THEMILITANTPublished in the Interests of the Working People

V o l. 27 - No. 27 M onday, J u ly 22, 1963 P r ic e 10c

Mass March Frees Negro — Example for D. C. Trek

Kremlin Charges China Is Abetting 'Trotskyism'

By W illiam F. W ardeJ U L Y 16 — In its J u ly 14 re p ly

to the Chinese C om m unis t p a rty , the C en tra l C om m ittee o f the S oviet C om m unis t p a rty declared th a t the F o u rth In te rn a tio n a l — the w o r ld T ro ts k y is t m ovem ent — seeks to e x p lo it the deepening d ispu te between M oscow and P ek­ing fo r its ends b y s id ing w ith the Chinese.

The 19,000-word statem ent, f i l l ­in g fo u r pages o f P ravda, b rings fo rw a rd m ore p ro m in e n tly than ev e r before the ro le o f “ T ro ts k y ­ism ” in the G rea t Debate. The series o f charges leve led against the Chinese leaders fo r “ un de r­m in in g the u n ity o f the w o rld S oc ia lis t cam p and the in te rn a ­t io n a l C om m unis t m ovem ent” took up a considerable section o f p a rt f iv e o f the docum ent.

I t c ited a long lis t o f a lleged ly “ a n t i-p a r ty groups o f renegades” organized and supported by the Chinese Com m unists. A m ong them were p ro -P e k in g dissidents ex ­pe lled fro m the C om m unis t p a r­ties o f B e lg ium , I ta ly , A u s tra lia and B ra z il. In the U n ited States the statem ent re fe rs to the “ sub­vers ive a c tiv itie s ” o f H am m er and Steel, ed ited in Boston b y H om er Chase, w ho was expe lled fro m the U.S. C om m unis t p a r ty tw o years ago fo r “ be ing a renegade w ith T ro tsky ite v iew s.” (T he t ru th is th a t th is p ro -P e k in g p u b lica tio n holds u ltra -S ta lin is t v iew s and is b it te r ly a n ti-T ro ts k y is t.)

T he one genu ine T ro ts k y is t o r­gan iza tion m entioned is described as “ the g roup ing o f E. S em arak- kod i, w h ic h is a too l o f the T ro t­sky is t ‘F o u rth In te rn a tio n a l.’ ” T h is p resum ab ly re fe rs to E d ­m ond Sam arakody, m em ber o f pa rlia m e n t and w e ll-k n o w n leader o f the La nka Sama Sam aja, the forem ost w o rk ing -c la ss p a rty o f Ceylon. T h is T ro ts k y is t p a r ty has fo r m any years d isp layed a fr ie n d ly a tt itu d e to w a rd C h ina. In the In d ia -C h in a bo rde r d ispu te i t d is tingu ished its e lf f ro m the K re m lin and the Dange leadersh ip o f the In d ia n C om m unis t p a r ty b y sup po rting C h ina against the c a p ita lis t governm ent o f N ehru .

The Russian dec la ra tion quotes a passage fro m an “ Open L e tte r” addressed some tim e ago b y the In te rn a tio n a l S ecre ta ria t o f the

N.Y. Pickets to Ask: 'Free Hugo Blanco'

A demonstration has been called for Saturday, July 27, to demand the release of Peru­vian peasant leader Hugo B lan ­co. Blanco, who organized and led peasant unions in south Peru in the struggle for land reform, was arrested M ay 30 and is being held incommuni­cado, although he is said to be ill.

The demonstration w ill be held before the Peruvian Con­sulate at 10 Rockefeller Plaza (between 48 and 49 Sts.) at 2:30 PM , July 27. The action, called by the Young Socialist Alliance, is being supported by the Movimiento Pro-Indepen­dencia, the Puerto Rican inde­pendence movement. Demon­strators w ill also demand B lan­co be transferred to a hospital and be allowed to see fam ily, friends and defense counsel.

F o u rth In te rn a tio n a l to the C h i­nese C om m unis t leadersh ip . The exce rp t appears as fo llow s :

“ The F o u rth In te rn a tio n a l, w h ich fro m the v e ry f ir s t day o f its crea tion has been w ag ing . . . a s trugg le w ith ideas against w h ich you are com ing ou t today, is s tand ing on y o u r side . . . The In te rn a tio n a l S ecre ta ria t o f the F o u rth In te rn a tio n a l welcomes th is discussion th a t you have started in the e n tire C om m unist m ovem ent. I t urges you to de­velop it . ”

T h is c ita tio n is trim m e d to con­vey the im pression th a t the T ro tsky is ts are com p le te ly a ligned w ith the Chinese and agree w ith a ll aspects o f th e ir v iew s on a ll the b u rn in g questions in dispute.

I t is tru e th a t the Chinese in ­d ic tm e n t o f K h ru sh ch e v ’s po lic ies as re fo rm is t and re v is io n is t has been approved by the w o r ld T ro ts k y is t m ovem ent, as i t co in ­cides in la rge m easure w ith s im ­ila r c ritic ism s made by the F o u rth In te rn a tio n a l since the Soviet P rem ie r came to pow er. The T ro tsky is ts have po in ted out, however, th a t P ek ing has y e t to recognize th a t the present course o f the S ov ie t leadership, w h ich they condemn, continues — w ith ad justm ents fo r changed cond i­tions — the lin e fo llo w e d fo r decades unde r S ta lin .

The T ro tsky is ts have been c r i t ­ica l o f P ek ing ’s positions on a

(Continued on Page 4)

Photo by Robert Greger

JONES B EA C H , U SA . C iv il-rig h ts fighter H arold Trent, his daughter C laudia held tigh tly in his arms, is seen here after be­ing struck to ground by police club during c iv il-righ ts action at N ew Y o rk ’s Jones Beach. E arlier, other demonstrators had staged sit-dow n on highway but police dragged them off. The demon­stration had been called by Long Island CORE to protest dis­crim inatory h iring of tem porary summer workers by State Park Commission. T ren t was leading small group across highway when cops rushed them . H e got clubbed and Claudia was hurt when the nightstick that h it her fa ther struck her on the rebound.

*jiimmimmmm: Detroit Cop Kills Woman immillili mimmmiiiim imiiiiiim immmimiiimmmimmmiiiimiiimimmmmiimimmimmmmmmiiiimmmüí

Negroes Mass at Police Hq. in ProtestBy D anie l Rosenshine

D E T R O IT , J u ly 13 — Less than tw o weeks a fte r the massive F ree­dom M arch , the la rgest c iv i l - r ig h ts dem onstra tion in h is to ry , D e tro it ’s N egro com m u n ity was shocked by the b ru ta l s la y ing o f 24 -yea r-o ld C yn th ia Scott by Theodore Spicher, a w h ite po lice ­man. W ayne C o un ty Prosecutor, Sam uel Olsen, ru le d the shooting “ ju s tif ia b le hom ic ide ” and said Negro eye-w itnesses w ho con tra ­d ic ted the cop’s s to ry w ere “ too biased.”

Today, tw o “ non-respectab le” Negro organ iza tion , U h u ru (w h ic h means “ freedom ” in S w a h ili) and the G roup on Advanced Leader­sh ip (G O A L ) m ob ilized over a thousand ang ry ghetto dw e lle rs in fro n t o f po lice headquarters to pro test the k il l in g . S treets on tw o sides o f the b lock-square b u ild in g were closed to t ra f f ic as the chan t­in g dem onstra tors expressed th e ir accum ulated resentm ent against the cops.

As the crow d c irc led the police sta tion i t chanted, “ Olsen M ust Go,” “ We W an t Spicher,” and — eve ry tim e i t passed a cop — “ W atch Y o u r B ack” o r “ H e Shot H e r in the Back.” A n o lde r m an c irc led the lin e w ith a ta rge t d ra w n on the back o f h is coat.

Loudspeakers w ere set up in f ro n t o f the po lice bastion and a mass ra l ly he ld, a t w h ic h some o f the lead ing Negro m ilita n ts in the c ity spoke. A m ong them were Rev. A lb e r t B . Cleage, L u ke T rip p , cha irm an o f U h u ru , M in is te r W ilfre d X o f the D e tro it Mosque

o f the M uslim s, and R ichard B. H e n ry , p resident o f G O A L.

In c a llin g fo r the a rres t and conv ic tion o f Spicher, Rev. Cleage po in ted ou t th a t the po licem an’s ow n tes tim ony is enough to brand h im a m urde re r.

A cco rd in g to Spicher, he and his p a rtn e r stopped M iss Scott, an alleged p ro s titu te , and he r boy­fr ie n d a t 3 a.m. F rid a y , J u ly 5. S p icher said he was p lac ing he r in the po lice car w hen she slashed h im on the hand w ith a pocket k n ife and sta rted to ru n across the street. S picher said he then shot he r tw ice fro m across the street, h it t in g her in the back and once in the stom ach w hen she tu rne d and faced h im .

She W alked AwayT h is is the s to ry th a t appeared

in D e tro it ’s tw o la rge newspapers. The w h ite press, how ever, d id no t p u b lish a sta tem ent by M iss Scott’s com panion, Charles M arsh a ll, w h ic h was p rin te d in The M ic h i­gan C hron ic le , a Negro w eekly. M a rsh a ll asserted th a t M iss Scott had refused to en ter the car be­cause she had n o t been in fo rm ed o f the reason fo r he r detention, had tu rn e d he r back and w a lked across the street. A t th a t po in t, S picher had d ra w n his gun and shot he r down. M a rsh a ll said he saw no k n ife . O th e r Negro eye­witnesses to ld the same story.

Police b ru ta li ty has long been a sore spot w ith D e tro it ’s Negro com m un ity . The present m ayor, Cavanagh, rode in to o ffice in 1961 on a w ave o f Negro pro test votes against the rac is t “ p o lice -c rack -

dow ns” o f the p revious ad m in is ­tra tio n . Cavanagh placed George Edw ards, a w e ll-k n o w n lib e ra l, in the po lice com m issioner’s office , hop ing thus to head o f f Negro anger against po lice b ru ta lity . E dw ards ’ ro le has been to speak to Negro organ izations about b e t­te r in g re la tio ns between the Negro c o m m u n ity and the po lice depart­m ent, w h ile a t the same tim e ex­onera ting his ow n o ffice rs fo r outrages against Negro citizens.

T he Scott case is o n ly the m ost recent o f a series. La s t Easter m orn ing , Spicher, the same cop w ho shot C yn th ia Scott, pu lle d James G endraw s, a 40 -yea r-o ld Negro, o f f h is ow n fro n t porch and a lthough , accord ing to f iv e witnesses, he o ffe red no res is t­ance, beat h im so severe ly th a t stitches w ere req u ire d to close his head. The fac t th a t S p icher was a llow ed to p a tro l the Negro ghetto a fte r th is act o f rac is t sadism and th a t today he has no t even been suspended, le t alone prosecuted, fo r the k i l l in g o f C yn th ia Scott, sym bolizes to Negroes the a r­rogance and contem pt w ith w h ich they are trea ted by D e tro it ’s police force.

I t was the U h u ru group, above a ll, w h ich m ob ilized people fo r the dem onstra tion and set its tone. A m il ita n t o rgan iza tion sta rted by Negro u n iv e rs ity students, U h u ru ’s reaction to the Scott m u rd e r was to to u r the Negro neighborhoods w tih sound cars and to d is tr ib u te a lm ost 20,000 lea fle ts c a llin g fo r w e ek ly protests u n t i l the po lice

(Continued on Page 2)

By Fred HalsteadA un ique in c id e n t in the c u r ­

re n t s trugg le fo r Negro e q u a lity dem onstrates the po w e r o f mass action— the k in d o f ac tion i t is go­ing to take to shake up the w h ite pow er s truc tu re in the U.S. and get some m ea n ing fu l c iv i l- r ig h ts leg is la tion ou t o f congress. The in c id e n t occurred in C am bridge, M a ry la n d , on the n ig h t o f J u ly 11. Some 300 persons had dem on­stra ted fo r c iv i l r ig h ts on the courthouse steps and had beeh pe lted w ith eggs b y w h ite racists. They m a in ta ined o rd e r and were re tu rn in g to the N egro section of to w n w hen one o f th e ir num ber, 17 -yea r-o ld W ill ia m Jackson, was arrested by state po lice fo r “ c a r­ry in g a p a rin g k n ife .”

As w o rd o f th is spread th rou gh the Second W ard— a N egro ne igh ­borhood w here the c itizens are

mimiimiiimmiiiiiiiuiiMuiiiiiimiiiiiiumiiHmiiiiuiiniimmmimiiMifa

T H E D A N V IL L E STO R Y. For a report on the current c iv il- rights battle in D anville , Va., see page 8.ulmmmimmmiimmmmmimimimmmimiimmmmiimmiminiHiN

arm ed fo r defense against rac is t a ttack— a huge c row d o f Negroes fo rm ed and began m arch ing on the a rm o ry w here young Jackson was be ing he ld. T hey m arched, “ shou ting ‘Freedom , F reedom ’ w ith the vo lum e o f a thousand d rum s,” accord ing to one rep o rte r. A n d be­fo re they reached the a rm o ry , the po lice released the prisoner, who was then ho isted to the shoulders o f h is com rades and c a rrie d aw ay in ju b ila t io n .

F o rc ing the po lice to release a Negro fro m a S outhern ja i l is a h is to ric event, and fo rc in g Con­gress to pass m e a n in g fu l c iv i l - r ig h ts law s w i l l be ju s t as h is to ric , and an even b igg e r jo b . B u t im a ­g ine the pressure on the congress­m en i f a m il lio n advocates o f Freedom N o w m arched on W ash­in g ton n e x t A ug ust 28 shouting “ Freedom , Freedom .”

A nu m be r o f N o rth e rn libe ra ls , echoing P resident John F. K e n ­nedy, have advised N egro leaders to c a ll o f f the scheduled A ug . 28 M arch , on the grounds th a t the congressmen w o n ’t lik e it . T he la­test o f these is Rep. E m anue l C e l- le r, the lib e ra l D em ocra t fro m B ro o k lyn . He says he w i l l vo te fo r the c iv i l- r ig h ts b ills in any case, b u t th a t o th e r congressmen may vote against them ou t o f resen t­m en t a t “ pressure, b ludgeon ing and coercion.” A cco rd in g to th is argum ent, congressmen m ust he a llow ed to do th e ir d e lib e ra tin g in peace. B u t they have been do­in g th a t fo r years, and no m eaning­fu l c iv i l- r ig h ts b il ls ever got passed. The re a l s itu a tio n is tha t the D ix iec ra ts , w ho co n tro l the com m ittees, are a lready using eve ry d ir ty t r ic k in the book to

(Continued on Page 5)

Threat of March Frees 14 in Md.

J U L Y 16 — The threat of a mass march by Negroes in Cambridge, M d., last night won the release of 14 Negroes ja iled fo r allegedly vio lating the m artia l law in effect there. As the aroused Negro com m unity gathered at a local church, Reginald Robin­son of the Student N on­violent Coordinating Com­m ittee announced at 8 p.m. that i f the prisoners, includ­ing rights leader G loria Richardson, w ere not re ­leased by 8:30 there would be an a ll-o u t march on the ja il. A t 8:25 a National Guard officer arrived at the church and announced release of the 14 prisoners.

Page Two TH E M IL IT A N T Monday, J u ly 22, 1963

In Wake of Detroit Freedom March

Negro Unionists Map More Militant StandT H E N A T IO N A L

By H arrie t TalanD E T R O IT , J u ly 12 — T h is c ity ’s

g igan tic Freedom M arch o f June 23 has had a he a lth y im p ac t on the o ld -s ty le , m ore conserva tive Ne­g ro leaders here. A fra id o f be­com ing com p le te ly d iscred ited w ith the N egro masses, the y are no w com peting en e rg e tica lly w ith each o th e r to prove th e ir m il ita n ­cy.

One s ig n if ic a n t outcom e o f th is com p e titio n is a s tatem ent issued b y the T rade U n ion Leadersh ip C ounc il ( lo ca l a f f il ia te o f the N e­g ro A m e rica n L a b o r C ounc il) in the J u ly issue o f its paper, V an­guard . In an open le tte r, T U LC urges George M eany, W a lte r R eu - th e r and M ich iga n A F L -C IO P res iden t A ug us t Scho lle to d is ­con tinue th e ir present “ in a c tio n ” and “ re tre a t” in the area o f Negro unem ploym ent.

