cd.) Litter Removal Downtown/Parks Litter is removed from the downtown business district on a daily basis, 365 days a

year. A worker with a pick up truck from Durham Building and Roads empties barrels and picks up the litter. Four to five times a week litter is removed from the 6 park areas maintained by the town. The trash is then transported to the Durham transfer facility and emptied into the packer truck for disposal. This process takes an average of two hours a day. It takes longer in the summer months and shorter in the winter. This program generates 25-30 tons of trash per year. The 2000 budget was $11,950. While this is an expensive program, the clean appearance of the municipally owned areas aids business, tourism, and the town well being. There is only one recyclable(s) container location on Main Street. (2, pg. 33)

1D.) Other

1Da.) Northeast Resource Recovery Association (NRRA) Some of the products that are researched through the NRRA are textiles,

household batteries, freon gas removal, paint, scrap metal, waste oil, oil filters, and propane tanks. "The Northeast Resource Recovery Association is the primary market for most of the town's recyclables. This association represents over 230 towns in NH, VT, ME, and MA. They are able to get better pricing for the materials due to the total volume of material marketed through NRRA by all the communities. (Over 37,000 tons) A single telephone call to NRRA will get the recyclables to the best market available at that time at a competitive price. (2, pg. 3)

1Db.) Privatization of Services The Solid Waste Division has regularly gone out to bid for refuse and recycling

collection services from the private sector. Again this year we requested and received a quote from WMI to perform these services. While some may believe privatization will save money, and in the short run it might, over a long period of time, history has shown an efficient, cost effective, and well managed municipal program will be less expansive and much more responsive to the needs of it's residents. Newmarket is a local community who chose to stop solid waste collection, sold their equipment, and reassigned their personnel. They hired a private contractor to provide solid waste collection, start a recycling program using alternate week collection, and instituted a Pay as You Throw program all at the same time. During the first two to three years they saw a reduction in costs then the contract costs started to rise and recently their contract costs rose by 50% causing them to have to significantly raise the cost of their bags in the PAYT program. While it would be less expansive to provide their services municipally now, they would need to startup again, hire personnel and purchase new equipment. Municipalities, if operated correctly, should always be less expensive to operate, as they don't need to make the 10 to 15% profit margin that a private company must in order to

stay in business. All municipal operations should be operated as a business to stay cost effective and competitive. (2, pg. 46)

1Dc.) Rutland County evaluation of Durham "Durham has had the foresight to contract for disposal services on a long-

term basis that shields it from recent dramatic increases in cost. ...One area that impacts the cost of recycling is the low density of curbside collection that results in a higher overall cost. ...Durham is already looking at ways to combine waste and recycling into one vehicle and ways to improve compaction of collected material. If successful, these ideas could improve the recycling transport economics. Doubling the carry capacities of recyclables would reduce costs by as much as $15 a ton. Use of larger rolloffs at a redesigned transfer station with dock walls could also reduce the transport cost per ton. ...Trend explanation...A second impact on the cost of recycling is the revenue derived from the sale of the material. During 1998, values were significantly down. The reduced revenues were endemic in the industry. Since much of the material recycled is sold to Asian markets and the Asian economy was depressed in 1998, the lack of demand deflated market prices severely. For the year 1998, the revenue returned after transport and processing was a minus $11,174. Using the revenues of August 1999 for the same tonnage, the revenue would have been a positive $1,291. This swing of $13,000 equals a $12.60 a ton less than the $91 a ton of 1998. Using the 1999 rates, the cost of the service would be $79 a ton. While Asian markets have not improved dramatically, Durham's use of NRRA's marketing power has resulted in higher sales revenue. While recycling is costing slightly more than the cost of disposal, the difference is not great and has the potential to equate to disposal if sales revenue increases further or transportation costs are reduced."(4)

1Dd.) SWMF Permit System Solid Waste Management Facility (SWMF) permits or 'dump stickers' cost $5 a

year and the resident also receives two coupons to dispose of a total of up to 5 cubic yards or 1 ton of bulky waste at the SWMF. Additional bulky waste coupons can be purchased at a cost of $65 each. Based on daily accounts kept at the SWMF, 100 cars visit on Tuesday and 130 visit on Saturday. The numbers vary depending on the weather and time of year. It is suggested that the yearly permits be raised to $25 a year. Usually a 1000 permits are sold at $5, creating a revenue of $5,000, but the cost of disposing what is brought is usually $35,000. (2, pg. 25)

2.) Accounting System The Unaudited Expenditures for the 2000 fiscal year came to $421,847. (2000

Town Report (3)) Currently, the funds for the Solid Waste Division come from property taxes paid by the town of Durham. Meaning the family with the most expensive land pays more for waste disposal, even if they are very environmentally conscious in regards to waste and recycling, then a family with the least expensive land in town, who could be generating enormous amounts of waste and doesn't recycle. Town businesses and multi-unit apartments pay for their own refuse, and refuse containers. The town pays for the recyclables containers and WMI to pick up and dispose of the businesses' and multi-unit

apartments' recyclables. Permits are bought by residents to drop off materials at the transfer facility (see section 1Dd. - SWMF Permit System for more info).

2A.) Info on PAYT The Durham Integrated Waste Management Advisory Committee is

actively reviewing the implementation of a user cost based refuse program. These types of programs are becoming very popular in NH (around 34 municipalities) and around the country (over 4,000 municipalities) to reduce waste, increase recycling, and provide an equitable option for paying for refuse. The program requires residents to purchase special town bags to use for disposal of their refuse. All costs of the refuse program are covered in the pricing of the bags. Costs for the recycling program would continue to be paid from property taxes. The PAYT program as of July 2001 has not been initialized. Other programs have shown that PAYT reduces the total amount of solid waste generated due to residents being more conscious of what and how much they throw away, increases recycling for the previous reason, makes paying for solid waste equitable to how much you throw away as opposed to your property tax, and places control of disposal costs in the hands of those who generate the waste since they buy the bags and generate the waste. (2, pg. 40 & Section 8)

3.) Infrastructure 3A.) Table 1.01 - Inventory from Guy Hodgdon & Infrastructure from

Durham/UNH Cooperative Transfer Facility Report.

Year Equipment Condition Comments1996 CCC Packer Excellent Packer delivered 2/971992 International Recycler Good Holds 48 CY w/cage1998 Bobcat Skid Steer Loader

(843 B)Good W/forks & enlarged bucket, solid

tires1990 C & M Baler (horizontal) Good Used for paper & plastic1985 CCC Packer Fair Current refuse B/U Unit1993 5 - 30 CY Rolloffs Good Used for Glass & Bulky Waste

3 - 40' Box Trailers Poor Not Road Worthy - Storage OnlyHome made Plastic

SorterGood Gravity Feed - 9 CY

Waste Oil Container Excellent Remodeled 1996

Table 1.02 - Durham Point Road Solid Waste Transfer Facility InformationRoad Access Poor - Winding RoadAcreage 47.6

3-Phase Power YesAbutters Growing numbers, rural area with expensive homesOwnership TownTopography Mostly steep. Some gentler clear land and forested areas.Public Water NonePublic Sewer NoneOther Once landfill on site is capped, the town by law will be

required to relocate leaf and yard waste storage, brush burning, and most of the metals and other recyclables storage.