The le tte r w arns o f the dangers ahead fo r w o rk in g people i f the lessons and accom plishm ents of the c iv i l- r ig h ts s trugg le are no t lea rned b y the la bo r m ovem ent. “ . . .W e have learned (and have p roved ) th a t o n ly action w i l l b r in g action. T a lk alone, good in ­ten tions,* s te rile reso lu tions and b lu s te r in g t im id ity b r in g on ly stagnation. O n ly those w h o have reason to san c tify the status quo w i l l fa i l to no te th is lesson in ap­p lic a tio n to the la bo r and c iv i l- r ig h ts m ovem ent.”

Determ ined to W inP o in tin g to the fa c t th a t the u n ­

em p loym ent ra te am ong Negroes is double th a t among w h ites , the le tte r notes, “ i t is also tru e th a t 80 o f eve ry 100 A m ericans u n ­em ployed today are w h ite . . . i t is a ltoge ther c lear th a t the re can be no happy so lu tion fo r Ne­gro o r w h ite unem p loym ent unless i t be fo r bo th .”

“ Negro w o rke rs ,” the le tte r goes on, “ are de te rm ined to w in equa l­i t y o f o p p o rtu n ity fo r em p loym ent in a l l places and a t a ll levels. A n d we w i l l w in because w e w i l l settle fo r n o th in g less. B u t w h a t then? W il l th is re s u lt in open c o n flic t be tw een w h ites and Negroes fo r jobs . . . w h ic h are no t s u ffic ie n t in n u m be r fo r a ll? ” The le tte r answers th a t such a c o n flic t could re s u lt — to the be ne fit o f the em ployers and the expense o f the la b o r m ovem ent.

A n u m be r o f steps are proposed to avo id the fr ig h te n in g prospect o f a d iv id e d and weakened la bo r m ovem ent. F irs t is the o rgan iza­t io n o f the unem ployed. The labo r leaders should organize the w h ite unem ployed. “ O u r c iv i l- r ig h ts m ovem ent w i l l s im ila r ly organize th e Negro unem ployed. T h is is no t a rac is t depa rtu re fo r us. I t is s im p ly an acknow ledgem ent of y o u r c a p a b ility and ou r ow n.”

The la b o r leaders are asked to dem and a t once a red uc tio n in the w o rk w eek and a ban on ove r­tim e so long as any w o rk e r is w ith o u t a jo b . They are asked to fo rg e t abou t the c u rre n t p ro f i t - sha ring p lan fo r those w ho are w o rk in g and “ app ly the fu l l

Weekly CalendarDETROIT

On tenth anniversary o f the Ju ly 26 attack on Fort Moncada, Prof. Samuel Shapiro compares two historic figures: "Fidel Castro and John Brown." Thurs­day, July 25, 8 p.m. a t Debs Hall, 3737 Woodward.

•LOS ANGELES

Theodore Edwards of the Socialist Workers Party presents a Marxist view of the news in his bi-weekly commen­tary, Fri„ July 26, 6:45 p.m. KPFK-FM, 90.7 on your dial.

•NEW YORK

Solidarity Party. Celebrate tenth an­niversary of Fidel Castro's July 26 as­sault on Moncada Barracks. Sat., July 27, 9 p.m. 301 East 38th St., Apt. 4J. Contrib. 50 cents. Ausp. Young Socialist Alliance.

New York — Railroad freight handlers demonstrated at city hall here recently, demanding severance pay from the Chesa­peake and Ohio Railroad for 850 workers, 500 of them N e­groes, laid off w ithout notice. The workers had handled the New York freight operation of the Baltim ore and Ohio R a il­road which was taken over a few months ago by the C & O. The C & O continued to haul fre ight on the B & O line, but contracted out the loading and handling.

The demonstrators carried signs which read: “Negro W ork­ers Demand Jobs,” “Rocky Owns the Railroad that Fired 850 of Us,” and “Wagner — Get the IC C to Give Us Sever­ance Pay!” The pickets were members of Lodges 783 and 1752, Brotherhood of Railw ay Clerks and Freight Handlers.

w e ig h t o f the m ovem ent you lead to the constant, 2 4 -ho u r-a -d ay de­m and fo r a reduc tion o f the pres­en t w o rk week to a p o in t w h ich w i l l a llo w a ll those able and w i l ­lin g to w o rk to f in d decent em ­p loym e n t.”

Once the unem ployed are o r­ganized and arm ed p ro g ra m a tic - a l ly and m o ra lly , la bo r “ m ust act w ith the s p ir it , w ith m any o f the same techniques o f the c iv i l - r ig h ts m ovem ent. Ceaseless p ro ­test dem onstra tions th rou gh ou t the cou n try . P icke ting . S it- in s in the ha lls o f Congress, i f need be . . . Negro and w h ite together, side b y s ide!”

“ W hat you have a c tu a lly done to date w i l l no t do: a qu ick glance

(Continued from Page 1)ad m in is tra tio n made substantia l concessions.

U h u ru C ha irm an L u ke T r ip p to ld the ra lly , “ The w h ite rac is t po lice have p roven th a t the y ’re incapable o f respecting any b lack person. I f these cops don’t kno w how to hand le guns, the y should be disarm ed. W hy do w e have to s u ffe r fo r th e ir ignorance and s tu ­p id ity ? Since the w h ite cops can’t stop k i l l in g Negroes, get them out o f o u r ne ighborhoods! L e t ’s have b lack cops in the b lack ne ighbo r­hoods.”

John W illia m s , another U h u ru speaker, ca lled fo r p u b lic hearings in p o lic e -b ru ta lity cases, a Negro po lice com m issioner and an a l l- N egro re v ie w board. In connection w ith p rev ious exh o rta tio ns to the crow d to reg is te r to vote, he raised the idea o f an independent Negro p o lit ic a l pa rty .

The appearance o f W ilfre d X at the r a l ly emphasized the b reak th a t has been made by D e tro it ’s N egro m ilita n ts w ith the “ respect- tab le ” o ld -g u a rd leaderships. T h is was the f i r s t tim e a M u s lim

at the ra te of unem p loym ent is p ro o f enough o f tha t. I f you re ­je c t o u r proposals ou t o f hand, and con tinue y o u r present course o f in ac tio n and re tre a t you m ust also be prepared to accept respon­s ib il i ty fo r a N e g ro -w h ite jo b com p e titio n s itu a tio n w h ich , to be rea lis tic , cou ld develop and prove a m a jo r d isaster fo r a ll o f A m e r­ican labo r,” the le tte r warns.

T h is sta tem ent is indeed a w e l­come change o f tone on the p a rt o f the T U LC leaders, whose top layers have long been R euther supporters. A s i f to apologize fo r the b las t a t the la bo r bureaucrats, an e d ito r ia l in the same issue o f V anguard praises R euthe r to the skies fo r h is “ uncom prom is ing” ro le in the cause o f freedom .

Nevertheless, the T U L C open le tte r w e ll ind ica tes the dangers in h e re n t in the cu rre n t unem p loy ­m en t s itua tion . I t also po in ts the w a y to some steps th a t should be taken to end th is s itua tion .

The need is to trans la te these w ords in to action. O rgan iza tion around the dem and fo r a 30-hour week w ith no reduction in pay is long overdue. The support g iven by conserva tive Negro leaders to the K ennedy ad m in is tra tio n and the R euthe r bureaucracy, bo th of w hom oppose a f ig h t fo r 30-fo r-40 , has been and w i l l con tinue to be a b rake on the Jobs N ow struggle.

Brake or BreakThe choice is b rake o r break.

W ha t is u rg en t now is a break w ith these p o lit ic ia n s and th e ir po lic ies. W h a t is im p e ra tiv e is a b reak w ith the R euthe r bu reau­cracy whose em p loyer-approved schemes — p ro fit-s h a r in g and the “ f le x ib le ” w o rk w eek — in no w ay m eet the needs o f the unem ployed, today o r in the fu tu re .

T U LC has ca lled upon the la ­bo r leaders to act on unem p loy­m ent, to o ffse t the dangers o f a d iv id e d w o rk in g class. B u t T U LC should no t w a it fo r these bu reau­cra ts to act. I t should its e lf take the lead and go ahead, se tting 30- fo r-4 0 as a p r im a ry demand around w h ic h to organize the u n ­em ployed and em ployed Negro w orkers.

C om plem enting c a m p a i g n s against e x is ting jo b d is c r im in a ­tion , 30 -fo r-40 should become a top dem and no t o n ly o f TU LC , b u t o f eve ry N egro organ ization p a rtic ip a tin g in the Jobs N o w — Freedom N o w struggle.

O n ly th rou gh a f ig h t to w in m ore jobs — and th a t means a m il ita n t a ttack on the w ho le eco­nom ic and p o lit ic a l pow e r s truc­tu re — can the la bo r and c iv i l - r ig h ts m ovem ent f u l f i l l th e ir re ­spons ib ilities to bo th w h ite and b lack w orkers .

spokesman took p a rt in recent c iv i l- r ig h ts ra llies .

W ilf re d X called fo r the u n ity o f a ll Negro organ izations in the strugg le against po lice b ru ta lity . He urged dem onstra tors to attend a mass ra l ly to be he ld a t Rev. Cleage’s church.

Today ’s dem onstra tion was as p o te n tia lly s ig n if ic a n t as the June 23 Freedom M arch , w h ic h re p re ­sented the en tire mass o f the N egro com m un ity . Today ’s * dem ­on s tra tion was ca lled on o n ly th ree -days ’ no tice by tw o lesser- kn o w n and re la t iv e ly sm a ll o r ­ganizations w h ich s tra ined th e ir resources to the u tm ost in m o b il­iz in g the c ity ’s Negro people.

I t is now possible tha t, because o f the mass pressure, the g u ilty cop m ay be punished. B u t the arres t and con v ic tio n o f one b ru ­ta l cop w i l l n o t be enough. The thousand people w ho dem onstra t­ed in f ro n t o f the hated police headquarters w ere p ro te s ting m ore tha n one act o f po lice b ru ta lity . The ta rge t was, as Rev. Cleage said, “ the e n tire system w h ich pe rm its such th in g s to happen.”

The Brotherhood of Firemen and Enginemen, m eeting in St. Lou is J u ly 11, in w h a t m ay be its last convention , rem oved its 87- y e a r - o 1 d co n s titu tion a l ban against persons o f n o n -w h ite o r M ex ican ancestry. The un ion faces e x tin c tio n because o f the jo b s laugh te r now be ing prepared by the ra ilroads and is seeking a m erger w ith the o ther ra ilro a d opera ting c ra ft unions.

In the debate the m a in a rg u ­m ent fo r rem o v ing the race ban was th a t the clause subjected the un ion to expu ls ion fro m the A F L - C IO and i t cou ldn ’t a ffo rd tha t w h ile conducting its la s t-d itc h f ig h t. The un ion hopes to pro tect the jo b r ig h ts o f p re sen tly -em - p loyed fire m e n fo r the rest o f th e ir lives, b u t no new jobs are expected to open up and as m em ­bers re tire , th e ir jobs are expected to be e lim ina ted . T here fore , the rem ova l o f the race ban is no t expected to resu lt in any Negroes o r M exicans becom ing firem en.

I t b rings to m ind the o ld song: “ Take m y seat lady, I ’m ge tting o f f here anyw ay.”

* * *The Am erican G uild of Variety

Artists, the un ion o f vau de v ille , n ig h t c lub and specia lty p e rfo rm ­ers, has scheduled an in tegra ted v a r ie ty show be fore a non-segre- gated audience in B irm ingh am , A la . The A ug. 5 show is one o f m any p lanned by the G u ild in the South as p a rt o f a cam paign to end segregation in places o f p u b ­lic en te rta inm en t. The show i t ­se lf w i l l be e n te rta in m en t on ly , w ith no d ire c t reference to c iv i l righ ts .

T he show ’s producers have te n ­ta t iv e ly arranged fo r the B irm in g ­ham C ity A u d ito r iu m . I f the plans go th rough , i t w i l l be the f ir s t tim e the c ity -o w n e d a u d ito r iu m ever he ld an in teg ra ted audience, w a tch in g an in te g ra te d show. A m ong the b ig names a lready scheduled are Johnny M ath is , the S h ire lies and R ay Charles and h is orchestra.

* * *

The Communications Workers o f A m erica has agreed on a new th re e -ye a r con trac t w ith the M ich iga n B e ll Telephone Com pa­ny. I t covers some 15,000 w o rke rs and is expected to be the pa tte rn fo r several hundred thousand em ­ployees o f the B e ll System in the U.S. The C W A is headed b y Jo ­seph H. B ie rne , one o f P resident John F. K ennedy ’s m ost eager la ­bo r lieu tenan ts, and the pact is w e ll w ith in K ennedy ’s lo w -w a g e - increase po licy .

The agreem ent provides w eek ly raises o f between $2 and $5 a week fo r 14 m onths w ith wage re-openers in 1964 and 1965. I t also prov ides im p roved fr in g e benefits, m ostly fo r h ig h -s e n io rity employees.

In N ew Orleans, J. H a rvey Kerns, executive d ire c to r o f the Crescent C ity ’s U rb an League said J u ly 9 th a t the S outhern B e ll Telephone Com pany had been ad­ve rtis in g in New O rleans fo r m onths fo r telephone operators b u t had tu rne d dow n a ll Negro applicants. He said the re are on ly 47 Negroes am ong the loca l com ­pany ’s 3,400 employees.

* * *“Business w ill continue to ex ­

pand fo r a t least another yea r,” accord ing to the m a jo r ity v ie w o f economists a tten d in g the N a tion a l In d u s tr ia l Conference Board m eet­in g in New Y o rk last m onth , “ b u t unem p loym ent w i l l pe rs is t and p ro b a b ly worsen.” I f th is is ex­pansion, w h a t w i l l the n e x t reces­sion lo ok like?

* * *

The Northern California A m e r­ican C iv il L ib e rtie s U n ion has asked the U.S. C irc u it C ourt o f Appeals to declare in v a lid th a t

p a rt o f the K e n n e d y -L a n d ru m - G r if f in labo r la w w h ich p ro h ib its C om m unists fro m h o ld ing un ion o ffice .

The A C L U b r ie f against the la w ’s Section 504 has been f ile d in the case o f A rc h ie B row n , an avowed m em ber o f the C om m un­is t P a rty and a m em ber o f the 35- m an executive board o f Loca l 10 o f the In te rn a tio n l Longshore­m en’s and W arehousem en’s U n ion

The A C L U declared: “ On its face 504 is c le a rly a b i l l o f a t­ta inde r. I t in f l ic ts pun ishm en t be­cause i t deprives the person i t reaches o f the r ig h t to ho ld an o ffic e o r em p loym ent w ith in his un ion. T h is . . . am ounts to the selective re s tr ic tio n o f the exe r­cise o f a va luab le F irs t A m end­m en t r ig h t, the r ig h t to associate in groups and assert a p u b lic in ­fluence th rou gh those groups . . . A n d th is pun ishm en t is in fl ic te d w ith o u t a ju d ic ia l t r ia l on an id e n tifie d group . . . I f th is k in d o f g u ilt w ith o u t ju d ic ia l t r ia l can be app lied to one un po pu la r and hated group, then any unpopu la r m in o r ity group m ay be like w ise s tigm atized to its d e trim e n t.”

* # *

W orkers at the H ilton Hotel inE l Paso, Texas are on s tr ik e fo r un io n recogn ition . P icke ts in f ro n t o f the ho te l say m any o f them re ­ceive no wages a t a ll, b u t m ust liv e on tips. A po rte r, w ho shines shoes and does odd jobs seven days a week, gets o n ly $27 per m on th in wages fro m the H ilto n . Some w o rke rs get o n ly 50 cents an h o u r and some o n ly 13 cents an hour. Loca l 628 o f the H o te l and Restaurant Em ployees is lead ing the s trike . The loca l says the T e x ­as H o te l Associa tion is m ore “ hos­t i le ” to un ions than such associa­tions in o the r states. T he in te rn a ­t io n a l un ion has contracts w ith 28 o f the 34 H ilto n hotels in the U.S., b u t none in Texas, Lou is iana o r Georgia.

* * *

Teenage joblessness clim bed to ove r 17 pe r cent fo r you ths under age 20 in the m on th o f May. This b ro ug h t the n a tion a l unem p loy­m en t ra te up to 5.9 pe r cent ac­co rd in g to the U.S. Dept, o f Labor. A n estim ated 2.5 m illio n a d d itio n ­a l teenagers in the la b o r force are expected to appear in the June figu res, w h ich w i l l p ro b a b ly ra ise the teenage jobless ra te again.

TO SPEA K IN D E T R O IT . Prof. Samuel Shapiro, a con­sistent opponent of the anti- Cuba campaign, w ill speak at a meeting celebrating the tenth anniversary of Fidel Castro’s July 26 attack on Moncada Barracks. The meeting w ill be held Thursday, Ju ly 25, 8 p.m. at the socialist forum, Debs H all, 3737 Woodward. A n his­torian and author, D r. Shapiro w ill compare two historic fig ­ures: “John Brown and Fidel Castro.”

... Detroit Negroes Protest

Monday, J u ly 22, 1963 TH E M IL IT A N T Page Three

CUBA: Report by a Canadian Journalist

"The Rewards Are for the Children"[T h is sp ring Jack Scott, w id e ­

ly - re a d d a ily co lum n is t o f the Sun in Vancouver, Canada, made a second v is i t to Cuba and w ro te e ig h t a rtic les describ ing w h a t he saw there. A f te r a le ng th y L a tin A m erican to u r the year before, he had w r it te n some o f the finest a rtic les on South A m erica and Cuba ye t to appear in the N o rth A m e rica n press. H is recent series shows th a t h is pe rsp icac ity , can­dor, w i t and sym pa thy fo r the C u­ban R evo lu tion have in no w ay d im in ished . W e are re p r in t in g the m a jo r p a rt o f his recent series. Space lim ita t io n does no t a llo w us to p r in t i t in fu l l . ]

By Jack ScottH A V A N A — The b e a u tifu l, con­

t in u in g s to ry o f the Cuban R ev­o lu tio n — b e a u tifu l because o f its ded ica tion to the p ropos ition th a t e ve ry m an, w om an and c h ild de­serves an even b reak — is m ov­in g no w in to a new and sobering chapter.

The v is ito r here m ay detect the f i r s t fa in t ou tlines o f m a tu r ity in a society th a t has existed fo r less th a n fo u r and a h a lf years. I t ’s the end o f the tum u ltu ou s honey­m oon and the be g inn ing o f the serious m arriage — fo r b e tte r o r worse.

The fe rv o r o f the dedicated sup­po rte rs o f F id e l Castro is h a rde n ­in g in to the rea liza tion th a t th is p a r tic u la r society is here to stay. N o w the s trugg le is no longer fo r m ere s u rv iv a l, a rom an tic , swash­b u c k lin g adven tu re w ith p e a rl- hand led p is to ls on the h ip , b u t fo r o rd e r and s ta b ility th rou gh the m ean and m undane con tribu tions o f h a rd w o rk and personal sa­c r if ic e .

Opposition Attitude

The s ig n if ic a n t opponents o f Castro, those w h o have taken and s t i l l m a in ta in a su llen a ttitu d e o f w a it-and -see , are in e v ita b ly m e ld ­in g w ith the la rg e r society in the face o f unden iab le evidence th a t th is p recarious th in g a c tu a lly w orks. T hey ’re f in d in g th a t l i fe is r ic h e r fo r the p a rtic ip a tio n in it , th a t w h a t can’t be beaten is be t­te r jo ined , how ever re lu c ta n tly .

The m ost voca l and in te llig e n t c r it ic o f the re v o lu tio n I encount­ered in a v is i t ju s t a yea r ago m et

me th is tim e a t the José M a r tí a irp o rt in Havana w ith a copy of Das K a p ita l unde r h is a rm and the exp lana tion , “ I ’m no t bu y in g — ye t — b u t i t makes m ore sense w hen you understand the b lue ­p r in ts .”

The w in d o w dressing, the flags, the bun ting , the slogans, posters and g igan tic images o f the bearded M ax im um Leader, are s tead ily disappearing.

A F rench correspondent, m ak­in g a re tu rn p ilg rim age , s ta rtled the readers o f H oy, the m ost do gm a tica lly C om m unis t o f H a­vana ’s newspapers, b y describ ing the mood o f Cuba as “ serene” — s ta rtled them because the w o rd ’s aptness hadn ’t occurred to them in th e ir d a y -to -d a y l iv in g w ith th e ir ow n im m ed ia te h is to ry .

The c ry o f “ P a tr ia o M ue rte ” — m y cou n try o r death — seems c u riou s ly dated th is year. The re v -

“ C he” G u e v a ra

o lu tio n a ry leaders, themselves, are m ore g iven to vo ic ing a greater, i f less in sp ir in g , u rgency: “ M orep ro du c tion .”

T he re ’s even the beg inn ing o f a hunger fo r a facade o f respect­a b ility .

La s t year w hen I w e n t to the la te show a t the C a p ri H o te l’s o rnate supper c lu b I was the on ly m an in the place w e a rin g a tie .

1962 Was an Eventful Year. . . And So Was Our Coverage

We Featured These Exclusives in 1962• Eye-Witness Reports on the Southern Rights Fight• An unusual series o f analytical articles by George Breitman on

the "new m ood" in the Negro struggle• On-the-scene reports by Carol W eston from Paraguay and

Uruguay• Reports by our editor, Joseph Hansen, from Latin America,

including an exclusive interview with Brazilian peasant leader Francisco Juliao

• Reports by Joseph Hansen from A lgeria, plus analytical articles on the development o f the A lgerian revolution

• Translation o f poems by Yevtushenko• M ajor documentary coverage on Cuba including:

Text o f Second Declaration o f HavanaO ffic ia l text o f Cuba's five -po in t proposal fo r settlement o f

U.S.-created crisis Text o f Cuban President Dorticos' speech a t UN on eve of

blockadeFidel Castro's Speech, "The Revolution Must Be a School o f

U nfettered Thought"Fidel Castro's Speech on Bureaucracy and Sectarianism Fidel Castro's Speech on his meeting with UN General Sec­

retary U ThantA ll o f this is yours in permanent form by sending $7 fo r the 1962

bound volume o f America's leading socialist weekly.

Send check or money order to :THE MILITANT

116 University Place, New York 3, N. Y.

T h is yea r I was the o n ly m an in the room w ith o u t one.

A t a reception fo r v is it in g co r­respondents he ld b y the d ire c to r o f in fo rm a tio n in w h a t had been an A m erican sugar ba ron ’s Cuba­nacan palace I was s ta rtle d to f in d a fo rm a l rece iv in g lin e and some o f m y o ld re v o lu tio n a ry ac­quaintance fro m las t tim e o n ly s lig h t ly self-conscious in d a rk b lue suits. The frozen d a iq u ir is were served b y so ft-fo o ted w a ite rs in w h ite jackets. There w asn’t a beard in sight. The liv e lie s t con­versa tion concerned the verses o f N ico las G u illen , the re v o lu tio n ’s poet laureate, w h o is beg inn ing to s tr ik e some d isrespectfu l Cubans as m ore laureate than poet.

Even the h u m a n ly com ic aspect o f l i fe here, the so rt o f Caribbean vers ion o f the B e v e rly H i llb il l ie s in w h ic h a class society has been so ru d e ly tu rn e d tu r t le , has lost some o f its ludicrousness.

Mansions fo r Children

The i l l i te ra te Negro c h ild b ro ug h t in fro m some w re tched ba ck -co u n try boh io a yea r o r m ore ago and in s ta lle d in the sweet lu x u ry o f a paste l m ansion in the f lo w e r - f i l le d suburb o f M ira m a r, a d is tr ic t th a t’s now l ik e one g i­gantic boa rd ing school, was a be­w ilde red , C haplinesque f ig u re a sho rt 12 m onths ago. N ow , as i f he’d never kn o w n w h a t i t was to sleep on a d ir t f lo o r, he belongs w ith a k in d o f p ro p rie to rs h ip as unquestion ing as the fo rm e r tenan t w ho “ w e n t 90 m iles .”

Perhaps m ore than any Cuban on th is sun-drenched i sland i t is the becado, the young scho larsh ip student, w ho w o rks the hardest and is the surest guarantee fo r the fu tu re . G rave ly , w ith o u t com ­p la in t, he pu ts in an exhausting s ix -d a y school week, fro m seven in the m o rn in g u n t i l f iv e a t n igh t.

A group I ta lke d to to ld me th a t th e y ’d had a w o n d e rfu l vaca tion fro m i t a l l — w o rk in g on the shade-grow n coffee crops in the m ounta ins o f O riente.

O thers w ere am ong those f ly in g squads w ho took to the h i l ls fo r e igh t m onths to “ a lphabetize” the backwoods illite ra te s , a crash p ro ­gram th a t’s be ing m e th o d ica lly fo l­low ed up now b y courses designed to c a rry the “ students,” m any o f them o f m id d le age o r o lder, ahead to the th ird grade.

Illiteracy Down

The people in charge o f educa­t io n here lik e to c la im th a t th e y ’ve reduced il l ite ra c y to less than 4 pe r cent o f Cuba’s po pu la tio n o f som eth ing m ore than s ix and a h a lf m illio n s . S tatistics, o f course, are p ro b a b ly the least re lia b le com m od ity in Cuba today. T hey ’re u su a lly subm itted w ith the phrase mas o menos, w h ic h means “ m ore o r less.” B u t any in fo rm a l p o ll- ta k in g seems to substantia te the c la im th a t the re v o lu tio n has b ro ug h t read ing and w r it in g to vast num bers.

A t a state fa rm in P in a r del R io, specia liz ing in the ra is in g o f ducks unde r the tu te lage o f an e xp e rt fro m C hina, I m et an o ld m an o f 70 w ho to ld me w ith g reat p r id e th a t he was a graduate o f th is program . H is brigad ista , o r teacher, had been 12 years o f age. I cou ld h a rd ly be lieve th is and, p o in tin g to the sign “ C a te rp illa r” on a nearby tra c to r, asked h im i f he cou ld read it .

“ No, no, com pañero,” he grinned . “ I o n ly have the le tte rs o f the a lphabet now . N e x t yea r I lea rn to p u t them together.”

I f i t ’s sym bo lism you ’re lo ok in g fo r, the teacher o f th is o ld m an is y o u r boy. T im e a fte r tim e, as you question Cubans in every w a lk of life , you ’l l hear th is s im p le ca­tech ism o f re v o lu tio n : “ The re ­w ards are fo r the c h ild re n .”

These signs o f m a tu r ity , w h ich present a new and inescapable com plex o f challenges to a Cuba

H A R V E S T IN G FO R T H E N E W S O C IE TY . The Cuban revolu­tionaries who started Cuba on the road to socialism are now faced w ith the enormous task of keeping the new society going. A m ajor problem has been a shortage of labor to bring in the sugar b

een travelling out to the fields each Sunday to help harvest the cane.

th a t’s h ith e rto ro lle d on the sheer m om entum o f enthusiasm , have im pressed me m ost in m y second t r ip to Cuba.

I t was a lm ost e xa c tly a year since m y f ir s t v is it — a year in n o rm a l tim e, a q u a rte r o f the li fe span o f the re v o lu tio n in m ore m e a n in g fu l te rm s — th a t I came to Havana as an in v ita d o o f the M in is try o f F ore ign A ffa irs to w i t ­ness the M ay D ay celebrations.

I have rem a ined on n e a rly a m on th w ith a ca r (a L in c o ln ) and in te rp re te r (a c re w -c u t la d nam ed R igoberto Valdez w h o has been re m a rk a b ly p a tien t in v ie w o f m y de te rm in a tion to f in d o u t w h a t’s w ro n g w ith the re v o lu tio n ) . I ’ve covered m any hundreds o f m iles th ro u g h o u t the is land . I w e n t w here I chose to go. I ta lke d w ith w hom I pleased, in c lu d in g m any o f the m en a t the top.

L e a fin g now th rou gh several notebooks I f in d th a t one quote seems to me to sum m arize the hopes and fears o f th is p a r tic u la r m om ent in the b e a u tifu l Cuban story.

Elder Statesman

I t came fro m A lfre d o Y ab u r, the 42 -yea r-o ld M in is te r o f Justice, an e lde r statesm an as the re v o lu ­tio n a ry leaders go and w ith the k in d o f candor th a t a lw ays s u r­prises N o rth A m erican newspa­perm en.

“ We be lieve th a t m ost Cubans are prepared to d ie w i l l in g ly fo r th e ir c o u n try ,” Y a b u r to ld me. “ N ow w e are in the process o f d iscove ring how m any w i l l w i l l ­in g ly w o rk fo r it . ”

In the vestibu le outside the m in is te r ’s bo o k -lin e d o ffice in O ld Havana the re ’s a depa rtm ent store du m m y dressed in the clothes and ho ld in g the le th a l- lo o k in g m achete o f the sugar-cane cu tte r. The f ig ­u re is labe lled R eyna ldo Castro (no re la tio n to F id e l; Castro is as com m on as S m ith back hom e). T h is m an is a to w e rin g legend in h is tim e, a p rod ig ious c u tte r o f cane, a sort o f P au l B unyan o f the ro l lin g green sugar fie ld s and now an o ff ic ia l and po pu la r in ­sp ira tio n a l im age-m aker.

I t was Reyna ldo w ho caused the most spontaneous dem onstra tion a t a w o rke rs ’ r a l ly I a ttended to w a tch M a jo r E rnesto “ Che” G ue­vara , M in is te r o f Ind us tries and und isputed No. 2 m an to F ide l.

I t was Reynaldo, stocky and ham -handed, s tand ing beside the s lig h t, boyish f ig u re o f R au l Cas­tro and gazing ou t on a qu a rte r

m il lio n o f his cou n trym en ga thered fo r the M a y D ay fe s tiv it ie s in th e Plaza de la R evo lucio n , r in ge d b y massive a n t i-a irc ra f t a r t il le ry , w ho go t the noisiest cheers, a re m in d e r in its e lf th a t in a sho rt yea r the au then tic hero ic f ig u re in Cuban li fe carries a prosaic weapon o f p roduc tion ra th e r than a rom a n tic gun.

T he re ’s evidence, p a r t ic u la r ly in the c ities and especia lly in H a ­vana, th a t the w illingn ess to sweat p ro sa ica lly fo r the re v o lu tio n has no t ye t equa lled the w illingn ess to bleed g lo r io u s ly fo r it .

Some Mistakes

One c o n trib u tin g fa c to r in th is yea r’s d isappo in ting sugar cu t, a long the second successive sp ring ­tim e d rough t, has been a shortage o f s k ille d cutters.

A t the M ay D ay ga the ring R a u l Castro f ra n k ly ad m itte d goofs in p lann ing , in c lu d in g the p lou gh ing up o f m any sugar fie ld s to g ro w m ore d iv e rs if ie d crops. B u t he lashed out, too, a t “ absenteeism” and “ indo lence” b y vo lu n te e r cu t­ters.

T h is causes a w e ird reaction among m any p o lit ic a lly uncom ­m itte d v is ito rs w ho, no tin g the la rge num bers o f m en in H avana w ho seem to be do ing n o th in g m uch in p a rtic u la r, w onder w h y the re v o lu tio n ’s leaders res is t the in v ita t io n to any fo rm o f com pu l­sion.

A Latin American Speaks to

North Americansby

CARLOS FUENTESLast spring the gifted Mexican

novelist, Carlos Fuentes was sched­uled to come to the United States for a TV debate with Assistant Sec­retary of State Richard Goodwin. On the eve of the debate the State Department refused to grant Fuentes a visa. This is the text of the speech he had prepared for the debate.

15 cents

order from

Pioneer Publishers116 University Place New York 3, N.Y.

Page Four TH E M IL IT A N T Monday, J u ly 22, 1968

THE MILITANTEditor: JOSEPH H A N S E N

Managing Editor: GEO RG E L A V A N Business Manager: K A R O L Y N K E R R Y

Published w eekly , except during Ju ly and August when published b i-w cekly , by The M ilita n t Publishing Ass’n., 110 U nivers ity PL, New Y ork 3, N .Y . Phone CH 3-2140. Second-class postage paid at N ew Y ork , N .Y . Subscription: $3 a year; Canadian, $3.50; foreign, $4.50. Signed articles by contributors do not necessarily represent The M ilita n t’s views. These are expressed in editorials.

V o l. 27 - No. 27 3 4 5 M onday, J u ly 22, 1963

Students Review Study of Communism

Assess Early Days of M ovem ent

Job Slaughter on the RailroadSevera l years ago th e ra ilro a d corpo ra tions declared a change

in w o rk ru le s w h ic h w o u ld e lim in a te tens o f thousands o f ope r­a tin g jobs in a d d itio n to those a lre a d y be ing e lim in a te d under the o ld ru les. The issue has been p u t be fo re tw o p re s id e n tia l boards bo th o f w h ich gave sanction to the jo b s laughter.