3C.) Rolloff Containers Currently, the town owns four 30 cubic yard rolloffs. In addition to this

they rent one 30 cubic yard rolloff. These containers are used for the storage and hauling of commingled recyclables, bulky waste, and tires. The containers are transported using the jointly owned (UNH and town) rolloff truck and in-house labor. Normal life expectancy of these units is 7 to 10 years depending on what material is stored in them. (2, pg. 29)

4.) Costs/Trends 4A.) Table 1.03 - The Unaudited Expenditures for the 2000 Fiscal Year came

to $421,847. (2000 Town Report (3))Area Unaudited Expenditures FY Ending

12/31/2000Administration $56,063Curbside Collection $159,224Transfer Station $86,581Litter Removal $11,855Recycling $75,380Vehicle Operation $32,744Total $421,847

4B.) Tonnages & Cost Trends(Refer to following pages)

II.) Assessment of UNH Waste Management ProgramAugust 31st, 2001

1.) Organization 1A.) Refuse - Facilities (Irving Canner & John Sanders) (pg 21)

1Aa.) Refuse Disposal1Ab.) Freon Gas Removal 1Ac.) Propane Tank Recycling

1B.) Recycling & Bulky Waste - UNH Recycling, Part of Grounds and Roads (Thomas Byron) (pg 22 )

1Ba.) Recyclables & Processing1Bb.) Bulky Waste / Demolition Handling / Solid Fill Disposal1Bc.) Textiles

1C.) Brush, Stumps, Leaf & Yard Waste - Grounds & Roads, (Bill Ponders) p23 1D.) Hazardous Waste - Environmental Health and Safety (Brad Manning) has a

Hazardous Waste Division (Marty McCrone) (pg 23)1Da.) Electronic Recycling

1E.) Composting - Office of Sustainability (Tom Kelly & Julie Newman), Dining (Richard LeHoullier), Kingman Farm (Steve Bunker), & COLSA (pg 24-25)

1F.) Waste Oil & Tires - Transportation Garage (Harold Knowles) (pg 25)1Fa.) Tires1Fb.) Waste Oil and Oil Filters

1G.) Special Events/Projects (pg 25-26)1Ga.) Whittemore Center Events

2.) Accounting System (pg 26)3.) Infrastructure (pg 26)4.) Staffing (pg 27)5.) Costs/Trends (pg 27 - 31)

1. Organization

1A.) Facilities (Irving Canner & John Sanders). UNH Facilities is split into several units of which some are Business Services

(Irving Canner) and Facilities Services (John Sanders). Business Services provides budgeting, accounting, and similar fields, while Facilities Services provides management

over departments such as Housekeeping, Grounds & Roads, UNH Recycling (part of Grounds & Roads) and Transportation. All of these departments, except for Transportation aid in the process of setting up a refuse contract with Waste Management Incorporated (WMI).

1Aa.) Refuse Disposal In the contract WMI places approximately 88 dumpsters of varying

size around campus to service the 150 buildings. WMI has a contract that includes collection, transportation, and disposal of refuse at their Turnkey Landfill in Rochester, NH.(5) The tipping fee and transport fee amount to about $98 dollars a ton and might be increasing by approximately 30% with the new contract negotiations occurring currently.(10) One automated truck comes around daily to empty the dumpsters during the school year. Supposedly the driver has been doing this for many years and has a system down for which bins he should visit on a given day. The waste is then brought to Turnkey Landfill, weighed, and a bill is created on a basis of weight.(5)

In residence halls, students bring out their own trash to the dumpster or compactor and housekeepers bring out the trash generated by the lounges, kitchen, bathrooms, and general vacuuming and cleaning. In academic buildings housekeepers take the trash out to the dumpsters. Compactors for refuse exist in various places across campus such as the Gables, Woodsides, the Memorial Union Building (MUB), Philbrook, and Stillings. (5)

1Ab.) Freon Gas Removal Facilities has technicians that do freon gas removal for the campus. ( 7 )

1Ac.) Propane Tank RecyclingUNH Facilities refills UNH propane tanks. In 2002, all tanks will need a

three knob system that prevents overflowing past the 80% full mark. Tanks without three knobs won't be refilled and hence are going to end up as scrap metal in 2002. A lot of tanks will be sent for recycling in 2002 because the cost to remodel old tanks will be about the same as the cost of the newer tanks. ( 7 )

1B.) Recycling & Bulky Waste - UNH Recycling, Part of Grounds and Roads (Director: Thomas Byron, Intern: Dena Blickstein)

1Ba.) Recyclables & ProcessingUNH Recycling takes care of the recycling of mixed containers, mixed

papers, cardboard, scrap metal, and confidential materials. There are 12-15 students working for the office during the school year and about 2 over the summer. These students take one of UNH's trucks around campus and pick up the cardboard put aside the toters or in the special cardboard bins. A full-time driver for UNH Recycling collects the mixed containers from the blue toters and mixed paper from the black toters. Supposedly there is one full time worker from Grounds and Roads that assists with UNH Recycling. The recyclables are brought to a concrete shed that was used for storing sand for Grounds and Roads. Byron finds the best deal under a contract for selling the mixed paper, cardboard, and mixed containers. Only cardboard is processed using a downstroke baler when the market makes it economically worthwhile. Mixed containers are taken by WMI

and mixed paper and cardboard are taken by a company called Korocan. Wind plays a factor in the timing of this operation, in the sense that this task is not done on windy days, unless necessary, since the wind spreads the paper as litter around the site. The wintertime's snow and cold weather also slow down the process since it is outdoors. Scrap metal is either delivered to the UNH Recycling site or a pickup request is made. Confidential materials, such as laboratory research, have been contracted out to Absolute Data Destruction. This last year an attempt was made to recycle aluminum separately, but it failed due to too much contamination, lack of room, and lack of another baler. Contamination of recyclable containers is a challenge that may be due to lack of knowledge or concern. ( 5 & 12 )

1Bb.) Bulky Waste/ Demolition Handling / Solid FillIf the material was generated by UNH then it either goes into the scrap

metal heap at UNH Recycling or goes into a Bulky Waste rolloff at Grounds & Roads.(27) Solid fill is usually only created by contractors. Any waste generated by a contractor is the responsibility of that contractor. ( 7 ) The rolloffs put out around campus during the move-out month of school are considered to be bulky waste no matter what students put in them. ( 27 ) A lot of the things which are thrown out during the end of the school year are objects that students just don't have the room to bring home and are actually not waste hence why there are so many 'garbage hunters' that search through the dumpsters.

1Bc.) Textile RecyclingBoxes for unwanted textiles are placed in the residence hauls at the end of

the year and picked up by UNH Recycling and then brought to Goodwill. (33)

1C.) Brush, Stumps, Leaf & Yard Waste - Grounds and Roads, (Bill Ponders)Grounds and Roads is responsible for the disposal of lawn trimmings,

fallen leaves, fallen branches, and tree stumps. In the past Grounds and Roads bagged the grass in the back of their lawn mowers, but have recently switched to special lawnmowers that cut the grass into smaller pieces and leave them on the ground. Leaves in the fall are sent to Kingman farms for composting. Branches are either shred into wood chips and used on trails throughout campus, around trees and bushes, and in college woods or burnt. Sanders estimates that half of the branches are chipped and half are burnt. At this time the burn pit is scheduled to be open indefinitely. Tree stumps are usually contracted out to Urban Tree. ( 6 & 7 )

1D.) Hazardous Waste - Environmental Health and Safety (Brad Manning) has a Hazardous Waste Division (Marty McCrone, Pam Campbell, and Chris Pine.)

Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) is directed by Brad Manning. Marty McCroen oversees the Hazardous Waste Division (HWD). Requests for pickup are sent in and then a student in charge of receiving and delivering chemicals picks up the waste. They have several different companies they contract with to send the waste to depending on what type of waste it is. Any office on campus can send any hazardous waste it wants

to the EHS Hazardous Waste Division free of charge. The Hazardous Waste Division gets their funding from the UNH Office of the Vice President for Research and Public Service. They deal with hazardous waste that ranges from radioactive, explosive, corrosive, ignitable, amongst other categories. EHS also receives car and truck wet cell batteries, household batteries, and paint. There are federal laws, which prevent the integration of UNH's hazardous waste division with any other organization including the town of Durham. The HWD could consult for the town, but does not take any hazardous waste. The federal laws are found under Title 40 CRF part 265. The New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services also has some records for the state laws. ( 8 )

1Da.) Electronic Recycling In November of 2000, NH passed laws making electronic waste from

businesses and universities to be considered hazardous waste as opposed to universal waste due to the mercury, cadmium, lead, amongst other chemicals/elements. ( 13 ) These laws apply to businesses and not homeowners though, so NH doesn't have a true electronic dumping ban. ( 14, 8/9/01)

EHS has also started a computer recycling program that will be sending its first shipment of monitors, CPUs, keyboards, cables, etc for recycling in the fall. An estimate by a NH Pollution Prevention intern, found that there were 402 monitors, 256 CPUs, 217 printers, scanners and speakers, and 3.5 meters cubed worth of cables and keyboards in storage at a warehouse that EHS uses. There is an unknown, but large amount of obsolete computers in storage around campus ranging in the thousands. Recycling costs for a computer unit can vary from $17 to $30 and some include shipping and handling. All of this cost is being paid by EHS for the first year. Currently EHS gets requests from departments to come and pick up computers, which they eventually get around to doing due to limited staff. Product-Take-Back (PTB)(where computers are sent back to the company they were bought from and an initial cost covers that), leasing of computers, and Advance Disposal Fees (ADF)(if you buy a computer CIS or Business Services a charge for disposal would be added to the bill, which would allow you to give it to them for disposal when the computer is waste) are all being considered as future options. One of the current issues is trying to get an estimate of how many computers per year will be disposed of during the first couple years to when a regular inflow and outflow occurs. ( 9 )