The f iv e o p e ra tin g ra ilro a d b ro therhoods tie d up the issue in c o u rt as long as possib le b u t w e re f in a l ly fo rced to th rea ten s tr ik e w hen the com panies announced the new ru les w o u ld be p u t jn to e ffe c t J u ly 10. N ow P res iden t K en n e d y has p re va ile d on the com panies to re fra in fro m the jo b s la u g h te r u n t i l the end o f th is m onth , a llo w in g tim e fo r the in tro d u c tio n o f le g is la tio n in C on­gress. The le g is la tio n is expected to p ro v id e fo r some so rt o f com ­pu lso ry gove rnm en t a rb itra tio n . S ince the gove rnm en t boards have a lre a d y ru le d in fa v o r o f th e companies, i t is r id ic u lo u s to expect any “ im p a r t ia l i ty ” fro m congress iona lly im posed a rb itra ­tion .

In e ffect, K ennedy has to ld th e ra ilro a d b ro therhoods th a t unless th e y se ttle on te rm s recom m ended b y h is appointees — te rm s g ra n tin g the m a in co rp o ra tion demands — they can o n ly expect m ore a n ti- la b o r leg is la tion . H e has to ld them th a t i f they dare exercise th e ir r ig h t to s tr ike , Congress m ay ta ke the r ig h t aw ay fro m them .

T h is p red icam ent, in w h ich th e o p e ra ting ra ilro a d b ro th e r­hoods now f in d them selves, is sym bo lic o f the s itu a tio n fa c in g the e n tire la b o r m ovem en t in the U.S. In th e s ty le o f th e rest o f the conse rva tive la b o r bureaucra ts , the leaders o f the b ro therhoods have com prom ised th e independence o f th e un ions fro m the state and have re lie d on alleged “ fr ie n d s ” in th e a d m in is tra tio n to solve th e ir prob lem s. T h e y have ca rr ie d o u t th e ir w h o le s tru g g le in th is m a tte r w ith in a lega l fra m e w o rk sp e c ifica lly designed to p re ve n t them fro m us ing the s tr ik e weapon.

In the face o f inc reas ing s tru c tu ra l unem p loym en t, th e un ion leaders are im p o te n t. T hey g ive l ip serv ice to the sh o rte r w o rk w eek — 30 hou rs ’ w o rk a t 40 hou rs ’ pay. B u t th e y do n o t p ro ­pose to f ig h t fo r th is obvious rem edy b y m o b iliz in g th e in d e ­penden t econom ic and p o lit ic a l pow e r o f th e unions, b y ta k in g to the streets as the Negroes are doing. The o n ly answ er the la b o r bureaucra ts have is con tinued re liance on th e ir “ fr ie n d s ” in the a d m in is tra tio n .

Th is re liance d isarm s th e un ions in th e ir c o n fro n ta tio n w ith ca p ita l on the issues o f au tom ation and s tru c tu ra l unem ploym ent.

...Kremlin Charges China(Continued from Page 1)

nu m be r o f key questions, some o f w h ic h are also dea lt w ith in the S oviet answer. These inc lude the Chinese opposition to the de- S ta lin iza tio n processes in the S oviet b loc and th e ir upho ld ing of the S ta lin c u lt; th e ir underes­tim a tio n o f the destructiveness o f the H -b o m b and the consequences o f nuc lea r w a r; th e ir fa lse cha r­acte riza tion o f Yugos lav ia as cap ita lis t; and the absence o f w o rke rs ’ dem ocracy w ith in China.

Despite these and o ther defects, the T ro tsky is ts ju dg e th a t the Chinese side is in the m ain the m ore progressive. They be lieve th a t the Chinese h o ld m ore co r­rec t positions than th e ir Russian adversaries on m any m a jo r ques­tions o f w o r ld po litics . The C h i­nese, fo r instance, m a in ta in th a t pe rm anent peace can come to the w o r ld o n ly th rou gh the o ve rth row o f im p e ria lism b y means o f the class strugg le ra th e r than th rou gh d ip lo m a tic deals between M oscow and W ashington. The Chinese also say th a t the needs o f the co lon ia l lib e ra tio n m ovem ents should no t be subord ina ted to the “ n e u tra l­is t” bourgeois governm ents in the co lon ia l areas. In ad d ition , the Chinese r ig h t ly denounce the doc­tr in e enunciated by K hrushchev, and defended in h is la tes t docu­m ent, th a t the w o rke rs can achieve suprem acy in the strong­holds o f cap ita lism by p u re ly p a rlia m e n ta ry means.

A t one tim e o r another in the past tw o years a ll fo u r o f the p r in c ip a l pa rtic ip an ts in the dispu te have accused each o ther o f be ing “ T ro tsky is ts .” The C h i­nese and A lb an ian s have d irected the charge against K hrushchev because o f h is de m o lition o f the

S ta lin cu lt and de -S ta lin iza tion measures. T hey likene d the Soviet rem ova l o f the m issiles under K ennedy ’s th re a t d u r in g the Cuban cris is to a p o licy w h ich they m isrepresented as T ro ts k y ’s at the B re s t-L ito v s k peace nego­tia tio n s between the Soviet Re­p u b lic and G erm any in 1918.

O n the o ther hand, the Russians and Yugoslavs declare there is an a f f in ity w ith “ T ro ts k y is m ” in the references to “ u n in te rru p te d re v ­o lu t io n ” w h ich have appeared in ce rta in Chinese documents. They b rand as “ u lt ra - le f t T ro ts k y is t op po rtu n ism ” the Chinese re fusa l to sub m it to im p e ria lis t b la ckm a il and th e ir insistence on speaking in fa v o r o f the class struggle.

Rival CentersO bviously, a ll fo u r o f these con­

tend ing p o lit ic a l centers cannot be “ T ro ts k y is t.” In fact, no t one o f them is. They use the labe l p r i ­m a r ily and in d is c rim in a te ly as an ep ithe t designed to d isc re d it the m ost te ll in g argum ents against th e ir ow n positions. In its a rtic le M oscow is p la y in g upon long ­s tand ing p re jud ices against T ro t­sky ism im bedded d u r in g the S ta lin era to he lp seal the m inds of ra n k -a n d - f ile C om m unists against the c ritic ism s o f the Chinese and pave the w ay fo r th e ir com plete ostracism .

The genuine T ro tsky is ts have presented independent v iew s on the con trove rs ia l issues w h ich are d is tin c t fro m those o f M oscow and B elgrade o r P ek ing and T iran a . A s cons is ten tly re v o lu tio n a ry M arx is ts , they are o ffe r in g specific answers to the c ru c ia l problem s o f the s trugg le fo r socia lism in ou r epoch raised in the G rea t Debate.

The following is a reprint of a book review which appeared in the March 18-30 Y oung Socia lis t Reply, campus publication of the Young Socialist Alliance at the University of California in Los Angeles. W e reprint it because of its intrinsic m erit and to show adult readers the quality of w r it ­ing in the growing battery of Young Socialist publications now appearing on the campuses of this country. The book reviewed is James P. Cannon’s The F irs t Ten Years o f A m erican Com m unism : R eport o f a P a rtic ip a n t (Published by Lyle Stuart, New York, 1962,343 pp. $6). The reviewers are Linda Strite and M anuel Blanco.

* * *

In th is epoch o f the w itc h -h u n t in A m erica , i t is indeed q u ite a phenom enon to encounter a book w h ich deals o b je c tiv e ly w ith the em bryon ic years o f the A m erican Com m unist P a rty . M ore s u rp ris ­in g s t i l l is to f in d such a book w r it te n by a p a rtic ip a n t, one w ho know s fro m firs th a n d experience. B y any standards, James P. Can­non ’s The F irs t Ten Years of A m erican C om m unism is a re ­m arka b le docum ent.

The book l i te ra lly b rings to l i fe fo r the reader an era o f o u r h is ­to ry o f w h ich ve ry l i t t le t ru th and m uch d is to rtio n has p re v io us ly been the o rder o f the day. I t is m ore than a d ry reco llec tion of dates, facts and figu res ; one a l­m ost becomes a p a rt o f the s tru g ­gle. In James P. Cannon’s book, the issues are c le a rly de fined, the roles o f the va rious pa rtic ip an ts discussed and evaluated.

The m ost ou ts tand ing fea tu re o f the book is th a t the au tho r im ­pa rts to the readers an un de r­stand ing o f the w ho le period, an unders tand ing w ith o b je c tiv ity . The p a rtic ip a n ts are v iew ed as hum an beings — w ith th e ir strengths and weaknesses — in a m anner w h ich is a lm ost m ore cha rac te ris tic o f a nove l than o f an h is to rica l docum ent. In speak­in g o f the cap itu la tio n o f m any o f the leaders o f the A m e r i­can C om m unis t m ovem ent to S ta lin ’s a n ti-de m ocra tic bu reau­cracy, w h ic h negated alm ost e v e ry th in g w h ich these people had ever stood fo r, he said:

“ T h is m a te ria lis tic analysis of

B IR T H D A Y SPEECH. James P. Cannon at a 1960 N ew York banquet celebrating his and his w ife Rose’s seventieth b irth ­days.

the u g ly tra n s fo rm a tio n o f the p ioneer leaders o f A m erican com ­m un ism deprives them o f . th e ir halo, w h ic h d id no t f i t them in the f ir s t place, and also frees them fro m ju dg m en t b y dem on- ology. I t s im p ly shows them in th e ir tru e l ig h t as hum an, capable o f e rro r and d e fa u lt un de r pres­sure. They stood up b e tte r and longer than others o f th e ir gen­e ra tion , b u t in the end they too succumbed to the pressures of th e ir tim e .”

Historical PerspectiveJames P. Cannon discusses

these people in l ig h t o f the h is ­to r ica l perspective o f w o r ld -s h a k ­in g events. B y fa r the most s ig n i­f ic a n t o f these events was the B o lshe v ik R evo lu tion o f 1917. T h is re v o lu tio n affected fa r m ore than the p ro p e rty re la tio ns o f the S ov ie t U n ion and these effects were fe lt around the w o rld . In A m erica the In d u s tr ia l W orkers o f the W o rld and the Socia list P a rty w ere w racked by in te rn a l discussions and debates on th is question, and w hen the leadersh ip o f bo th organ izations fa ile d to

Clyde Kennard, Crusader For Freedom, Dies at 36

By A lex H arteC lyde K enna rd , the young N e­

gro freedom fig h te r w ho was fra m e d -u p and ja ile d fo r the “ c r im e ” o f a p p ly in g fo r adm ission to the U n iv e rs ity o f S outhern M is ­sissippi, d ied J u ly 4 in a Chicago hosp ita l. K enna rd was released la s t F eb ru a ry fro m M iss iss ipp i’s P archm an P e n ite n tia ry a fte r a na ­tio n -w id e p e tit io n cam paign to free h im had been launched by the S tudent N o nv io le n t C o -o rd ­in a tin g C om m ittee.

The M iss iss ipp i a u tho ritie s w ho had fram ed h im up p re fe rred to release h im ra th e r tha n face the p u b lic ity o f h is d y in g o f cancer w h ile in ja i l . The M e re d ith case had by then b ro ug h t the issue o f the co lo r ba r on S outhern cam ­puses to the w o r ld ’s a tten tion .

K enna rd f ir s t app lied fo r ad­m ission to U S M in 1958 — fo u r years be fore the M ere d ith case. A veteran, he had been forced by h is s tep fa the r’s death to re tu rn to his fa m ily ’s fa rm near H a ttie s ­burg, Miss., a fte r three years at the U n iv e rs ity o f Chicago. H e a t­tem pted to com plete h is education a t the U S M campus, w h ich was near h is home.

U n iv e rs ity o ff ic ia ls re jected his app lica tions bo th in 1958 and 1959 w ith o u t exp lana tion . He was pa ­tro n iz in g ly o ffe red scholarships to any N o rth e rn school he chose. B u t

he insisted on h is r ig h t to go to college near w here he lived . So the rac is ts resorted to fram e-u p .

K en na rd was charged in 1960 w ith m aste rm ind ing the th e ft o f f iv e bags o f ch icken feed. A l­though tes tim ony showed th a t he could no t have had the necessary know ledge o f the warehouse tha t was robbed, the a ll-w h ite ju ry conv ic ted h im . He received a sev­en -yea r sentence, w h ile the pe r­son a c tu a lly charged w ith the c rim e — w ho had tu rne d state ’s evidence against K enna rd — was sentenced to o n ly f iv e ye a r’s p ro ­bation.

Another M arty rK en na rd had served tw o years

and th ree m onths in ja i l before the p e tit io n cam paign w on h is re ­lease. S u ffe r in g an advanced stage o f te rm in a l cancer, he w o u ld o th ­erw ise have d ied w ith o u t decent care o r m ed ica l a tten tion , as m any do in the ja ils o f th is country .

The tragedy o f e a rly death is com pounded in h is case. The 36- yea r o ld f ig h te r has been c ru e lly dep rived o f fu r th e r p a rtic ip a tio n in the m ovem ent fo r Negro equa l­i t y ju s t a t a tim e w hen i t is m a k ­in g a great sweep fo rw a rd . C lyde K e n n a rd ranks w ith E m m ett T il l . M ack P a rk e r and M edgar Evers as a m a r ty r in the cause o f Negro em ancipation.

support the Russian R evo lu tion , the m a jo r ity o f th e ir m em bersh ip le ft to fo rm the A m erican CP in 1919.

Cannon te lls o f the in it ia l s tru g ­gles o f the C om m unis t P a rty , how they spent the f i r s t tw o years o f existence underground , o f the p e r­secutions w h ic h i t su ffe red, the P a lm e r Red ra ids, etc., and how , as a re su lt o f these struggles, a cadre o f leadersh ip was form ed.

ProsperityThe unprecedented p ro spe rity

o f the 1920s tended te m p o ra rily to p a c ify the w o rk in g class o f the U.S.. and the in fa n t C om m unist m ovem ent found v e ry few seg­m ents o f society th a t w o u ld g ive th e ir ideas a hearing.

In sp ite o f these odds, they w o rked in the la bo r m ovem ent w h ere ve r the y cou ld and d is ­sem inated th e ir ideas as w id e ly as possible, b u t the forces o f reac­tion w ere too m uch fo r them.

A fte r the death o f Le n in . & p riv ile g e d bu reaucracy arose in the S oviet U n ion , w ith S ta lin a t its head. The p rinc ip le s o f so­c ia lis t dem ocracy and the m il ita n t s trugg le fo r the r ig h ts o f the w o rk in g class on a w o r ld scale were abandoned. Thus rose the S ta lin d ic ta to rsh ip . T h is was fou gh t and the b a ttle cu lm ina ted in the expu ls ion o f T ro ts k y and the L e ft O pposition in 1928.

The same b a ttle was fo u g h t in the A m erican C om m unis t P a rty . The le ft w ing , led by James P. Cannon, was expe lled la te in 1928 and fo rm ed a m ovem ent, based upon the p rin c ip le s o f L e n in and T ro tsky , w h ich la te r became the Socia lis t W orkers P a rty .

Cannon’s m em ory o f th is period is phenom enal. Theodore D raper, w ho corresponded ex te ns ive ly w ith Cannon in the w r it in g o f his ow n tw o -vo lu m e h is to ry o f the ea rly years o f A m erican C om m unism , was amazed a t the uncanny ac­curacy o f Cannon’s reco llec tions w hen checked against docum ents o f the period. In h is pre face to C annon’s book, D rape r o ffe rs the best and perhaps the on ly ex ­p lana tion fo r it :

“ F o r a long tim e, I w ondered w h y J im C annon’s m em ory o f events in the N ine teen -T w en ties was so sup e rio r to th a t o f a ll the others. Was i t s im p ly some in ­herent t r a it o f m ind? R ereading some o f these le tte rs , I came to the conclusion th a t i t was some­th in g more. U n lik e o ther com ­m un is t leaders o f h is generation, J im Cannon w anted to rem em ber. T h is p o rtio n o f h is l i fe s t i l l lives fo r h im because he has n o t k il le d it w ith in h im se lf . .

The First 10 Years Of American CommunismReport of a Participant

By James P. Cannon

Tbe author is a founder of Americar

Trotskyism and the only living top leader of the early years of the U.S. Communist Party who has no* re­pudiated communism.

The book contains:Sketches of Foster, Ruthenberg,

Browder, Lovestone and others, as well as of leading figures in the Communist International .

Essays on the Industrial Workers of the World, Eugene V. Debs and the socialist movement of his time, and the effect of the Russian Rev­olution on the U.S. Negro struggle.

344 pp. — $6.00

O rder through:

Pioneer Publishers116 University Place, N. Y. 3, N. Y.

Monday, J u ly 22, 1963 TH E M IL IT A N T Page F ive

AS BUDDHIST PROTESTS RESUME

Another Suicide Rocks U.S.-Backed Diem RegimeBy Steve Graham

One o f South V ie tn a m ’s lead ing w rite rs , Nguyen Tuong Tam, k il le d h im se lf J u ly 8 to protest persecution by the Ngo D inh D iem d ic ta to rsh ip . In a su ic ide note, he re fe rre d to the exam ple o f the m onk, T h ich Q uang Due, w ho im ­m olated h im s e lf last m onth to d ram atize B ud dh is t protests against D iem ’s re lig iou s persecu­tions.

"L ik e the h igh p ries t T h ich Q uang D u c,” T am ’s statem ent p ro ­cla im ed, “ I also k i l l m yse lf as a w a rn in g to those people w ho are T ram pling on a ll freedom s.”

N guyen T uong Tam was a hero o f the V ie tn am n a tio n a l resistance against the French. He led a group o f w r ite rs in the u n d e r­ground w h o e ffe c tiv e ly po le m i- cized against the F rench ru le . H is num erous novels are stud ied in a ll V ietnam ese un ive rs itie s and to students he was a na tio n a l hero.

H is su ic ide has im pe lled s tu ­dents in to even g re a te r opposition to D iem . Despite the r is k o f b la c k ­lis tin g , ja i l o r even worse, th o u ­sands o f students staged a fun e ra l procession fo r Tam J u ly 13 under the w a tc h fu l eyes and cameras o f D ie m ’s secret police.

Symbol of ResistanceThe m a rty rd o m o f Q uang D uc

has become a sym bol o f resistance to the ty ra n t D iem . B ud dh is t dem ­onstra tions resum ed a fte r a f r u i t ­less tw o -w e e k suspension to a llow D iem to liv e up to h is signed agreem ent to m eet B ud dh is t de­mands. F ig u r in g p ro m in e n tly in the new protests are posters w ith photos o f Q uang D u c in the act o f se lf- im m o la tio n .

A V ietnam ese B u d d h is t leader now to u rin g In d ia , seeking aid fo r h is cause, has disclosed th a t tw o m ore m onks w i l l fo llo w Quang D uc’s exam ple i f D iem does no t m eet B ud dh is t demands. “ I f they have occasion to b u m the m ­selves,” he said, “ the re w i l l be a mass u p ris in g .” T he Tim es o f V ie t­nam , a go ve rnm en t-con tro lled paper, in m acabre fash ion is d a r­in g the B uddh ists to b u m the m ­selves o r concede th a t th e ir p ro ­tests are over.

F a r fro m acceding to B ud dh is t demands, the D iem reg im e used the tw o -w e e k truce fo r p repa ra ­tions to crush the pro test m ove­m ent. B uddh is ts c la im th a t over 200 m onks have been “ th ro w n in to D iem ’s dungeons.” T hey d is­p lay photos o f a troc ities com ­m itte d against Buddh ists.

B uddh is ts also charge th a t the reg im e has c ircu la te d a secret o r­der to a ll o ff ic ia ls and m il ita ry com m anders to prepare fo r a c rackdow n on B ud dh is t “ d is ­sidents.” The D iem governm ent

Dana P lattLOS A N G E LE S — Dana P la tt,

w ho b roke w ith the C om m unist P a rty a fte r K h ru shch ev ’s reve la ­tions about S ta lin in 1956 and la ­te r jo ined the S oc ia lis t W orkers P a rty , d ied o f a he a rt a ttack on J u ly 3.Speaking a t a m em oria l service a t the request o f h is w idow , D o r­o thy, Oscar Coover o f the SWP said, “ M ost o f those w ho b roke — lik e Dana — fro m the CP, stopped there. B u t he took the o th e r step to once m ore assume an active ro le w ith the organ iza tion he con­sidered the em bod im ent o f the ideas and asp ira tions o f the w o rk ­in g class.”

R ecen tly d ropp ing ou t o f a c tiv ­i ty because o f h is hea lth , Dana P la tt w ro te : “ I fee l th a t every new m om ent o f h is to ry con firm s m ore and m ore the correctness of the T ro ts k y is t pos ition .”

Dana P la tt was 54 and had tw o sm all ch ild re n . He earned his l i v ­in g as a bookkeeper b u t his m ain in te res t was in w r it in g .

has begun to support, a phony p ro-D ie m B ud dh is t s p lin te r and is c a llin g a ll o the r B uddh is ts “ d is ­s idents” o r “ com m un is t dupes.”

P resident D iem , sensitive to the w o r ld revu ls ion against his po licy o f re lig iou s oppression, is ap­p a re n tly ta k in g steps to suppress news about the resum ed protests. A f te r a m em oria l service fo r Q uang D uc on J u ly 7, B uddh ists w ere preven ted by po lice fro m conducting a street procession. W hen fo re ign correspondents ap­proached the scene, they w ere a t­tacked by p la inc lo thes secret po­lice.

F o u r of the newsm en pro tested to Kennedy, ask ing assurance th a t such attacks w o u ld n o t be re ­peated. They charged th a t the D iem governm ent “ has begun a cam paign o f open physica l in t im i­da tion to p re ven t the cove ring o f the news w h ich w e fee l A m e r i­cans have a r ig h t to kno w .”

The a ttack on the newsmen prom pted the Overseas Press C lu b in W ashington, D. C., J u ly 9 to send protests to Secre tary of S tate Rusk and to P resident D iem . The A m erican Newspaper G u ild ’s n a tion a l conven tion passed a res­o lu tio n J u ly 10 asking K ennedy to ob ta in assurances fro m D iem th a t newsm en cou ld go about th e ir du ties free o f any fu r th e r p h y ­sical in tim id a tio n .

D iem ’s suppression o f B u d d ­h ists is ha v in g increasing in te rn a ­t io n a l repercussions. U N Secretary G eneral U T han t, w ho is a B uddh is t, said a fte r a conference

Dictator Diem

w ith the new pope, P au l V I, th a t he could no t reveal w h e the r they had discussed the questions. B u t he d id say tha t “ the developm ents ta k in g place in the R epub lic of South V ie tnam are ve ry d is tu rb ­in g .”

The A lg ie rs newspaper, R evo lu ­tion A fr ic a in e , in a recent a rtic le on the “ B ud dh is t R evo lt in South V ie tn am ,” reports sharp reaction against D iem in m ost o f the B ud dh is t countries o f A sia . Ceylon and Cam bodia have protested to the Saigon regim e. In Colombo, Ceylon, B uddh ists dem onstrated before the A m erican embassy.

In f lu e n t ia l elem ents in U. S. ru l in g circ les have been u rg in g a

change in V ie tn am and advocat­in g re fo rm po lic ies th a t they hope w o u ld w in m ore po pu la r support fo r the w a r against the peasant gu e rrilla s . Especia lly since the B ud dh is t m ovem ent dram atized D iem ’s b ru ta lity and aloofness, the re has been sen tim en t among U.S. o ff ic ia ls fo r rep la c ing D iem w ith some less hated puppet.

H ow ever, the re has appa ren tly been disagreem ent ove r how' to get r id o f D iem w ith o u t e n tire ly los ing the U.S. g r ip on the coun­try . L ib e ra ls tho ugh t th a t the re ­cent announcem ent th a t H e n ry Cabot Lodge w ou ld replace F rancis N o lt in g — a personal fr ie n d o f D iem — as U.S. A m bas­sador to South V ie tn am was a sign o f change in the p o licy o f “ s ink o r sw im w ith D iem .”

B u t as i t tu rn s out, Lodge w i l l no t replace N o ltin g im m ed ia te ly . Instead N o lt in g has cu t short his hom e leave a fte r a m eeting w ith K ennedy, and re tu rn ed to Saigon. R eported ly he took w ith h im a personal message o f confidence fro m K ennedy to the South V ie t­namese d ic ta to r.

A recent m ove by D iem helped to resolve the question in his favo r. On J u ly 5 he p u t 19 m em ­bers of his arm ed forces on tr ia l fo r the ab o rtive pa ra troope r coup w h ic h occurred in Novem ber, 1960.

A sensational fea tu re o f the t r ia l was the c la im by govern­m en t prosecutors th a t the U.S. had supported the unsuccessful coup. U.S. embassy o ffic ia ls em ­

p h a tic a lly denied the charge b u t the cou rt accepted it. T h is was c le a rly aim ed a t d iscouraging the U.S. fro m seeking am ong ele­m ents in the a rm y o r a n ti-C o m - m un is t p o lit ic a l c irc les fo r a lte r­na tives to D iem . A nd i t was ap­p a re n tly e ffec tive .

A la rge num ber o f c iv ilia n s w ere also b rough t to t r ia l J u ly 8 on charges o f hav ing supported the 1960 coup. One o f them was to have been the w r ite r Nguyen Tuong Tam.

Sec’y of State Rusk

• • .Report on N ational Civil Rights B attlefront(Continued from Page 1)

block and s ta ll the b ills , and are p re p a rin g a f il ib u s te r to “ pressure, b ludgeon and coerce” the b ills ou t o f existence.

The ad m in is tra tio n and the phony lib e ra ls in congress, m ean­w h ile , a rc p re p a rin g to w a te r the b il ls dow n to the p o in t w here they w i l l be acceptable to the D ix iec ra ts . A m assive M arch on W ashington to p u t the fea r o f the people in to the p o litic ia n s on Cap­ito l H i l l can end th a t k in d of business-as-usual.

C A M B R ID G E , M d., J u ly 12— R eg ina ld Robinson, a f ie ld secre­ta ry o f the S tuden t N o nv io le n t C o -o rd in a tin g C om m ittee reported today th a t m a rt ia l la w had been declared th is a fte rnoon fo r the second tim e in a m on th in th is s tr ife - to rn Eastern Shore c ity , a fte r several shootings las t n igh t. Robinson is w o rk in g w ith the C am bridge N o n v io le n t A c tion C om m ittee w h ic h is headed by G lo ria R ichardson.

Robinson described the events lead ing to the dec la ra tion o f a 9 p.m. cu rfe w and p ro h ib it io n of dem onstra tions outside the Negro section o f the c ity .

Robinson said th a t las t n igh t, a fte r 300 people m arched dow n­tow n , w h ites pe lted them w ith ro t ­ten eggs. Some o f the m archers heckled the attackers. Then W il­lia m Jackson was arrested. A crow d of Negroes dem anded Jack ­son’s release, and prepared to m arch do w n to w n again. Jackson was released.

L a te r in the evening, a carload o f w h ites d rove dow n P ine Street, the m a in tho ro ug h fa re o f the Ne­gro section, shooting as the y went. Some Negroes re tu rn ed th e ir f ire . The evening ended w ith th ree w h ites hospita lized, one m an shot in the face, another in the arm , the th ird near h is eye.

Robinson said, “ W e deplore the v io lence th a t has taken place. How ever, i f ou r demands were m et, w e w o u ld have no reason to dem onstrate. Tension and v io lence w o u ld cease. E q u a lity a t a ll p u b ­lic places is s t i l l n o t la w here, and tw o ju ve n ile s arrested six weeks

ago are s t i l l in re fo rm school. I f these demands are m et, w e can be in a position to channel the ju s tif ia b le anger o f the N egro com m u n ity and restore la w and o rde r.”

The day before the shootings, the re had been a s it - in a t the “ D izzy lan d ” res tau ran t in w h ich fo u r dem onstrators, C a ro l Rogoff, James Lew is , Johnny Weeks and D w ig h t E isenhow er Cam pbell, w e re he ld by police. A l l b u t James Le w is w ere subsequently released. Police o ff ic e r H a rry Hansen pressed charges o f “ assault and b a tte ry ” against Lew is , c la im in g Le w is had attacked h im .

L a te r th a t evening, Negroes gathered a t the B ethel A M E C hurch fo r a mass m eeting . C a r­loads o f w h ites drove th rough the Negro section, th ro w in g rocks and bo ttles a t pedestrians. Negroes began to m ove in to the w h ite section b u t w ere tu rne d back by CN AC leaders. A t th is tim e , O f f i­cer Hansen appeared. In fu r ia te d Negroes in the c row d began to th ro w b ricks and bo ttles at h im . P olice s tand ing by d rew th e ir p isto ls, b u t the crow d dispersed when Hansen le ft.

gass pe lle ts at the youths and shot over th e ir heads.

The Negroes dispersed in to sm a lle r bands, some o f w h ic h w ere la te r tear-gassed again, w h ile o th ­ers b roke car w indow s as they fled . R ick T u ttle , a w h ite SNCC w o rk e r here, said several Negroes su ffe red today fro m gas in h a la tio n and head wounds fro m po lice beatings.

P rotests here are be ing con­ducted by the C hatham C ounty Crusade fo r Voters. Crusade lead­er, Hosea W illia m s , is c u rre n tly be ing he ld in ja i l on $12,500 b a il w h ile m em bers o f the Y o u th C ru ­sade, an a f f il ia te o f SNCC, con­tin u e dem onstrations. B en ja m in Van C la rke , cha irm an o f the you th group, has been convicted o f “ trespassing.” Because i t was his th ird a rrest on the same charge, he was sentenced to a fine o f $1,500 o r tw o years in ja il.

S A V A N N A H , J u ly 11— G eorgia G overnor C arl Saunders declared today he w o u ld take “ w ha teve r steps necessary” to end an ti-seg re ­ga tion dem onstra tions here. The sta tem ent came on the heels o f las t n ig h t’s v io le n t tw o -h o u r ru n - in between 2,000 Negroes and Sa­vannah police, w ho c lubbed , and tear-gassed the dem onstrators.

The ba ttle , w h ic h resu lted in the a rres t o f 68 Negroes, occurred a fte r B ruce G ordon, 22, a SNCC fie ld secretary, and an un de te r­m ined num ber o f Negroes were hauled o f f in po lice wagons a fte r they were accused o f b lock in g t ra f f ic in f ro n t o f the c ity ja il. O the r pro testors then la y dow n in f ro n t o f po lice wagons w h ile the arrested dem onstra tors tr ie d to fo rce open the veh ic le doors fro m the inside.

Negro you ths chanted, “ W e w a n t to go to ja i l too” as the p a tro l wagons pu lle d aw ay. Policem en ordered to b reak up the c row d “ by any means necessary1’ lobbed te a r-

G AD S D E N , A la ., J u ly 14— A n t i- segregation dem onstra tions Eire ex ­pected to resum e in th is N o rth e rn A labam a in d u s tr ia l c ity th is week. Negro pro test dem onstra tions w ere ha lted tw o weeks ago w hen p ro ­mises o f nego tia tions seemed to develop.

M em bers o f SNCC, CORE and the S outhern C h ris tia n Leadersh ip Conference are w o rk in g w ith lo ­ca l citizens to fo rm the Gadsden M ovem ent. O b jectives are: com ­ple te in te g ra tio n o f a l l p u b lic and p r iv a te fa c ilit ie s ; up g ra d in g and h ir in g o f Negroes in p r iv a te em ­p loym ent and in d u s try ; and the fo rm a tio n o f a b i- ra c ia l com m it­tee.

un ions s t i l l d isc rim in a te .”The reso lu tion fu r th e r declared:

“ U n ions w h ich con tinue to exc lude Negroes, deny them access to un io n -co n tro lle d h ir in g ha lls , seg­regate them in to J im C ro w locals, negotiate separate se n io r ity lines in un ion contracts o r re fuse to adm it Negroes in to apprenticesh ip tra in in g program s should be de­n ied c e rtif ic a tio n as the exc lus ive b a rga in ing agents.”

The conven tion ca lled upon N A A C P branches to “ assist Negro w o rke rs in organ iz ing pro test dem onstra tions before un io n o f­fices and w o rk sites and to f i le ap p ro p ria te com p la in ts w ith m u ­n ic ip a l and state fa ir em p loym ent practices com m issions and app ro ­p ria te fede ra l agencies w henever un ions refuse to negotiate w ith N A A C P representa tives o r Negro w orke rs , o r w here such nego tia­tions p rove fru itle ss .

“ W e m ust con tinue and accel­erate ou r present po licy o f b r in g ­in g u n fa ir la bo r practices charges against bo th em ployers and trade un ions before the N a tio n a l L a b o r Re lations Board and o f in it ia t in g legal action aginst bo th em ployers and trade un ions w h e re ve r such legal action is deemed necessary in v ie w o f the fa ilu re to stop em ­p loym e n t d is c r im in a tio n b y o th e r m ethods.” the reso lu tion said.