1E.) Composting - Office of Sustainability (Tom Kelly & Julie Newman), Dining (Richard LeHoullier), Kingman Farm (Steve Bunker), & COLSA

The facility in 2001 includes: Four acres of cleared, leveled ground for active windrows Test wells to evaluate the impact of surrounding ground water A 100' x 40' concrete pad with a septic system and side walls for curing,

screening, and storage 100 horsepower Hydrostatic tractor Wildcat windrow turner Tractor with a bucket loader

UNH generates fifteen tons of food residuals a week, which use to be pulped (ground up), and before 1998 all of it was sent to the Durham Wastewater Treatment Facility WWTF. UNH pays a flat fee for sewage service, so the disposal cost for food waste is difficult to quantify. The heavy load of organic material into the facility contributes to nutrient enrichment of the surrounding river and estuary and reduces the life of the wastewater treatment facility. The primary clarifier of the WWTF may be overly stressed by the high amount of organic particulate material being fed through the system from food waste, shortening the life of the plant. The increased amount of material adds wear and tear to the filters, screens, etc. ( 16, pg. 3)

The goal of the project is to have every UNH Dining Facility send 100% of their food waste to Kingman Farm. The Composting Pilot Program began in October of 1998. In its first year it diverted approximately 26.8 tons of food waste. In the summer of 1999, it diverted 3.92 tons and in its second year, 1999 to 2000, diverted 18.6 tons.( 19 ) In the third year 18.77 tons of food waste was composted.

Material from the UNH Equine Center, Dairy Center, Dining, and leaf material from campus are transported to the Kingman Farm, blended together at appropriate rates, turned with a Wildcat Turner resulting after about a year in compost. Dining hall food is used as a nitrogen feedstock into a horse manure / wood shavings base. The wood shavings come from the horse stalls.( 16 )

If all the food waste from campus, Young's, and the New England Center was pulped and sent to Kingman farms, they would have the capacity to handle the waste and enough equine manure, just not the workers. Bunker states that the leaves from the town could be used in the compost piles. About a 1000 forty to fifty pound bags are sold and made in a year. The program could sell more, but there isn't enough time to make more bags. ( 22 )

1F.) Waste Oil & Tires - Transportation Garage (Harold Knowles)

1Fa.) TiresThe Transportation Garage deals with the tires generated by UNH vehicles

and any illegal dumping of tires. Tires are sent to Cassalla Tire of Maine. Cost per tire varies from $1 to $50. Normal car tires cost $1, light trucks cost $5, heavy trucks cost $10, and loader tires cost $50. Cassalla Tire uses the tires in the making of road bed. Harold Knowles, the supervisor of the Transportation Garage, estimates he deals with around 100 plus to 150 tires in a year, with about a dozen being illegal dropoffs on campus. ( 15, 8/9/01)

1Fb.) Waste Oil and Oil FiltersThe Transportation Garage deals with the waste oil and oil filters

generated on campus. The garage burns the waste oil in the colder months for auxiliary heating. Harold Knowles guesses he uses 800-900 gallons of waste oil in a year and goes through 15 oil filters in a month. The oil filters are drained for their waste oil and then sent away as universal waste through WMI. ( 15 , 8/9/01)

1G.) Special Events1Ga.) The Whittemore Center isn't run by UNH. UNH hires a company called

Globe Management to run the Whittemore Center. ( 7 ) One problem with this situation is that during special events at the Whittemore center; the entertainers' crews just set their waste in front of the dumpsters or wherever they please instead of putting the waste in the dumpsters. Grounds & Roads is then usually called in to deal with it. There isn't any recycling at the Whittemore Center except for the Hamel Recreation center and the offices. ( 6 & 27 ) In the future recycling and proper waste management should be written into the contracts should outside companies continue to run the Whittemore Center.

2. Accounting System

The 2000-01 original budget for UNH Recycling is $82,487 and $215,000 for the contract with WMI for refuse. (10)

The composting program is jointly run and paid for by the Office of Sustainability Programs, Department of Plant Biology, Dining Services, College of Life Sciences and Agriculture, Farm Services, Grounds and Roads, and Kingman Research Farm. ( 19 & 32 )

The Hazardous Waste Division of Environmental Health & Safety gets its funding through the UNH Office of the VP for Research and Public Service. Marty McCrone states that they are adequately funded. ( 8 )

3. Infrastructure Table 2.01 UNH Infrastructure from 1997. ( 25 ) Information could not be

updated due to the busy schedule of UNH Recycling not being able to see me until later in the fall. The items in italics are those I know still exist.

Year Equipment Condition Comments1992 Recycler w/cart dumper Good Cart Dumper needs

replacement1986 1 Ton Rack Body Poor W/tailgate lift - unit due for

replacement1994 Bobcat Skid Steer Loader

(7753)Good W/reg. & Irreg. Bucket,

grappler & forks - air tires1994 Philadelphia Baler

(downstroke)Excellent W/outside operation package

? 1-3 40' Box Trailers Good Roadworthy? Tractor Fair To pull the box trailers

1995 Pressure Washer Excellent W/H20 tank - mounted & mobile

4. Staffing (25)UNH Recycling Staff: The items in italics are those that I know still exist.From Nov 1997 Report by John Sander

1 Full-time Position (recycling truck operator)1 Full-time Recycling Coordinator2 Full-time Processors (equivalent time from 12-15 work study students)1 Full-time Truck Driver (for hauling to market & rolloffs)0.4 Management & Administrative Support (16+/- hrs.)

5. Costs/Trends Not all information for this category was readily available. Information is lacking

in regards to any revenues made off recycling and cost per ton analyses for recycling, compost, and hazardous waste. It is known that the tipping and transportation fee for refuse has been approximately $98 over the last couple years and might go to $130 a ton with the new contract negotiations.( 5 ) Information from the Hazardous Waste Division isn't organized in large categories due to having to deal with a large list of different types of hazardous waste. A cost per ton analysis for hazardous waste is also impractical because they deal with so many different types of waste in large to small quantities. The information on hazardous waste is hence not presented here.

III.) Challenges in Solid Waste, Hazardous Waste and Recycling for Durham/UNH Programs

Challenges for both Programs:1.) Increase recycling rates, reuse, accountability for waste, reduce waste, and

expand education programs in these areas.2.) Transportation Costs - When Turnkey Landfill closes in 2010 or later if it is

given an extension, Durham and UNH will be outside the 35 mile roundtrip that makes direct hauling to a new landfill or incinerator economically feasible. ( 4 )

Challenges for the Town of Durham:1.) Closure Date. - The capping of the Durham Point Road SWMF site's landfill

in 2002-3 will require the relocation of leaf and yard waste storage, brush burning, and most of the metals and other recyclables storage to some other location. ( 25 )

2.) Staffing. - The issue of being understaffed. "Even with these changes (alternate week collection of recyclables) the division remains understaffed to perform our tasks on a regular basis. If a person takes leave for any reason or we have an equipment failure we still must rely on other divisions to complete our tasks in the allotted time." ( 2, pg. 41)

3.) Storage & Baling. - Inefficiencies of the current baling process. "Some inefficiencies of the current baling process are a result of the configuration of the site we inherited from which to operate the recycling program." ( 2,pg. 42)

4.) Accountability - Increasing accountability with refuse. Currently, the refuse program for the town is paid for through property taxes meaning the most expensive home pays the largest bill rather than the people who generate the most refuse.

5.) Electronic Disposal - In 2006, analog televisions will become obsolete and an unknown portion will be thrown away to buy a digital TV instead of paying for a converter. ( 26 ) Currently, NH does not have a ban on electronic dumping for residents it only has one for businesses. ( 14 ) Electronics are considered hazardous waste for businesses due to their components with cadmium, lead, and mercury. ( 8 )

6.) Household Hazardous Waste - The hazardous waste collection days are held every other year, which is an extensive amount of time to hang on to hazardous waste. The probability is that some households don't wait and put their hazardous waste in as refuse.