C H IC A G O , J u ly 13 — G rave ly concerned about the increasing gap between the m ed ian incom e o f Negro and w h ite w age-eam ers, and the co n tin u in g h igh unem ­p loym e n t ra te am ong N egro w o rk ­ers, delegates a tten d in g the 54th annua l N A A C P conven tion here, J u ly 1-6, voted to “ g ive p r io r ity to e ffo rts to end the econom ic p r i ­va tio n o f Negroes.”

The conven tion re ite ra te d its support o f “ co llec tive ba rga in ing by un ions w h ich do n o t d is c r im i­na te” b u t no ted th a t “ too m any

Moscowvs.

PekingBy William F. Warde

The Meaning O f the G re a t DebateThe first comprehensive appraisal of

the Sino-Soviet dispute from a Marxist standpoint

50 cents

PIONEER PUBLISHERS ) 16 University Place New York 3, N . Y.

D ic ta to r D ie m

Page S ix THE M IL IT A N T Monday, J u ly 22, 1963

BEN BELLA AT ALGERIAN AID PARLEY

Vows Socialist Example for All of Africa

“O P E R A T IO N L IT T L E S H O E -S H IN E B O Y .” The’ shoe-shine boy, a symbol of poverty and oppression, was a common sight on the streets of A lgerian cities until last February when the A lgerian government set up a program of job tra in ing for hundreds of these youngsters. Said P rem ier Ben Bella at gathering touching off the program: “W e w ant to wipe out once and for a ll this col­onialist caricature . .

By Ross DowsonThe f iv e -d a y European C o n fe r­

ence o f N on-gove rnm en ta l A id to A lg e ria , he ld las t m on th in A l ­giers, was im p o rta n t in m ore w ays tha n one. O f p r im a ry s ign ificance , o f course, was its b r in g in g to ­ge ther lead ing fig u re s fro m v a r i­ous tendencies o f the European le f t w ho ob ta ined an accurate p ic tu re o f the needs o f the A l­ge rian people in its hero ic e ffo rts to re b u ild the coun try . Thus the basis was la id fo r an in te rn a ­t io n a l cam paign to a id the A l ­ge rian re vo lu tio n .

In add ition , the conference and events re la ted to i t a ffo rded g rea te r in s ig h t in to the broader prob lem s c o n fro n tin g the develop­in g A lg e ria n re vo lu tio n , the aspi­ra tio ns o f the people themselves, the c o n flic tin g forces in A lg e ria n society, the ro le o f P res iden t Ben B e lla , h is v iew s and the v iew s o f those around h im on dom estic and in te rn a tio n a l a ffa irs . Perhaps Ben B e lla ’s com plete, and even dem on­s tra tive , id e n tific a tio n w ith the conference — no doub t c a re fu lly no ted b y d ip lo m a tic circles, p a r­t ic u la r ly the F rench — was the m ost s ig n ifica n t happening.

In h is speech to the closing sessions o f the conference, Ben B e lla ou tlin ed the s taggering p ro b ­lem s fa c in g the A lg e r ia n people a fte r seve n -a n d -a -h a lf years of s trugg le against F rench im p e r ia l­ism . “ W e have 500,000 w idow s in th is cou n try . . . A rea l f l ig h t to F rance took place, a rea l d ra in ­age; 800,000 perhaps m ore — since n o t m ore than 130,000 F rench are le f t in the cou n try — w e n t away, le a v in g us w ith a fo rm id a b le s ta ff­in g p rob lem ,” he said.

“ A lg e r ia is faced w ith another fa c t — 2,000,000 unem ployed. In the c ity o f A lg ie rs alone — 250,000 unem ployed. A lg e ria had 2,000,000 A lg e ria ns , w ho had been in w h a t w ere ca lled ‘reg roupm en t camps,’ and 500,000 refugees w ho came back fro m T un is ia and M orocco w ith abso lu te ly no th ing , scarcely c lo thed, la c k in g especia lly an y ­th in g w ith w h ic h to w o rk in th e ir f ie ld s .”

H e said 1,500,000 A le g ria ns had d ied so th a t A lg e ria cou ld liv e . M oreove r, the re was “ the hem or­rhage o f cap ita l because o f the E v ia n accords, and especia lly the tra n s fe r, the free tra n s fe r w h ic h fo llo w e d these accords. B illio n s , tens o f b illio n s , hundreds o f b i l ­lio n s [500 o ld francs equa l $1] escape and con tinue to escape.”

W ith p rid e he described how , in the face o f the op in ion o f even “ o u r ow n a g r ic u ltu ra l specia lists [w h o ] to ld us ‘you are go ing to b re ak y o u r back,’ ” the people

w o rked fie lds w h ic h had been id le fo r f iv e and s ix years. “ We d id n ’t b reak ou r backs, since you y o u r­selves have seen these m ag­n if ic e n tly fa rm ed fie lds , because we had confidence in the people. W e had th is q u a lity — no th in g m ore — w e had confidence in the people and these fa rm s are in be tte r shape than they have ever been in the h is to ry o f th is coun­t r y . ”

B u t the problem s are colossal. The A lge rians need cap ita l, equ ip ­m ent, tra in ed personnel, a m a rke t fo r th e ir la rg e ly e x p o rt crops, etc.

The A g r ic u ltu re Com m ission of the conference, and i t was s im ila r in o ther com m issions in w h ic h the delegates pa rtic ip a ted , was to ld by a governm ent spokesman o f the d i f f ic u lty in ge ttin g a id. France, fo r exam ple, had n o t even ac­know ledged a request fo r 500 tractors. No a id had come fro m Ita ly . F rom Yugoslav ia , however, w h ic h had a w a rm spot fo r A l­geria , had come some 500 tech­nic ians, and 400 to 500 A lge rians had gone to Y ugos lav ia fo r three to fo u r-m o n th s tra in in g courses. Cuba, its e lf s u ffe r in g fro m a shortage o f technic ians, had sent doctors.

A t the conference’s close, th ree observers fro m Soviet trade unions prom ised to organize a group of students to come to A lg e ria to jo in the s tu d e n t-yo u th w o rk b r i ­gades, a sm a ll co n trib u tio n b u t perhaps s ig n ify in g a change o f p o licy to w a rd the A lg e ria n re v o lu ­tio n b y the K re m lin .

H ere are Ben B e lla ’s closing words to the delegates: “ Y oufo rm ed an im age o f A lg e r ia w h ile we w ere f ig h tin g . I m ake a vow before you — the im age o f re v o lu ­tio n a ry A lg e ria , the im age o f f ig h t ­in g A lg e ria , the im age o f th is A lg e ria w h ic h m ust become no t o n ly a s t ir r in g exp e rim e n t in socia lis t construc tion . . . b u t the fe rm e n t o f lib e ra tio n in th is re ­g ion w h ic h is A fr ic a . . . w e w i l l rem a in fa ith fu l to th is im age w h ic h you have fo rm ed.

“ I w o u ld lik e to express here o u r em otion a t seeing a ll o f you preoccupied again w ith o u r p ro b ­lem s o f construction as you were a t the tim e o f the s trugg le fo r lib e ra tio n . . . I bow to you and o ffe r you . . . a ll o u r esteem, and — i f I m ay say so — a ll o u r a f­fec tion .”

T h is them e had also ru n th rou gh his press conference the prev ious day. Asked w h e th e r A lg e r ia should address itse lf to the people o f the w o r ld a long the lines o f Cuba’s Second D ec la ra tion o f Havana, Ben B e lla rep lied :

“ W e ask fo r a id in technic ians

fro m ou r frien ds b u t we do no t ask i t fro m governm ents. H e re ’s a fa c t — we have been independ­en t fo r a l i t t le m ore than e igh t m onths and the aid o f these gov­ernm ents — I w i l l say th a t i t lakes some l i t t le w a itin g . I th in k th a t w e w i l l do th is in the A lg e ria n w ay . . . we w i l l address ou r frie n d s . . . . F o r us i t is e v i­dent th a t in th is cou n try there w i l l be a socia lis t revo lu tio n , the re w i l l be re v o lu tio n a ry so­c ia lism . I use the expression ‘re v ­o lu tio n a ry socia lism ’ de libe ra te ly . E ve ry th in g depends on the p ro b ­lem s w h ich are posed; they begin to pose themselves. E ve ry th in g depends upon the obstacles th a t rise before us. O u r dec la ra tion asking fo r a id fro m the represen­ta tives o f o the r countries — I th in k th a t is the D ec la ra tion o f Havana fo r us . . . . Perhaps i t ’s no t in the s ty le o f the D ec la ra tion o f H avana, b u t i t ’s one.”

Ben B e lla ’s com plete, exuberan t id e n tity w ith th is conference — w ith its la rge F rench delegation, a l l opponents o f the de G au lle governm ent to w h ich the A lg e ria n economy is so closely tied , was no t w ith o u t opposition.

The conference opened m any hours la te r than scheduled and w ith o u t the expected w e lcom ing address fro m P resident Ben Be lla , b u t w ith an address b y A b d e rr- ham ane Bensaid, a representa tive o f the P o lit ic a l B ureau. T h is be­came a source o f speculation.

In h is opening rem arks to the press conference th ree days la te r, Ben B e lla , w ith lead ing m in is te rs seated beside h im , said about h is absence: “ B u t le t i t be c lear tha t the re was no — abso lu te ly no — p o lit ic a l fa c to r in vo lve d in th is. W e in tend to exercise o u r na tiona l sovere ignty; and w hen w e in v ite fr ie n d s w e in te nd to c a rry the com plete resp o n s ib ility in rece iv ­in g friends, genuine friends , such as you . . . .

The day the conference opened in A lg ie rs , Ben B e lla was a t near­b y Rouiba, la y in g the cornerstone o f the second new p ro je c t u n d e r­taken b y the governm ent — a tannery , constructed un de r the gu idance o f a B u lg a ria n engineer, w h ic h is to be equipped b y Y ugo­s lav ia , There he scored “ enemies w ho have become m ore num erous since the passage o f the decrees against the Borgeauds [one o f the w e a lth ie s t o f the F rench colons] and those w ho are A lge rians in nam e on ly . D u r in g ou r t r ip to A d ­dis Ababa the y stepped up the sweet ta lk and the m aneuvers th rou gh w h ich they t r y to sow doub t in the coun try , w i th the c o m p lic ity o f reaction a llie d to im p e ria lism . These people say: ‘These p o litic s are bad, w e don’t kno w w here we are go ing.’ The same th in g has happened, w e be­lieve , in eve ry c o u n try w h ic h has made a re v o lu tio n .”

“ W e kne w the opposition is com ing ou t in to broad d a y lig h t as i t d id in Cuba and Y ugoslavia . We know th a t w hen we move in against the r ic h to p u t an end to th e ir a b il i ty to fu r th e r en rich themselves, they w i l l lo ok to France. They w a n t to re tu rn to the past, b u t we w i l l go r ig h t to the end. N o th in g w i l l p re ven t us fro m ta k in g fro m the r ic h to g ive to the poor, no r fro m be ing a t the side o f the lib e ra tio n m ovem ents.

“ There are some people w ho c r it ic iz e the p a rty [F L N ] , I w i l l rem ind them th a t be fore be ing head of the governm ent, I am sec- re ta ry -g e n e ra l o f the p a rty . The p a r ty w i l l e laborate the polic ies o f the governm ent. I t w i l l have a ve ry im p o rta n t ro le to p lay. For tha t, we m ust m ake a su itab le p a rty , a capable pa rty , a p a rty o f m ilita n ts , no t a p a r ty o f D a r el A s k r i [a w e ll-k n o w n m il ita ry ba rra cks ]. F o u r m onths fro m now we w i l l be able to construc t a re v o lu tio n a ry socia lis t p a rty .”

I t was in th is con tex t th a t the conference m et and in his f in a l com m ent to the delegates Ben B e lla spelled ou t the n e x t im p o r­

tan t action o f his governm ent. A f te r re fe rr in g to the 3,750,000 acres o f the riches t land , w h ich is now in the hands o f the M an ­agem ent Com m ittees, he an­nounced: “ A t present an ag rarian la w is in p repa ra tion fo r the end o f the sum m er — I say th is here — th is la w invo lves e ve ry th in g concern ing the ag ra ria n question in th is coun try . T h is ag ra rian re ­fo rm m ust become an ag ra rian

The honor o f sum m ing up the w o rk o f the f iv e days o f the European Conference o f N o n-g ov­e rn m en t A id to A lg e ria w e n t to L e lio Basso, a lead ing m em ber and a fo rm e r genera l secre tary of the Ita lia n S oc ia lis t P a r ty (N e n - n i) , a depu ty and e d ito r o f the magazine, P rob le m i d i Socialism o.

He expressed his great pleasure at be ing in A lg e ria and the im ­pression th a t others l ik e h im se lf, v is it in g fo r the f i r s t tim e, fe lt on a rr iv in g . “ I th in k I fe l t a t hom e,” he said, “ because A lg e r ia had been in ou r hearts fo r seven years, because a ll o f us fo r seven years fo llow e d w ith such sym ­pa thy, such p a rtic ip a tio n , the hero ic and g lo rious s trugg le of the A lg e ria n people, and because to a certa in degree we were a ll A lge rians a l i t t le . A lg e ria was a p a rt o f us and w e fe lt upon com ­in g here th a t we w ere in a coun­t r y w h ich was in a ce rta in sense also ours . . . .

“ . . . . Seeing the A lg e ria n re a lity ,” he continued, “ I rea lized th a t an im m ense ' task m ust be accom plished, a d i f f ic u lt and ve ry com plex task. B u t I also had the sa tis fac tion o f seeing th a t there is an enthusiastic you th here, th a t the re are also m a te ria l po ss ib ili­ties in energy, ra w m ateria ls , th a t the re exists in sho rt the poss ib il­i t y here o f ta c k lin g a ll these problem s, and th a t the re is above a ll, the th in g th a t counts the most, the de te rm ina tion , the w i l l pow er to resolve the problem s of AJgeria in the d ire c tio n o f p ro ­gress, in the d ire c tio n o f democ­racy, in the d ire c tio n o f socia l­ism .”

On be ha lf o f the various A id A lg e ria com m ittees a lready in

re vo lu tio n to sa tis fy the needs o fthe s itua tion , to sa tis fy the 80 percent o f the fe lla h in [peasants]who have no th ing , to sa tis fy thech ie f asp ira tions o f ou r peasantsw ho w ere the m a in in s tru m e n t o fthe lib e ra tio n o f the c o u n try . . . .We w i l l take the surp lus landpossessed b y the colons and b yA lgerians, to exercise th is basicoption , th is ag ra rian re v o lu tio n

>>

existence, Basso, tu rn in g to Pres­id en t Ben B e lla w ho was seated on the p la tfo rm , said: “ W e w i l l send technic ians here, b u t above a ll w e w i l l t r y to he lp in tra in in g A lg e ria n technic ians so th a t A lg e ria can re a lly take its des tiny in its ow n hands . . . .

“ Y o u r s trugg le is ours, and to the degree th a t you achieve — and w e hope th a t you w i l l achieve w ith the shortest possible de lay — the aim s w h ich you have an­nounced and to w h ich we sub­scribe w ith a l l o u r hearts, to the degree th a t you achieve a socia lis t A lg e ria , to the degree th a t you d r iv e co lon ia lism fro m A fr ic a , to the degree th a t you achieve the dem ocra tic u n ity o f A fr ic a , you w i l l have aided us also in w in n in g ou r s trugg le fo r dem ocracy, in w in n in g our s trugg le fo r socia lism in Europe and in the o th e r coun­tries.

“ Thus i t is no t u n ila te ra l a id — i t is in te r-a id , i t is s o lid a rity , and i t is in the name o f th is f r a ­te rn a l s o lid a r ity o f a ll peoples th a t I be lieve w e m ust close o u r w o rk , th a t we m ust declare ou r conference a t an end and th a t we leave w ith the fee lin g th a t there is a b ig task to be accom plished, th a t the A lg e ria n people is equa l to the task, th a t we w i l l seek to do e ve ry th in g possible to he lp achieve i t as soon as possible. We tha nk you, M r. P resident, fo r the a id w h ic h you have g iven us, we th a n k you fo r tho a id w h ic h the A lg e ria n people has g iven us, we th a n k you because you he lped us regain confidence in hu m an ity , you helped us regain confidence in the fu tu re o f hu m a n ity , you helped us rega in confidence in the des tiny o f h u m a n ity .”

Friends of A lgeria Still in French JailsFrance is abuzz w ith ta lk about A lgerian President Ben Bella’s

stirring protest against the continued imprisonment by de Gaulle of eight Frenchmen fo r their activities in support of the Algerian liberation struggle against French imperialism.

“There has not been a delegation to Paris that has not posed the question of freeing the prisoners, including those now brought to our attention,” said Ben Bella to an assembly of the delegates to the European Conference of Non-government A id to A lgeria and others in the hall of the Palais du Government in Algiers. The fate of the eight had been raised by the eminent historian Daniel Guerin, a member of the French delegation.

“I have appealed three times to the Ambassador of France,” declared Ben Bella, “and he has been astonished that the head of the government would make such an appeal on this question. I now resort to blackmail. I say publicly: I w ill not free a single harki [Algerians who collaborated w ith the French oppressors] nor a sin­gle Frenchman incarcerated in A lgeria until the eight m ilitants im ­prisoned in France are liberated.”

“I am ready,” he continued as the applause subsided, “to lib ­erate the 1,200 harkis and let them go to France, i f these eight m ilitants are liberated. Outside of a ll this, there is nothing more we can say — except to declare that we w ill cease all co-operation if the prisoners are not liberated; but we can’t do that, and our im ­prisoned friends themselves would not w ant us to pose the ques­tion in these terms.”

The Algerian president prefaced his remarks w ith a statement that it was grave error not to have posed the issue of the liberation of a ll the imprisoned French m ilitants during the Evian negotiations w ith French officials. He recalled that he had personally posed this problem when he was still confined at Aulney and that his interven­tion at that time had been characterized by some people as a torpedoing of the negotiations then in progress.

Ita lian Socialist in Algiers: "We W ill Send Technicians"

Monday, J u ly 22 , 1963 THE M IL IT A N T Page Seven

L e t t e r s F r o m O u r R e a d e r s

Let Farmers DecideR utland , V t.

I have ju s t read th a t the Canadian governm ent w i l l con­tin u e to sell w hea t to China, b u t has th is year g ran ted m ore fa ­vorab le term s fo r paym ent. The People’s R epub lic o f C h ina has so fa r p roved scrupulous about m eeting th e ir paym ents. Canada needs a m arke t fo r h e r w h ea t and needs a favo rab le balance o f trade.

I be lieve the U n ited States shou ld sell its su rp lus w hea t to the h ighest b idd e r in in te rn a tio n a l trade . The w ith h o ld in g o f com ­m od ities fro m the in te rn a tio n a l m a rke t fo r p o lit ic a l reasons w i l l a lw ays be a boomerang.

The fa rm ers in the U n ited States have ju s t voted to free

1 0 Y E A R S AGO

IN TH E MI L IT A NT“ ‘S ix p lum bers and one m il­

lio n a ire ’ w o u ld m ake a be tte r cab inet than ‘s ix m illio n a ire s and one p lum b e r.’ T h is idea was ad­vanced by James A. B ron low , P resident o f the A F L M e ta l T rades C ouncil, in a speech a t the C leveland conven tion o f the O f­fic e Employees In te rn a tio n a l U n ­ion. ‘Such a cab inet,’ he said, ‘w o u ld b e tte r understand the needs o f the people.’

“ The m a in them e o f B ro w n lo w ’s speech was th a t the T a ft-H a rt le y la w w i l l be repealed ‘no t b y beg­g ing Congress to do so’ b u t by e lec ting people to Congress w ho w i l l repea l the law . H e also w a rned th a t ‘Y ou cannot depend on the governm ent to do y o u r co l­le c tiv e ba rga in ing . O n ly one th in g can do th a t — good strong m i l i ­ta n t U n ions.’

“ N o w a l l these ideas are ve ry good (a lth ou gh w e th in k th a t a cab inet o f s ix p lum bers w o u ld n ’t have any use fo r a m illio n a ire ) b u t the question arises, w hen and how do w e get go ing on some o f these m il ita n t proposals w e hear fro m the la bo r o ff ic ia ls nowadays?

“ W hen B ro w n lo w says th a t o n ly ‘good s trong m il ita n t un ions ’ can ba rga in successfully w ith the em ­ployers, w e m ust agree. H ow ever, w e m ust add: A good strong m i l i ­tan t la bo r p a r ty based on the u n ­ions and independent o f the em ­p loyers on the p o lit ic a l as w e ll as the econom ic fie ld is needed to w in la b o r’s p o lit ic a l demands.” — J u ly 20, 1953.

2 0 Y E A R S A G O“ Despite the hubbub i t created

in the ca p ita lis t and lib e ra l press la s t week, the C om m unis t P a rty ’s dec la ra tion o f support fo r Boss F ra n k Hague in N ew Jersey re p ­resented no th in g essentia lly new.

“ The fac t is th a t the S ta lin is ts have been suppo rting Hague fo r som eth ing l ik e tw o years now — since H it le r ’s invas ion o f the So­v ie t U n io n on June 22, 1941 to be exact . . .

“ W hat is ‘new ’ about the s itua ­tion is th a t . . . the S ta lin is ts have now th ro w n a ll cautious fo rm u la tio n s to the w in d and m ake no bones about th e ir sup­p o rt o f the co rru p t po litic ian s w ho said o n ly a few years ago th a t a l l reds should be deported to A laska . . . .

“ The S ta lin is t s ta tem ent was p re c ip ita ted b y the increased de­mands w ith in la b o r’s ranks fo r the crea tion o f an independent la b o r p a rty in a nu m be r o f im ­p o rta n t in d u s tr ia l states. The S ta lin is ts have exerted a ll th e ir energies to discourage and sabo­tage a ll la b o r p a r ty m ovem ents. — J u ly 17, 1943.

th e ir p roduc tion o f w hea t fro m fu r th e r na tion a l con tro l. T h e ir vote and con tinued conduct show th a t the U n ite d States fa rm ers disbe lieve in any type o f p roduc­tion regu la tion . B u t, at the same tim e, the U n ite d States govern­m en t has never g iven the fa rm ers the r ig h t to vote on the question w h e the r the n a tion a l w hea t su r­p lus should be sold in in te rn a ­tio n a l m arke ts fo r w h a t i t w i l l b ring , regardless o f the po litics o f the purchasers.

I be lieve th a t i f the fa rm e rs could vote on th is question they w o u ld agree w ith me. F u rth e r, I be lieve th a t such a sale w o u ld m ake the U n ited States m ore po pu la r in the eyes o f the peo­p le o f the res t o f the w o r ld than any o ther type o f econom ic aid to the less fo rtu n a te countries.

I.H .R .

Canadian FanToron to , Canada

I a lw ays look fo rw a rd to read­in g m y M ilita n t , especia lly since the .rise o f the N egro struggle.

R.H.

On Enforcing Rights LawsR ich land , N. Y .

W h a t good w i l l any C iv il R ights leg is la tion do as long as those whose d u ty i t is to en force these law s have vow ed no t to enforce them ? R um or has i t th a t some o f them are w e a rin g bu ttons w ith the w o rd N E V E R on them . U n ti l these people are rem oved perm a­n e n tly the re w i l l n o t be m uch gained.

Com m unists are ja ile d on charges o f advoca ting the use o f fo rce and vio lence, o f w h ic h they are no t g u ilty . These S outhern o f­fic ia ls are g u ilty o f t ry in g to destroy the ru le o f the fed e ra l governm ent. A n d the governm ent is a fra id to act against them . So fa r to m y know ledge th is v ie w has n o t been made pu b lic . The e f fo r t to pass m ore law s is s im ­p ly a s ta llin g tac tic to get the Negroes to stop dem onstrations.

P.H.

Anti-BrainwasherGibsons, B.C., Canada

Enclosed is $10. Please send fo u r-m o n th in tro d u c to ry subscrip ­tions to the three names lis ted . Please accept the res t as a dona­tio n to he lp f ig h t the b ra in w a sh - ers.

K .O .

A Communist Party VisionD e tro it, M ich .

I rece ived a le tte r th is week asking fo r a f in a n c ia l c o n trib u ­tio n to The W orke r, the w e ek ly paper expressing the v iew s o f the C om m unis t P a rty . The le tte r in ­cluded some o f the paper’s views, in c lu d in g th is gem:

“ W ith the en franch isem ent o f the Negro masses in the South, the D em ocratic P a rty w i l l acquire an in f lu x o f m illio n s o f m il ita n t w o rk in g m e n and wom en, steeled in the great struggles o f the C iv il R igh ts R e vo lu tion .”

Can’t you ju s t im ag ine Negroes, engaged in a l i fe and death s tru g ­gle against D em ocra tic cops, po­li t ic a l hacks and rac is t mobs,

flo c k in g by the “ m illio n s ” in to the v e ry p a rty th a t oppresses them?

Robert H im m e l

Bowery DeathsN ew Y o rk , N . Y .

I t seems to me the re is a g la r­in g om ission in The M il ita n t. T h a t is abou t the death o f 50 m en and one w om an fro m d r in k in g “ snake” on the B ow ery . The papers said the y w ere “ de re lic ts ” and th a t somebody sold them poisoned alcohol.

B u t the y w e ren ’t “ bum s,” they w ere hum an beings. They were too o ld to get jobs, w i th nobody le f t to look a fte r them , o r young people w ho cou ldn ’t get jobs they could liv e w ith and ju s t gave up t ry in g and h i t the bo ttle . Then they d id n ’t have enough m oney to bu y rea l booze.

P.J.

Likes Civil Rights CoverageToron to , Canada

Enclosed is m oney o rder to be­g in m y subscrip tion . The M il ita n t is, in m y op in ion , un do ub te d ly the best soc ia lis t newspaper in N o rth A m erica . I especia lly lik e the ex ­tensive coverage you are g iv in g to the Negro s itua tion .

Enclosed is $1 ex tra . I f possible please send me back issues o f The M il ita n t w h ic h have artic les about

The D e fenders— “ Defense p la n ­ners shy aw ay fro m fu ll-s c a le e f­fo rts to desegregate the N a tion a l G uard , despite c o n tra ry claim s. O ffic ia ls are lo a th to shu t o ff funds fro m the ten S outhern states s t i l l b a rr in g Negroes fro m the guard. T hey contend na tio n a l de­fense needs m ust come f ir s t . ” — The J u ly 5 W a ll Stree t Jou rna l.

V an ish ing Breed? — “ They [w h ite lib e ra ls ] have a ll the p ro ­pe r a ttitud es b u t no re a l conv ic ­tions. W hen the chips are dow n and you expect them to de live r, somehow they are no longer the re .” — A u th o r James B a ld w in .

“ Justice” N o t So B lin d —S e ve n ty -fo u r pe r cent o f the la w ­yers queried in a M issou ri B a r Association p o ll agreed th a t “ w ea lth , social pos ition and race a ffected jus tice .’ ’ The fin d in g s w ere pub lished J u ly 2, the day a fte r a pane l o f th ree N ew Y o rk judges cleared G areth M a rtin is , 23, o f c r im in a l resp o n s ib ility in an accident w h ich too k f iv e lives. T w o po licem en te s tifie d he was d ru n k w hen h is car crashed in to another one. T w o o the r cops said he wasn’t. A news photographer, w ho charges M a rtin is slugged h im a fte r the accident, was n o t asked to tes tify . The judges cleared M a rtin is a fte r f iv e m inutes o f de libe ra tion . H e is the son o f Judge Joseph M a rtin is , C r im in a l C ourt colleague o f the th ree judges w ho voted n o t g u ilty .

Tough S itua tion Dep’t — Rev. Lee A . B e lfo rd , a G eorg ia -born N ew Y o rk m in is te r, says a Negro m arch on W ashington w o u ld be unw ise. “ Im ag ine several hundred thousand people m erg ing on a c ity

F ide l Castro and the Cuban R ev­o lu tio n . A lso, please send a sam­ple copy o f the paper to the name enclosed.

M.S.

UHURU PicketsD e tro it, M ich .

F o r the past tw o Satu rdays CORE m em bers p ro tes ting h ir in g d isc rim in a tio n a t K ro g e r super­m arke ts w ere jo in e d by p ickets organized b y U H U R U ( “ F reedom ” in the A fr ic a n language, S w a h ili) , a new and m il ita n t you th o rg an i­zation.

The U H U R U pickets, w h ich in ­c luded bo th w h ites and Negroes, ca rried signs read ing: “ Cross at y o u r r is k ,” “ W e are b lackw a tch - in g K ro g e r ’s,” and “ T h is is no t a n o n -v io le n t dem onstra tion .”

On bo th occasions, CORE tr ie d to p re ven t U H U R U fro m m arch ­ing . F a il in g th is , they w ith d re w th e ir ow n p ickets. Last Sa tu rday some o f those on the CORE line refused to leave w hen CORE o f­fic ia ls to ld them to and con tinued to w a lk w ith U H U R U .

B .L .J .

W e Disagree on ConclusionP lentyw ood, M ontana

I w an ted to see i f the $21,000 was raised fo r the M il ita n t fun d . [ I t was, w ith tw o pe r cent to spare.— E d.] and i f some o f i t

unab le to take care o f such a num ber, inadequate san ita ry fa ­c ilit ie s , inadequate transporta tion , inadequate em ergency m edica l service o r food fa c ilit ie s fo r such a num ber,” he said. The s itua tion depicted b y the Reverend sounds lik e a descrip tion o f the eve ry -day l i fe o f the Negroes jam m ed in to W ash ing ton ’s ghetto.

N o n -F reu d ia n S lip — R ank F ilm D is tr ib u to rs announced th a t the t it le o f the m ovie, Freud , has been changed in Eng land to The Secret Passion to “ in tro du ce sex in to the t it le . ”

W ent In to Business F o r H im ­self — A n East Paterson, N . J., po licem an was charged w ith ex­to r t in g m oney fro m m otoris ts on the G arden S tate P a rkw ay. A c ­co rd ing to police, O ff ic e r John Donahue took a tw o -w e e k sick leave and spent i t p a tro ll in g the h ig h w a y in c iv i lia n clothes in a c iv ilia n car. They charged he w o u ld stop a m o to ris t fo r a “ v io ­la tio n ,” show his credentia ls, ex ­p la in he was on special du ty , and o ffe r im m ed ia te ju s tice fo r $10. The going co u rt ra te , he a lleged ly w o u ld exp la in , w o u ld be about $40.

S lappy — S portsw ear is becom ­in g m ore “ spo rtive ,” reports the W a ll S tree t Jou rna l. In trade

came fro m here. I have been g iv ­in g to the soc ia lis t m ovem ent fo r 50 years and to The M il ita n t since i t began. W ith the new th ings go­in g on, we w i l l get even m ore o u t o f m oney pa id in .

We canno t le t co llections go dow n w here you pub lishe rs and w r ite rs have to beg fo r m oney to p u t o u t o u r paper. Y ou ed ito rs should re m in d the readers o f w h a t I have said. Y ou cou ld no doub t w r ite som eth ing be tte r than w h a t I have w ritte n .

W ayne LaG range

Letters-We-Love Dep'tL o u is v ille , K y .

M y subscrip tion exp ires in a few weeks. I enclose $3 fo r a new subscrip tion . C ong ra tu la tions on y o u r v e ry f in e newspaper.

JJL.

The July 26 AnniversaryN ew Y o rk , N . Y .

I t seems in c re d ib le th a t i t w as o n ly ten years ago th a t F id e l Cas­tro and h is band o f young re vo ­lu tio n a rie s made the J u ly 26 a t­tack on M oncada Barracks. Do you th in k anyone ’ an tic ip a ted th a t th is was an in it ia l step in a p ro ­cess cu lm in a tin g in the f i r s t so­c ia lis t re v o lu tio n in the W estern Hem isphere?

H.O.

ja rgon , i t ’s exp la ined, the w o rd means a com b ina tion o f snappy and sloppy. F o r those w ho w a n t to keep up sty lew ise, the Jou rn a l o ffe rs th is ba rga in basem ent ex­am ple: “ The spo rtive lo ok is i l ­lu s tra te d by a s k ir t and ja c k e t o f tweed and m oha ir, tr im m e d in co rdu roy . . . The o u tfit, com plete w ith cham ois vest, co rd u ro y boots and a m annish fedora w i l l re ta il fo r about $265.”