Challenges for the University of New Hampshire:

1.) Location - The University's recycling facility is located on the future Entrepreneurial Campus and will eventually be moved. ( 25 )

2.) Inconsistency in Billing Records - There is a strong possibility that Waste Management Incorporated (WMI) does not always keep accurate billing records or does not always accurately weigh shipments. The May 2001 refuse tonnage was 23.26 tons. May, the move out month for the last five years has had values ranging from 143.3 to 312.26 tons. The second lowest value over the six years was 82.75 in July 2000, a summer month when the campus population is significantly smaller. (Records from UNH Recycling) In 1996, the town of Durham has records for commercial businesses refuse (since they use a scale to get the approximate weight of what the bill is going to be) showing they were under-billed, when the town pointed this out to WMI, WMI argued that the numbers were right. ( 1 ) Mary Jensen, the Keene State College coordinator speaks of similar cases of incorrect billing by WMI, which they catch through weighing their shipments before WMI gets them. ( 23 )

3.) Storage & Baling - The lack of an indoor facility makes the transporting of mixed paper to the baler or rolloff troublesome when it is windy out.( 27 )

4.) Recyclable Processing - The lack of a second baler prevents / decreases the feasibility of processing more materials. ( 12 )

5.) Re-Use - Some portion of usable furniture is removed by people going through the dumpsters searching for good items at the end of the school year, but some of these items escape them and make their way to Turnkey as bulky waste.

6.) Electronic Waste - UNH's Environmental Health & Safety is paying for the recycling of computers on campus out of their budget for the first year. A form of payment from the user will need to be established such as an advanced disposal fee, disposal fee, product take back, etc. ( 9 )

7.) Composting Goal - The ultimate goal of the composting program is to have every dining hall send 100% of their food waste to Kingman Farm for composting. (19) In order for the composting program to expand, pulpers will be needed in Stillings, Philbrook, and the MUB. Should the town be included pulpers should be sold to sit down restaurants such as Youngs and the New England Center. Should these extra sources of food waste be added on, a full time worker should be added at the UNH Kingman Farms for the increased composting work requirements. The equipment at the farm will also need replacing in the coming years. ( 22 )

8.) Huddleston & MUB Loading Docks - The loading docks for the MUB and Huddleston have been blocked due to the construction of the dining hall and residence hall in that area. The consequences to the composting program, which usually picks up the food waste from these two locations has not been fully realized. It is currently unknown as to whether the operations will be able to continue through pickup from a different location of the building. According to the UNH Campus Journal, August 31st, the access road around Huddleston will be completed by November 1st 2001.

IV.) Choices in Solid Waste, Hazardous Waste, and Recycling for Durham/UNH Programs from the 1998 Solid Waste / Recycling Committee

Challenges 1-3 for the town and 1-4 for the campus and Universal Challenge 1& 2 are addressed by a report that John Sanders and Guy Hodgdon helped put together in July 1998 called, "Feasibility Report and Recommendations of the Durham/UNH Solid Waste/Recycling Committee (SWRC) For a Durham/UNH Cooperative Solid Waste Recycling Transfer Facility (SWRTF)".

1. Options for future solid waste/recyclables disposal for Durham & UNH.

1.1 No substantial changes in TOWN or UNH programs. This is not a realistic option for either the TOWN nor UNH because it appears each

solid waste/recycling facility will likely have to be relocated in the near future...Pursuing the continuance of any long-term solid waste/recycling programs on current sites is NOT RECOMMENDED.(25)

1.2 Both the Town and University relocate existing solid waste operations to new and separate locations. The SWRC has determined that relocating and operating two separate solid

waste/recycling/transfer centers is poor planning, a waste of resources and is not the most cost-effective option, and is therefore, NOT RECOMMENDED.(25)

1.3 Both the Town and University discontinue maintenance and operation of their solid waste facilities and contract separately or together for the disposal of all solid waste and recyclables generated.The cost of this option was not determined, however, the following is noted:

Once Town and University owned facilities are dismantled, equipment sold and staff

reduced, the future cost will be totally driven by the private sector and out of our control. The SWRC was not comfortable with this potential situation.

Without any transfer facility in the community, all solid waste would have to be picked up at "curbside" or residents would have to go outside of Durham to dispose of items not regularly picked up at "curbside". This may not be acceptable to many people. Many Town residents and University personnel currently transport solid waste to their respective solid waste facilities now keeping costs low and their properties clean.

A jointly owned SWRTF would not prevent future contract services; the facility and equipment might be leased to the private sector to operate per agreement.

The SWRC RECOMMENDS not pursuing contract disposal of all the Community's solid waste at this time, however, does RECOMMEND keeping it in mind as an option for the operation of a new SWRTF.(25)

1.4 Pursue cooperative SWRTC with the remaining members Lamprey Regional Cooperative (LRC).

The LRC, reportedly in 1998, was considering the construction of a new solid waste/recycling facility nearby and expressed some interest in such an arrangement with the Town and University, however, repeated attempts to enter into substantive dialogue yielded little response. This option continues to have potential favorable scales of economy and further attempts to interest the LRC in this new SWRTF proposal are RECOMMENDED. (25) (Note 2001: Nothing has happened with the LRC)

1.5 Form a cooperative alliance between the Town and University and jointly construct and operate a new SWRTF on a new site.

The SWRC has determined that this option makes the most sense from economic, environmental, control, and operational points of view of all the options noted above. Many reasons supporting this position have already been discussed under the other options. In summary the advantages of pursuing a cooperative managed SWRTF on a new site include: (25)

Note: the following information is from several sources.

Basic Reasons FOR an integrated waste management facility.

(Location & Time) 1.) Both town and campus facilities will either require construction or moving in

the future. When the town's Durham Point Road SWMF is capped relocation of leaf and yard waste storage, brush burning, and most of the metals and other recyclables storage will be required.(25) The town must either build storage new storage facilities farther away from the landfill to be capped or build a new facility. (1) The UNH Recycling site, which is part of the Grounds & Roads site is located on the future Entrepreneurial Campus.(25) Projections for the move out date range from several years to 2040. (7) It all depends when the building for that location goes up to whether or when the higher powers of the campus decide they don't want construction vehicles, waste management related trucks, etc driving by the Entrepreneurial Campus.

(Environment)2a.) The new facility could be sited and constructed to protect the environment as

much as reasonably possible. Current sites do not meet that standard.(25) The UNH site is outdoors meaning that whenever the wind picks up that the mixed fiber is spread as litter all over the site. (5)

Assessing the Durham site, which is a high use facility off a narrow and winding country road and maintaining it on land, which is designated primarily for conservation use has been questioned before.(25)

2b.) Through combined equipment, UNH Recycling would have the option to recycle more materials. Through combined labor, the town would have the time (they lack labor) to expand their recycling processing further.

2c.) Through a combined and focused force the town and campus' waste would become one entity, which could be looked upon as a whole and hence dealt with more efficiently. Possibilities for increased education, more special events for say refuse, a swap shop, open up with the design of a new facility, with a more efficient program and a new site.

(Cost Savings & Efficiency)3a.) The town and campus know the needs and desires of their respective

customers and could retain control over their solid waste programs.(25)3b.) One facility handling all the solid waste and recyclables generated by both

entities would be more cost effective to construct and operate than two separate ones accomplishing the same task.(25)

3c.) Currently, UNH and Durham are within the 35 mile roundtrip that determines whether or not it is economically feasible to transport directly to the landfill versus going back to the facility compact the waste and then using a rolloff truck. This means that the current system of having the refuse trucks haul to Turnkey Landfill when they are full is the best system for now. These trucks also have the ability to compact their materials to some degree. Turnkey Landfill, currently only has a capacity for 2010, they may or may not get more land permitted for landfill. When Turnkey landfill does close then UNH and Durham will need to transport their waste past the 35 mile limit and hence it will become economical to combine the waste, compact it, and then use a rolloff truck to transport the waste.

3d.) Both the town and campus currently have considerable equipment, which could be utilized efficiently in a new facility.(25)

3e.) Skilled and experienced staff are available from both entities to manage and operate a new facility.(25)

3f.) A cost savings in access road construction and site preparation for a new site could be realized by employing town and campus materials, equipment, and experienced staff.(25)

3g.) UNH Recycling doesn't have enough equipment, such as balers to do as much recycling as they want,(5) a joint operation would have two balers using Durham and UNH equipment. The Durham operation feels understaffed and UNH student labor could help solve that problem at a lower price than hiring full time or half time workers that require benefits.(2)

3h.) A cost savings could occur through further separation of recyclables, through either a Materials Recovery Facility (MRF) or even student labor helping separating items by hand when necessary. This could also expand recyclable items on campus. (4)

3i.) The site could be setup to handle the material in a more efficient manner. Current sites were inherited and not designated for their current use. ( 1 )

Basic Reasons AGAINST an integrated waste management facility

1.) Politics of the issue. (25) 2.) Concerns of a joint venture. (25)3.) If the site is built, but the management isn't set up as one organization there

would be two entities operating under one roof, which could lead to conflict of interest on how the site is run or setup.

4.) Cost to construct the facility from 1998 study ~$1,000,000. (25) The facility run properly would eventually pay for itself, but the initial capital is needed.

5.) UNH Recycling fears that it will lose the opportunity for student labor should an SWRTF come into being. They also state that accommodations will need to be set up for student worker accessibility to the site. (27)(12)

2. Rutland County Report on Integration"...some possible ways to decrease costs, spread costs over a larger municipal solid waste, MSW, base, or improve revenues. One way would be to merge the UNH and Durham recycling functions. This would allow access to student work-study programs on the sorting functions. This may be an issue under collective bargaining contracts, but it is possible that new, additional sorting to return higher value with little labor cost would be acceptable to the union if no personnel were displaced. Adding more material from UNH would effectively spread the fixed cost over more base."(4)

V.) Proposals

Hazardous Waste:In regards to hazardous waste, no integration is allowed under the federal law 40

CFR part 265 according to Marty McCrone of the UNH Hazardous Waste Division. Integration with the town and campus on the issue of hazardous waste would aid the town greatly in reducing the hazardous chemicals that are often disposed of by residents through drains and through refuse.( 8 ) The problem is that hazardous waste collection for the town happens every other year; hence residents have to hang on to waste for a considerable amount of time before disposal. Should integration occur, townspeople would be able to deliver their waste to the UNH Hazardous Waste Division (at a cost to the town or to the individual disposing of the waste). In order to seek integration on this issue a petition for exemption of the rule must be filed. Other approaches in helping Durham with its household hazardous waste (HHW) problem include lobbying through the state by getting residents to write letters of concern to the state government on the issue with the hope of the state creating centralized HHW areas throughout the state, which materials from residents or municipalities could deliver at a cost. The last option involves Durham spending more money and having the HHW collection day held more frequently.

A disposal fee program should start up for electronic waste for the campus and the town should be ready in 2005-2006 for when non-digital TVs become obsolete with an electronic recycling program in regards to transportation and education.

Composting:In regards to composting for UNH and Durham there are really two options, those

being growth or status quo with repair. Currently the municipality of Durham only composts leaves that are sent away to Seacoast Compost in Hampton.(1) UNH composts leaves from the grounds, food waste from Huddleston Dining Hall, and pre-consumer waste from the MUB and Philbrook Dining Hall. One problem that was just created the summer of 2001 was that the loading docks for Huddleston and the MUB are inaccessible due to the new dormitory construction occurring.(32) Without a loading dock, the food waste of each location will require more moving on the part of the composting interns or won't be feasible. Since these two locations will need to load and unload materials it is yet to be seen how they will cope with this problem. The first foreseeable problems in the current program is that Durham will lose its leaf storage when the Durham landfill is capped, requiring the setup of rolloffs for shipping of the leaves on a more frequent basis or the ending of the program until a new facility is found. The second upcoming problem involves the tractors getting old at Kingman Farm. When the time comes they will need replacement. The idea of a storage shed for this equipment, which is closer to the composting windrows was already thought of, but never implemented. By having the equipment travel a shorter distance, the operational life of the equipment would be extended. The program should also stay informed on the dining hall (that will replace Huddleston) in order to make sure that the pulper remains in the design. If it is removed due to cost then the departments running the compost program should lobby and offer to pay for the machine. It would be a step backward for the program to lose a dining hall that does all food waste and would also reduce the amount of food waste sent to Kingman Farm significantly.

If the program were to move forward as far as it could currently foreseeable go it would mean that pulpers (grinders that reduce the volume of foodwaste and weight by removing water) should be installed in Philbrook, Stillings, the MUB, Young's, and the New England Center. Should the amount of food waste dealt with increase significantly a full time worker should be hired at Kingman Farm in order to focus on the needs of the program. A new windrow turner might also be necessary in order to have the windrows lined up closer together, which newer models allow for, and hence increase the capacity of the field for windrows. A bottleneck in the program is the filling of the final bags of compost. Currently a piece of equipment that was built to spread sand in the wintertime off a pickup is used to fill the bags. This requires several workers to operate and is too labor intensive for the maximum possible amount of bags to be created. Steve Bunker, Kingman Farm Manager, mentioned other equipment that was created for this task. The leaves from the Durham program should be taken by Kingman farm. Another possible avenue of growth is that the Durham Marketplace produces 100 lbs of food waste a week, which could be sent to Kingman Farm. Special permits are required to link the program.(32)

Refuse & Recyclables:Durham has two main courses of action in regards to its waste facility. Durham

can either reconfigure their current site such that the recyclables storage and leaf and yard waste are relocated farther away from the capped landfill or build a new site. A brush burning permit will not be extended to Durham again due to state laws. The positive of

reconfiguring the current site versus building a new site is that less money will have to be spent in comparison to building a new facility. When the time comes that there isn't a landfill or incinerator within 35 miles roundtrip, which is projected to be 2010, it will then become the best economical choice to compact the waste and send it away in a rolloff truck. Currently there are no other private landfills or incinerators in a 35 mile roundtrip other than Turnkey Landfill (1), which is a 30.6 mile roundtrip according to Yahoo Maps. In order to meet this future need a compactor and the correct building arrangements for dropoff to the compactor will be needed at the Durham site.

The benefit of building a new facility is that it could be designed for more efficient operation in regards to where recyclables are stored, processed, and the distance in-between. The new facility could be sited and constructed to protect the environment as much as reasonably possible. The current Durham and UNH facilities do not meet that standard. The staff and the equipment already exist for the facility and Durham materials, equipment, and experienced staff could create a cost savings in road construction and site preparation. (25)

Should the facility be integrated between the town and campus then the cost of construction and site work will be shared between the two. When Turnkey Landfill closes it will be in the economic best interests of UNH and Durham to combine their waste, compact it, and send it off in a rolloff truck. The cost for this operation would be shared for each entity in regards to processing and transportation. Should the staff become integrated then tasks could be done more efficiently and time savings can occur. Savings in regard to recyclables can be done should there be an employee who has the time to look at the recyclable markets. The new facility could purchase a mixed container separator that would allow for the recycled goods to be sold or disposed of at a better price. Mixed containers are less valuable than separated containers.

UNH has similar options in regards to refuse with Durham. The refuse program contracted out and run by WMI will continue to be a good economic choice as long as Turnkey Landfill remains open. When Turnkey Landfill closes, UNH will have to ship refuse longer distances and it then becomes economical to compact the waste and ship it using rolloff trucks. It would also be wise to combine refuse programs with Durham by that time in order to spread the cost of the compacting, labor, and transportation costs.

UNH Recycling could continue status quo, but would gain from a new facility and even further from an integrated facility. UNH Recycling currently operates out of a concrete shed that is open to the weather. The consequences of the location mean that the winter months and the wind greatly reduce efficiency. The wind can spread the mixed paper across the site, while the winter snows require clearing and slow down the staff. The baler UNH Recycling owns is a vertical baler and requires that the cardboard be fed into the machine piece by piece as opposed to the horizontal baler that Durham has.(27) Should the two programs integrate a great amount of time savings will occur for the processing of UNH recyclables.

UNH Recycling will eventually be removed from their current location at an unknown date to make room for the Entrepreneurial Campus.(25) Meaning that the program would also benefit from moving from their current location should a better site present itself.

WMI just this summer in a contract negotiation meeting asked for their own transfer facility on UNH property such that they could use rolloff trucks. (5) The reason

they asked for this was to be able to pool waste from surrounding towns at that transfer station, such that they could have an overall transport cost savings. UNH/Durham, just like the City of Keene, NH, could contract out the refuse part of their joint facility to WMI such that this process could occur. Durham could still collect their waste should they choose and WMI would now be paying the UNH/Durham facility for the use of its land.

Sites:The Solid Waste / Recycling Committee for Durham / UNH of 1997-1998 found

two sites that were the best for an integrated facility. The two sites chosen were the Sewage Treatment Plant site owned by the town with an abutting piece of land owned by UNH and the second site was on Beech Hill Rd and owned by UNH. Both sites have the minimum of six acres required for the site. The Sewage Treatment Plant has the required 3-phase power, public water, and public sewer already installed, while the Beech Hill Rd site does not. The Sewage Treatment Plant also has excellent road access with Route 4, while the NH Department of Transportation stated they would not allow the creation of a road off Route 4 to the Beech Hill site. This does not eliminate the Beech Hill site, but means the road access would require going from Route 4 to Madbury Road to Beech Hill Road, which would mean a slightly longer drive. Beech Hill Road would also need upgrading to a higher class of road for the heavy trucks that would be driving on it. The Beech Hill site is also part of the Woodman Horticulture Farm research program, which would need convincing in order to release the site. From this information it would seem that the Sewage Treatment Plant is the better of the two sites, the only information missing on the Beech Hill site is its total acreage, which if large enough could keep the site up for equal consideration. The two negatives of the Sewage Treatment Plant are that it could be have a larger plot and it is in the Shoreland Protection Area and access may be an issue. It has the six acres minimum, but may only be as big as 7 useable acres. (25)

One issue with either site is that UNH owns basically half of the Sewage Treatment Site and the entire Beech Hill Site. Meaning that should Durham want to build a facility on either of these two sites that permission/cooperation will be needed from the campus. Should UNH be uncooperative then Durham will need to reconsider the sites that were removed from the list and town owned sites. The only other realistic sites on town land include the Northern Portion of Wagon Hill and the Technology Drive site. Both have around 40 acres, the Technology site has 3-phase power, public water, and public sewer, while the Wagon Hill site does not. The problem with the Wagon Hill site is that the town sees it as a recreational location and a large portion of the site is wetlands. The problem with the Technology site is that it is privately owned and designated as a commercial high-tech area. (25)

Should UNH be cooperative and allow for Durham to build on either Beech Hill or the Sewage Treatment Plant, but not wish to integrate facilities at that time; then Durham should if possible build the site such that integration could be possible at a later time. Further information on the sites can be found in the Feasibility Report put together by the Solid Waste and Recycling Committee for Durham/UNH 1998.

1.) Development of an infrastructure, staffing, and costs/trends.

The choices are all listed above in the proposals section in reference to infrastructure. If integration does not occur then in regards to staffing for Durham it was suggested that a swing person be hired for all of the public works department, since the Solid Waste Division can't finish their job should they lose a worker. Should the UNH and Durham programs be integrated in the areas of solid waste and recycling then one supervisor should look over the program for both entities. Without one boss for the integrated system, the program will remain to be two programs under one roof, which could lead to conflict over different points of view on how a task should be done.

Development of costs/trends for the future can only be guessed upon. Should a Pay as You Throw (PAYT) program be established for Durham, the effects should be the same as when it has been established in any other town. Those effects have been a lowering in the amount of refuse and an increase in recycling, accountability, and awareness. Illegal dumping fines should also be established at high enough levels to pay for the disposal of the illegal waste. Should the costs of refuse disposal continue to increase through companies such as WMI, then the public and town will be more inclined to reduce their waste and recycle. Assuming Turnkey Landfill doesn't get an extension on its capacity past 2010 and no other private landfills or incinerators are built within a 35 mile roundtrip then it will be more cost-effective for Durham and UNH to compact and transport their waste in a rolloff. (1)

2.) Development of a proposed accounting system that supports IWM goals.A PAYT program for the town is the best model in order to make residents

accountable for their waste, reduce the waste produced, and increase recycling. Accountability for UNH's population would be harder to achieve. Dormitory

students bring their waste to dumpsters that often serve several dorms. These dorms could be billed for their dumpster's waste, but then students would have to pay their dorms for the waste of a smaller community of people as opposed to the current system where students pay for the waste of the UNH community. One problem with this is that the refuse trucks which empty these dumpsters supposedly don't have accurate scales, meaning that the program would lack fairness.(5) The second problem is that it means more work for somebody who has to monitor the billing and send the correct bills to each student's account. Assuming there is a way to accurately know how much waste was picked up at each dumpster and the labor was there to do the billing then this method could work. In regards to faculty and staff, the departments which they belong to could be billed, but once again would require more work for the janitors in regard to weighing the trash from each office. This task would be difficult to accomplish due to the increase in work and time required at each office and organizing a system of billing. In regards to hazardous waste and electronic waste sent to the UNH Office of Environmental Health & Safety the waste is accepted at no cost from any department on campus. A simple by volume or by weight payment plan for chemicals and market driven prices for electronics could be set up in order to make hazardous waste generation accountable. (8)

3.) Development of a proposed environmental contract management system that addresses source reduction, recycling, reuse, remanufacturing and waste disposal.

By increasing accountability through the suggestions above source reduction, reuse, and an increase in recycling would occur.

By reducing the tray size at the dining halls, such that students can only fit one dinner plate on their tray; students will be forced to get seconds instead of taking too much food the first time. As more and more students take closer to the amount of food that they will eat, Dining Services would notice that they are cooking too much food and adjust to preparing less food.

One way of increasing reuse would be to hold a reuse day for student furniture during the move out month. Bill Ponders noted that his staff is busy with graduation and that the labor would have to come through some other source. (6)

The foundation of all efforts for source reduction, recycling, reuse, remanufacturing, and waste disposal lies within education. The struggle that the campus faces is that students on average only stay at UNH for four years and every year brings over 2,600 new undergraduate faces and removes the same amount. Education programs must then be run every year with efforts put into using the free forms of information such as the campus newspapers, campus radio, and campus television.

4.) Development of a proposed organization of the IWMS including roles and responsibilities for the town and university staff that facilitate joint planning, implementation, and monitoring.

The first step in even considering an integrated relationship is to have discussion on the issue, which is best conducted through an integrated waste management committee made up of town and campus representatives. This committee should get the blessing of the higher powers in the town and campus in order for their decisions and suggestions to be fully listened to. It's also important to note that this integrated committee should be looking into all areas of waste management for the town and campus and is not a focus group on the possible avenue of an integrated waste management facility.

5.) Specific recommendations and timeline for implementation.

Form an integrated waste management committee for the town and campus out of the Integrated Waste Management Advisory Committee for the Town of Durham. The point of the committee will be to look at waste management issues (refuse, recycling, composting, & hazardous waste) for the town and campus and try to increase reuse, source reduction, recycling, accountability, education, and awareness. Make sure the members of the committee include people involved with waste management from both sides including workers lower down on the totem pole. Students that have been living at UNH on and off campus for a couple years should also be invited every now and then to get an understanding of some of the views of the student body.

Currently Tom Kelly, Director of the UNH Office of Sustainability Programs, is looking into the formalize the committee on the UNH side and Todd Selig, Durham Town Administrator, is looking into changing the current Durham Integrated Waste Management Advisory Committee into allowing it to become a town and campus committee.

This committee should be formalized sometime in the Fall of 2001.

A turning point in the future will be how Durham decides to react to the capping of its landfill in whether it reconstructs on its current site or decides to build a better facility on a new site. The capping will occur in one to three years by current estimates. Should a better facility on a new site be chosen then possibilities including integration with UNH become possible. UNH will be needing a new location for its recycling program in the future and the chance to integrate facilities with Durham should be thoroughly reviewed such that when the opportunity comes UNH knows what it wishes to do.

A report should be written highlighting all the positives and negatives of building an integrated facility, along with studies on feasibility, cost, possible designs, how the management would work, conflict scenarios and how they could be avoided, and other choices should an integrated facility not be chosen with the same areas of comparison. This report should be completed before the decision is needed to be made between UNH and Durham, which means a time of completion ranging in the August 2002 to August 2004 area depending on further update from Durham on when the capping will occur.

Appendix A. - What other Colleges & College-Towns have Done August 31st, 2001

Other college and college town programs are being researched in order to learn from their successes and failures. More study is required for both the Keene and Plymouth, NH programs in order to understand their programs in completeness.

Both programs report a profit, but there is doubt to how they do their accounting and whether they are including benefits, equipment capitalization, insurance, and other related costs with their numbers. Keene has curbside collection, but companies run the program as opposed to the town. I don't know yet if Plymouth has curbside collection. Both programs accept recyclables from surrounding towns and areas for free. Both do their own researching to make sure they're getting the best price for their materials.

Keene, NH (http://www.ci.keene.nh.us/publicworks/recycle/index.html)Duncan Watson, City Solid Waste Manager (352-5739)Mary Jensen, Recycling Coordinator, for Keene State College (KSC)Keene Population: 23,250Keene State Student Population: 4,800 with 2,000 living on campus.2000 KSC refuse: 528 tons a year.

2000 KSC recycles: 167 tons a year. ( 23 )1998 Keene residential refuse: 12,711 tons a year.1998 Keene commercial refuse: 10,289 tons a year.1998 Keene residential recyclables: 3,000 tons a year.1998 Keene commercial recyclables: 2,000 tons a year. ( 2 ,Section 3)

Summary:The city of Keene built a material recover facility (MRF) in the fall of 1994. The

amount of recycled material has steadily increased from 1,973 tons in 1994 to 6,553 tons in 1999. The refuse part of the facility is leased out to WMI, who won the bid. The town has curbside collection run by companies and not the town, where each resident pays for their pickup. The site will accept all recyclables for free. Duncan Watson, City of Keene Solid Waste Manager usually either makes a profit or breaks even off his recycling program. Watson accepts recyclables from surrounding communities thus he deals in larger scales. He uses the NRRA, but finds that they don't always give him the best price due to some companies not being in their group. Keene has a limited form of a PAYT program, where residents are charged per bag or weight at the transfer station or when the collection vehicle comes as opposed to per bag at the grocery store. It costs a $1.10 to dispose of a 33 gallon bag or smaller or it costs $0.055 per pound. Watson has a total of six workers. (23)

Mary Jensen, Keene State College Recycling Coordinator, oversees student recycling workers on campus. KSC uses the City of Keene facility as any other commercial user. They have a box truck that makes regular trips with various recycling and our paper is picked up by a local waste hauler as part of a paper recycling program through the local chamber of commerce. (23)

Further Analysis of Keene (From Keene State Recycling webpage)http://www.keene.edu/rocks/default.cfm

Some of the things KSC does that UNH does not: A Re-Use room in the basement of some hall. A great place to put or find still

useable materials like books, 3-ring binders, paper, envelopes, file folders, etc. Batteries are taken at marked buckets around campus.

Plymouth, NH (http://www.nh.ultranet.com/~townhall/Recycling.html)Paul Freitas, Plymouth Recycling Center Manager (536-2378)

Information on the Plymouth facility comes from the Citizen Online newspaper, who interviewed Paul Freitas July 2001. http://www.citizen.com/news2001/July/16/ply0716a.htm

Summary:Paul Freitas checks the European and Asian commodities markets daily. He waits

for prices on recycled goods to get high enough before he sells. The town landfill was

closed about ten years ago and will soon receive EPA-mandated permanent polypropylene cap. Freitas has turned the Plymouth Recycling Center from an operation losing money to making a profit. It earns back more than a third of its budget by selling recyclables at greater than market values. Last year, when the market for recyclables dropped 80%, Freitas had record earnings of $124,000, up 550% of what the facility made five years ago. He states that timing is everything and that the best way is to hang on to commodities until the market hits a price spike, but you have to move quickly.

The Plymouth Recycling Facility has 14 acres to use and hence stockpiles materials. Freitas actually begs other towns to bring their recyclables to him. Its a good deal for the other smaller towns who don't have storage space to wait for the market to get better because they have to sell right away. The Plymouth facility has four full-time employees that do the sorting for the facility. A lot of the equipment isn't bought at the facility rather older models are retrofitted or repaired at lower costs, such as a conveyer belt with a magnetized roller or a skid steer (forklift type vehicle) that uses a grabber made from materials around the site. Used oil and oil filters are drained and used in an oil-burning heater to warm the building in the wintertime. All latex paint is mixed, which results in a gray color and is used for painting the facility. The paint may also be taken by any wanting some. The facility has a library of saved books and magazines. Lumber is also separated and given away, as are any furniture, or item in usable condition. Ten families a year are outfitted with items such as clothes, dishware, washers, dryers, furniture, carpets, etc. Freitas has been experimenting with wildflowers to plant on top of the landfill once it is capped because they absorb more leechate (water from the landfill) than grass and make the area look nicer. ( 24 )

Appendix B. - Glossary

Automated Collection - Fully automated vehicles have an arm that lifts and empties refuse receptacles at the curbside. Driver never exits the vehicles.(2)

Bulky Waste - couches, mattresses, furniture, rugs, etc.( 2) Composting - the controlled microbial decomposition of organic matter (such as food

scraps and yard trimmings) in the presence of oxygen into a humus-or soil-like material. ( 2)

C.P.I. - Consumer Price Index, nationally recognized inflation index.(2) C.Y. - Cubic Yard, measurement of three feet by three feet by three feet.( 2) Demolition Material - insulation, bricks, sheet-rock, painted lumber, siding, etc.( 2) D.O.T. - Department of Transportation, highway regulatory agency for federal and

state.( 2) E.H.S. - UNH Office of Environmental Health & Safety, director Brad Manning. Freon - a refrigerant gas that is a chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), a suspected carcinogen

and ozone depleting chemical. (2) Incineration - The controlled burning of municipal solid waste to reduce volume, and,

commonly, to recover energy.( 30) Integrated Waste Management (IWM)-

The complementary use of a variety of practices to handle municipal solid waste safely and effectively. Integrated waste management techniques include source reduction, recycling, composting, combustion, and landfilling. ( 30)

A strategy for the management of waste utilizing a range of environmentally sound systems and processes. Typically it would include the promotion of waste minimization, materials recycling, resource recovery and landfall. ( 31)

A systemic approach to management of institutional and community waste streams. IWM includes siting of facilities, developing systems for resource recovery, and policies and practices that result in significant waste reduction.(OSP)

Landfilling - The disposal of solid waste at engineered facilities in a series of compacted layers and the frequent daily covering of the waste with soil. Fill areas are carefully prepared to prevent nuisances or public health hazards, and clay and/or synthetic liners are used to prevent releases to ground water. ( 30)

Manual Collection - Driver collects all material in receptacles at the curbside by hand and loads it into the vehicle.( 2)

M.S.W. - Municipal Solid Waste, such as garbage, trash, refuse. (2) Waste generated in households, commercial establishments, institutions, and businesses. MSW includes used paper, discarded cans and bottles, food scraps, yard trimmings, and other items. Industrial process waste, agricultural wastes, mining wastes, and sewage sludge are not MSW." (30)

Materials Recovery Facility (MRF) - Site where mixed, recyclable waste is, either mechanically or manually, separated, baled and stored prior to reprocessing. ( 31)

N.R.R.A. - Northeast Resource Recovery Association, recyclables marketing cooperative comprised of 238 municipalities.( 2)

O.C.C. - Old Corrugated Cardboard.(2) O.S.P. - UNH Office of Sustainability Programs, directed by Tom Kelly. P.A.Y.T. - Pay As You Throw, program for paying for disposal at the time of buying

trash bags.( 2) Pre-consumer materials - Recovered materials obtained from manufacturers. ( 30) Recyclable - Products or materials that can be collected, separated, and processed to

be used as raw materials in the manufacture of new products. ( 30) Recycled content - The portion of a product's or package's weight that is composed of

materials that have been recovered from waste; this may include pre-consumer or post-consumer materials. ( 30)

Refuse - general waste that is put in trash bags. Excludes recyclable materials.( 2) Reuse - The use of a product more than once in its same form for the same purpose or

for different purposes, such as reusing a soft-drink bottle when it is returned to the bottling company for refilling, or reusing a coffee can as a container for nuts and bolts. ( 30)

Semi-Automated Collection - Driver rolls the refuse receptacles at the curbside to a dumping device located on the collection vehicle that lifts and empties the receptacle.( 2)

Source Reduction - The design, manufacture, purchase, or use of materials to reduce the amount of toxicity or waste. Because it is intended to reduce pollution and conserve resources, source reduction should not increase the net amount or toxicity of wastes generated through the life of the product. Source reduction techniques include

reusing items, minimizing the use of products that contain hazardous compounds, using only what is needed, extending the useful life of a product, and reducing unneeded packaging. ( 30)

Split Body Vehicle Collection - Vehicles and special 2 compartment containers can be purchased that allow for either automated, semi-automated, or manual collection of 2 types of material in the same vehicle. The 2 compartments could be used for 2 streams of recyclable material collection at once, (i.e. fiber and containers) or recyclables in one side and refuse in the other.( 2)

S.W.R.C. - Solid Waste Recycling Committee formed in 1997 for Durham/UNH. S.W.M.F. - Solid Waste Management Facility, the old dump or transfer station

located on Durham Point Road.( 2) S.W.R.T.F . - Solid Waste Recycling Transfer Facility Waste - any substance which constitutes a scrap material or an effluent or other

unwanted surplus substance arising from the application of any process; and any substance or article which requires to be disposed of as being broken, worn out, contaminated or otherwise spoiled. ( 31)

W.M.I . - Waste Management Incorporated of NH, a private solid waste company that owns Turnkey Landfill in Rochester, NH.( 2)

Appendix C. - References & Related Sources

1.) Guy Hodgdon, Superintendent of Durham Solid Waste Division, personal communication, summer 2001.2.) Guy Hodgdon, "Town of Durham: Solid Waste Management Report", Nov. 1999.3.) Town of Durham, N.H., 2000 Annual Town Report4.) Samson, Michael: "Rutland County Solid Waste District's Evaluation of Durham Municipal Solid Waste System", 1999.5.) Information from WMI meeting, people present Tom Byron, Bill Ponders, Guy Eaton, and WMI representatives including Jeff Pratt. 7/3/016.) Billy Ponders, Manager UNH Grounds & Roads, Personal Communication, 7/9/01, 8/9/01. 7.) John Sanders, Exec. Director UNH Facilities Services, personal communication, summer 2001.8.) Marty McCrone, Coordinator of UNH Hazardous Waste Division, personal communication, 8/24/01.9.) Yi Luo, NH Pollution Prevention Intern, personal communication through her "Presentation on PTB", 8/8/01.10.) Irving Canner, Director Facilities Management, personal communication, 7/17/01.11.) UNH Recycling webpage, http://www.unh.edu/recycling/index.html, 8/9/01.12.) Dena Blickstein, UNH Recycling Intern, personal communication, summer 2001.13.) Brad Manning, Director UNH Environmental Health & Safety, 8/8/01.14.) April Duhaime, NH Department of Environmental Services, personal communication, 8/9/01

15.) Harold Knowles, Supervisor UNH Transportation Garage, personal communication, 8/9/01.16.) Dr. Tom Kelly; Dr. George Estes; A Review of Food Waste Composting Literature and Experimental Protocol for Proposed Composting Activities at the University of New Hampshire; June 29th, 1998.17.) Dr. George Estes; Composting of Food Waste from Huddleston Dining Hall at UNH October 27, 1998 to June 30, 1999; June 21, 1999.18.) Office of Sustainability; The Scoop on Compost, Summer 2001.19.) Office of Sustainability; "Compost at UNH"; www.sustainableunh.unh.edu/compost/index.html; July 20th, 2001.20.) Kingman Farm; "Kingman Farm"; www.unh.edu/woodlands/property/kingman/index.html; July 20th, 200121.) Greg Young, Office of Sustainability Programs Intern, personal communication, summer 2001.22.) Steve Bunker, Kingman Farm Manager, personal communication, summer 2001.23.) Mary Jensen, Keene State College Recycling Coordinator, personal communication, 8/9/01.24.) Walker, Barry; "To Plymouth Official, Trash is Opportunity"; The Citizen Online, www.citizen.com/news2001/July/16/ply0716a.htm, July 16, 200125.) "Feasibility Report and Recommendations of the Durham/UNH Solid Waste/Recycling Committee for a Durham/UNH Cooperative Solid Waste Recycling Facility", July 1998. Some of the authors include: John Sanders and Guy Hodgdon.26.) Information on the Digital TV conversion(www.tcom.bsu.edu/tcom200/class14.htm)27.) Thomas Byron, Director UNH Recycling, personal communication, June 3, 2001.28.) Tom Kelly, Director Office of Sustainability Programs, personal communication, summer 2001.29.) Office of Sustainability webpage, www.sustainableunh.unh.edu/report98/intro.html, summer 2001.30.) EPA, "The Consumers Handbook for Reducing Solid Waste", September 1996.31.) Integra Website, http://www.integra.org.uk/, summer 2001.32.) Julie Newman, Education Director Office of Sustainability Programs, personal communication, summer 2001.33.) Guy Eaton, Housekeeping Director, personal communication, 8/16/01.

Appendix D. - AcknowledgementsIn alphabetical order

Dena Blickstein, UNH Recycling Intern.Steve Bunker, Kingman Farm Manager.Thomas Byron, UNH Recycling.Irving Canner, Director Facilities Management Services.April Duhaime, NH Pollution Prevention Program Intern at NHDES.

Ihab Farag, Director of the NH Pollution Prevention Program. Guy Hodgdon, Town Superintendent of Solid Waste Division.Mary Jensen, Recycling Coordinator Keene State College.Tom Kelly, Director Office of Sustainability ProgramsHarold Knowles, Supervisor Transportation GarageRichard LeHoullier, Dining Services Area II ManagerYi Luo, Office of Sustainability Programs Electronic Recycling InternBrad Manning, Director EHSMarty McCrone, Hazardous Waste Division of EHSJulie Newman, Education Director Office of Sustainability ProgramsBilly Ponders, Grounds & RoadsJohn Sanders, UNH Exec. Director Facilities Services.Greg Young, Office of Sustainability Programs Compost Intern

Appendix E. - Contact Resources & Links

Contact Resources

University of New Hampshire

Dr. Ihab Farag, DirectorNH Pollution Prevention ProgramTel: 862-2313Email: ihab.farag@unh.edu

Thomas Kelly, DirectorOffice of Sustainability ProgramsTel: 862-2640Email: tom.kelly@unh.edu

Julie Newman, Coordinator of Education and TrainingOffice of Sustainability ProgramsTel: 862-0172Email: jnewman@cisunix.unh.edu

Bradford Manning, DirectorOffice of Environmental Health and SafetyTel: 862-2571Email: bmanning@cisunix.unh.edu

Martin McCrone, CoordinatorHazardous Waste Division of Environmental Health and SafetyTel: 862-3526Email: mmcrone@cisunix.unh.edu

John Sanders, Executive DirectorFacilities ServicesTel: 862-2650Email: dorothy.horne@unh.edu

Irving Canner, DirectorFacilities Management Tel: 862-3754Email: iec@christa.unh.edu

Harold Knowles, ManagerTransportation GarageTel: 603-862-2746

Bill Ponders, ManagerGrounds & RoadsTel: 862-2265

Thomas Byron, Assistant SupervisorUNH Recycling (Tel: 862-3100)Tel: 862-1695

Jim MellorFacilities DesignTel: 862-3958

Steve Bunker, ManagerKingman FarmTel: 603-749-4578

Town of Durham

Guy Hodgdon, SuperintendentSolid Waste Division of Public WorksTel: 868-1001Email: ghodgdon@ci.durham.nh.us

Diane Carroll, ChairpersonIntegrated Waste Management Advisory CommitteeTel: 868-2935

Todd Selig, Town AdministratorTown of DurhamTel: 868-5571Email: tselig@ci.durham.nh.us

Department of Environmental Services of New Hampshire (NHDES)

Chris WayNHDESTel: 603-271-6847Email: cway@des.state.nh.us

James H. RobbRecycling Market Development SpecialistOffice of Business and Industrial DevelopmentTel: 603-271-2591Email: jrobb@dred.state.nh.us

EPA

Linda DarveauEPA R1,Tel: 617-918-1718, 888-372-7341Email: darveau.linda@epa.gov

Christine BelingEPA R1,Tel: 617-918-1792Email: Beling.christine@epa.gov

Other Resources

Mary Jensen, CoordinatorKeene State RecyclingEmail: mjensen@keene.edu

Winthrop Puffer, Promoter ofmethane production from organic waste to make electricityTel: 603-659-3948

Duncan Watson, ManagerCity of Keene Solid Waste DivisionTel: 603-352-5739Email: dwatson@ci.keene.nh.us

Paul Freitas, ManagerCity of Plymouth Solid Waste DivisionTel: 603-536-2378

Jeff Pratt, Municipal Marketing DirectorWaste Management Incorporated Tel: 603-330-2158

Links

Environmental News Networkwww.enn.com

MSNBC Environmental Front Pagehttp://www.msnbc.com/news/ENVIRONMENT_front.asp

NHDES Planning & Community Assistancehttp://www.des.state.nh.us/pcas/

Waste News (code 004931067)http://www.wastenews.com/headlines.html

EPA's Office of Solid Waste http://www.epa.gov/osw/

EPA Office of Solid Waste's Municipal Solid Wastehttp://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non-hw/muncpl/index.htm