I f O n ly W e H ad a B ackya rd —M app ing ou r vaca tion p lans w e read w ith in te res t a W a ll S tree t Jou rna l re p o rt th a t “ Some sum ­m er fu n is m ore expensive th is year, b u t the re are ba rga ins too.” The m ore expensive item s in ­c luded: Long Is land cottage re n ta l fees are up ten to 20 p e r cen t over las t yea r; an east coast cha in o f h igh w ay eateries has h ik e d prices ten pe r cent; reso rt ra tes have increased f iv e to ten p e r cent; cou n try c lub fees are h igher. W e kep t read ing u n t i l w e got to the barga in section, to w it : “ B ackya rd chefs get a break. Bee f steak prices are dow n sharp­ly fro m la s t sum m er.”

A in ’t I t the T ru th — “ Nobodyhas a re a lly good yach t any m ore.” — M rs. L y tt le to n Fox, a leader o f the sum m er socie ty set a t Southam pton, L . I., as quoted in the New Y o rk T imes.

Thought for the Week“ Some c a ll g ir ls do no t necessarily get pa id by the person they are

dating . They are pa id by a th ird p a rty to please a second p a rty w hom they are try in g to soften up fo r e ith e r a business deal, a p o lit ic a l fa v o r or in fo rm a tio n fo r espionage purposes . . . The iro n c u rta in countries are p re tty good at th is sot o f th in g and m ost o f the g ir ls in the Com ­m un is t w o r ld are pa id by the state. In the free w o r ld c a ll g ir ls are p a rt o f the free en terprise system and th is is one o f the th ings the cold w a r is a l l about. In the free w o r ld you have y o u r choice o f ca ll g ir ls , w h ile in a to ta lita r ia n cou n try you have to take w h a t the state gives you .” — Synd ica ted co lum n is t A r t B uchw a ld .

INTRODUCTORY OFFER!A Four-Month Subscription To The M ilitan t fo r only $1

Name ..............................................................................

S tree t ................................................. Z o n e ...............

C ity ............................................. S tate ......................

Send to The M ilitan t, 116 University Place, New Y ork 3, N. Y .

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ j .

It Was Reported in the Press

Page Eight th e MILITANT Monday, J u ly 22, 1963

H E R D IN G SCABS IN B R O O K LY N . For six months the 660 members of U nited Rubber W orkers Local 457 employed at K en- tile plant in Brooklyn were out on strike for a new contract. Company hired professional strikebreaker who recruited scabs and brought them to the plant in tra ile r trucks. N ew Y ork C ity police departm ent, under M ayor Robert Wagner who owes his office to labor’s support, provided city cops to herd the scabs. Above, one of cops assigned to protect scabs at pick-up spot in Brooklyn watches as they enter truck fo r tr ip to struck plant. S trike was fin a lly settled last week w ith question of jobs for some returning strikers up for court decision.

U.S. Writers Accept Cuban Invitation

In response to the in v ita t io n of the Cuban In s titu te o f F riendsh ip w ith Peoples, a t least s ix p ro m i­nent U.S. newsmen and w rite rs are due to a ttend the J u ly 26 ce lebrations in Cuba. They are Lou is Lom ax, au tho r o f The Negro R e vo lt; John O. K ille n s , au thor o f the novels Younglood and A nd Then We Heard the T hun de r; T rum an Nelson, nove lis t o f the A b o lit io n is t m ovem ent; E ve lyn C unn ingham , c ity e d ito r o f The New Y o rk C o u rie r; Charles H o w ­ard, U N correspondent fo r the B a ltim o re A fro -A m e ric a n ; and C. S um ner Stone, W ashington e d ito r o f the A fro -A m e ric a n .

Students Defying BanA lso in v ite d w ere Dona ld G ran t,

UN correspondent fo r the St. Lo u ­is Post D ispa tch ; Conrad L yn n , New Y o rk c iv i l- r ig h ts a tto rney and w r ite r ; L . E. A us tin , p u b lis h ­e r o f the C a ro lina T im es o f D u r­ham, N.C.; D r. C a rl J. M u rp h y , cha irm an o f the board o f d ire c ­tors o f the A fro -A m e ric a n ; R ich ­a rd M . E lm an, d ire c to r o f dram a and lite ra tu re fo r ra d io s ta tion W B A I-F M in New Y o rk ; and L e ­on Lew is , com m enta tor fo r the New Y o rk rad io s ta tion W W R L.

M eanw h ile , 59 A m erican s tu ­dents w ho de fied tha t ban are co n tin u in g th e ir one-m onth to u r o f Cuba, w h ic h Cuban papers are g iv in g f ro n t page coverage. A m ong the h igh spots o f th e ir to u r thus fa r have been a recep­tio n at Havana U n iv e rs ity , a ra l ly in th e ir honor a t L ib e r ty C ity , m eetings w ith F id e l and R au l Castro and education m in is te r A r ­m ando H a rt, and tours o f P in a r de l R io and O rien te provinces.

zJillimHIIIIIIIIIID Mayor, Uncle Toms, G et Rough Time

New Militancy at NAACP ConventionBy Ronald A verly

C H IC A G O — O n J u ly 4 D em ­ocra tic M a yo r R icha rd D a ley and D r. Joseph H. Jackson, president o f the N a tio n a l B a p tis t Conven­tio n , U S A , w ere opposed so v ig o r­ously w hen they a ttem pted to ad­dress the mass ra l ly o f th e Nation­a l Association fo r the A dvance­m en t o f Colored People in G ra n t P a rk th a t bo th re t ire d fro m the p la tfo rm w ith o u t d e liv e r in g th e ir ta lks.

T h is mass ra l ly and the Free­dom M arch , w h ic h preceded it , were the ou ts tand ing events o f the N A A C P na tio n a l conven tion he ld in th is c ity J u ly 1-6.

Between 30,000 and 50,000 people p a rtic ip a te d in the m arch and ra l ly — w ith s id ew a lk on­lookers estim ated a t an a d d itio n ­a l 100,000.

A nti-D aley SlogansThough the N A A C P leadership

had announced th a t “ a n ti-D a le y ” signs and slogans w o u ld no t be p e rm itte d and th a t signs no t in accord w ith the basic a im o f the N A A C P w o u ld be discouraged, the m il i ta n t sections o f the m archers ca rried signs w h ic h read: “ M ayo r D a ley M us t Go,” “ M iss iss ipp i Is H e ll B u t Chicago A in ’t H eaven,” “ W ha t the H e ll Is D a ley D o ing H ere?” and “ A rm the Negroes fo r S elf-D efense.” T hey chanted, “ M ayo r D a ley ’s too s low , J im C ro w m ust go.” M any onlookers responded w ith cheers and ap ­plause.

A t G ra n t P a rk — the end o f the m arch— speakers in v ite d b y the N A A C P began to address the aud­ience assembled in f ro n t o f the p a rk bandstand. A lth o u g h M ayo r D a ley had n o t been lis te d as a speaker, he appeared on the p la t­fo rm , appa ren tly a t the request o f the N A A C P leaders.

A s he approached the m ic ro ­phone, some 100 to 200 Negro and w h ite you th , appa ren tly o rg a n ­

ized on the spot on an “ ad hoc” basis, came dow n the aisles p ro ­tes ting w ith signs, chants and boos. T hey d rew unm istakab le support fro m among the a u d i­ence. Some people ju m pe d up to jo in the dem onstrators, others stood and booed, w h ile s t i l l others rem a ined seated, s m ilin g th e ir ap­prova l.

M ayo r D a ley e a r lie r in the week had declared th a t Chicago “ has no ghettos.” N ow Chicago’s citizens w ere p ronounc ing c r it ic a l ju d g ­m ent on h is eva lua tion .

Police fo rm ed ranks to b lock the dem onstra tors a t the f ro n t row , b u t no vio lence occurred. A f te r repea ting the f i r s t w ords o f h is speech th ree o r fo u r tim es, D a ley sudden ly tu rn e d fro m the m ike , shook hands w ith several N A A C P leaders and h u rr ie d ly le ft. W ith th is v ic to ry , the dem on­s tra to rs stream ed back up the aisles and dispersed.

A f te r Sen. P au l Douglas CD- I l l . ) had spoken about the need fo r con tinued non-v io lence in the strugg le fo r ra c ia l e q u a lity and sounded the a la rm against “ bo th r ig h t-w in g and le ft -w in g e x tre m ­ists,” Rev. Joseph H . Jackson was announced as the n e x t speaker.

Unanimous ProtestT h is announcem ent provoked a

v ir tu a lly unan im ous exp los ion of protest. The audience rose alm ost to the las t c h ild to express its d is­sa tis faction w ith D r. Jackson, w ho had p u b lic ly supported P resident K ennedy ’s c a ll fo r a “ 60-day m o­ra to r iu m on a ll dem onstra tions” fo llo w in g the m u rd e r o f M edgar Evers in M ississipp i.

Some o f the p revious dem on­stra tors, s t i l l lin g e r in g in the rear, once again started dow n the aisles. B u t th is t im e they cou ld no t get near the f ro n t ro w because the audience its e lf had pressed fo r ­w a rd to dem and Jackson’s re ­m ova l. A f te r 15 m inu tes o f intense

“ In eve ry society w here p ro p ­e rty exists the re w i l l ever be a strugg le between r ic h and poor. M ixe d in one assembly, equa l laws can ne ve r be expected; they w i l l e ith e r be made by the m em ­bers to p lu n d e r the few w ho are r ic h , o r by the in flue nce to fleece the m any w ho are poor.” — John Adam s, A m erican re vo lu tio n is t, second P resident o f U.S.

Negroes Launch Boycott Of Dan River Products

J U L Y 11 — T h ir ty - tw o dem on­stra to rs w ere arrested today in D a nv ille , V irg in ia , in a renew a l o f mass arrests in the area’s s ix - w eek-o ld d r iv e fo r Negro righ ts . L a te r in the day, Rev. M a rtin L u th e r K in g , head o f the S ou th ­ern C h ris tia n Leadership C o n fe r­ence, a rr iv e d in to w n and to ld a mass m eeting o f 1,200 th a t D an­v il le Negroes w i l l have to “ f i l l the ja ils fo r freedom .”

shou ting and booing, N A A C P B oard C ha irm an, B ishop Stephen G. Spottswood, announced th a t D r. Jackson w o u ld no t a ttem p t to speak.

I t was the second em barrass­m en t th a t week fo r Jackson. H is chu rch had been p icketed the p re ­v ious Sunday.

Support the Democrats?P o lit ic a lly , the reaction against

M ayo r D a ley raises the w ho le question o f support o f the Dem o­c ra tic P a rty m achines w h ic h dom ­ina te b ig -c ity po litics , b u t w h ich w o u ld be powerless w ith o u t the mass suppo rt o f Negroes. A lth o u g h D a ley tr ie d to dism iss the pro test as the w o rk o f a “ con tingen t o f Republicans,” i t was q u ite ob­vious th a t w h a t had happened was no t the expression o f any so- ca lled “ states’ r ig h ts ” sentim ent.

I f the Negroes here are n o t ye t lo o k in g fo r a new p o lit ic a l so lu­tion , m any are a lready aw are th a t the o ld bosses and cliques have no t fu lf i l le d th e ir prom ises to w o rk fo r Negro eq ua lity .

Tw o n a tion a l o ffice rs o f the N A A C P sent personal messages to M ayo r D a ley, expressing th e ir regrets ove r the inc iden t. B u t a fte r le n g th y debate, the conven­t io n fa ile d to vote an apology.

A t the w eek ’s end, the na tiona l conven tion adopted a reso lu tion p ro m is in g a “ broad, m il ita n t p ro ­gram to f ig h t fo r Negro r ig h ts in unions, governm ent, education, housing and em p loym ent.”

D A N V IL L E , Va. — Represen­ta tives o f the S tuden t N o nv io le n t C o -o rd in a tin g C om m ittee and the Congress o f Racia l E q u a lity have organized renew ed dem onstra tions in th is Southside V irg in ia c ity de­signed to announce an in te rn a ­tio n a l boyco tt o f products o f Dan R iv e r M ills .

M a th e w Jones, 22, o f SNCC led a group o f 30 s ile n t p ickets in f ro n t o f the entrances to D an­v il le ’s ch ie f in d u s try , the Dan R iv e r te x tile m ills on J u ly 8. One sign read: “ We c a ll fo r a w o r ld ­w ide boyco tt o f Dan R iv e r M ills — SNCC.”

Economic Retaliation“ W e are asking freed om -lov in g

people a ll ove r the w o rld to stop b u y in g Dan R iv e r M il ls p roducts ,” said Rev. L . G. C am pbell, secre­ta ry o f the D a n v ille C h ris tian Progressive Association. (D C P A ). “ The m ills em p loy abou t 10,000 people and the in d u s try is the econom ic bastion o f the power s truc tu re o f th is segregated com ­m u n ity o f 47,000,” C am pbell con­tinued .

On J u ly 8, eleven young people p icketed a m eeting a t c ity h a ll w here M ayo r J u lia n S tinson and three w h ite leaders m et w ith eleven Negroes selected by the m ayo r fo r the a lleged purpose o f easing ra c ia l tensions here. None o f the Negroes at the m eeting have pa rtic ip a ted in the D a n v ille pro test m ovem ent. Last week, D C P A leaders declared they w o u ld no t be bound by any agreements made by th is group.

The D C P A began the pro test M ay 31 w ith peacefu l p ickets c a r­ry in g signs in the dow n tow n D an­v il le area each day. O n June 5 students m arched in to the m ayo r’s o ffice and demanded to be heard, and f iv e people w ere arrested in ­c lu d in g Rev. C am pbell and Rev. A . I. D un lap, a v ice pres ident o f the DCPA.

High-Pressure HosesOn June 8 SNCC F ie ld Secre­

ta ry A vo n R o llin s a rrive d , and on June 10 SNCC F ie ld Secre tary Bob Z e llne r a rr iv e d at the in v ita ­t io n o f the D C PA. A t noon on June 10 h igh -p ressu re f ire hoses w ere tu rn e d on peacefu l dem on­stra tors. Severa l people were beaten by po lice and several were ja ile d .

A m arch to the c ity ja i l to p ro ­test the a fte rnoon ’s ja ilin g s was staged th a t n igh t. A group, in c lu d ­ing Rev. H. G. McGhee, entered the a lley beside the ja i l . W h ile Rev. M cGhee k n e lt to p ra y he was arrested. Police barricaded the a lley , tra p p in g the protesters, and tu rn e d h igh -p ressu re f ire hoses on the people. W h ile the demonstrators were staggered fro m the fo rce o f the w a te r and washed under cars and dow n the street, the po lice beat them w ith r io t sticks, b lack jacks and saw ed -o ff baseball bats.

Police C h ie f M cC a in was among those bea ting the dem onstrators. He grabbed Bob Z e lln e r’s camera and smashed i t on the ground. Some 48 people were hospita lized fo r in ju r ie s th a t n igh t. Heads were beaten, faces broken open, noses broken, breasts lacerated, lim bs broken, eyes n e a rly punc­tu re d and clothes to rn o f f b y the force o f the w a te r. P r io r to the

M artin Luther King

m arch the dem onstra tors had tu rne d in a ll pencils, n a il files, and a n y th in g th a t cou ld possib ly in f l ic t a wound, and had c o m m it­ted themselves to non-v io lence .

Peaceful dem onstra tions c o n tin ­ued fo r tw o days. R obert Gore, na tion a l representa tive o f CORE, a rrived . On June 13, a dem onstra­tio n on the steps o f the m u n ic ip a l b u ild in g was dispersed w ith tear gas and on th is occasion, state po lice jo ine d in the beatings.

The n e x t day a c ity ord inance and an in ju n c tio n w ere issued to stop a ll dem onstrations. T h irtee n leaders w ere in d ic te d b y thegrand ju r y on.charges o f “ in c it in g the colored popu la tion to acts o f v io lence and w a r against thew h ite po pu la tio n .” T h is is a fe lo n y punishab le b y f iv e to ten years in p rison un de r V irg in ia law . D em ­onstra tions w ere he ld June 14 in sp ite o f the ordinance.

Judge Wears PistolT w o dem onstrators, E x e 11

Barksdale, 18, and E rnest S m ith , 46, w ere tr ie d and conv ic ted onJune 17, and g iven th ree andfo u r-m o n th sentences on the c ity prison fa rm . Bond and appeal w ere denied. Judge A ike n , w ho presided, w ore a p is to l. On June 22 the po lice k icke d open a door in the m a in sanctuary o f the H igh S tree t B a p tis t C hurch and arrested th ree m em bers o f SNCC, Bob Ze llne r, A v o n R o llins , and D an ie l Foss, unde r the in d ic tm e n t. Bond was set a t $5,500.

The ord inance and in ju n c tio n were p u t be fore F edera l Judge Thom as J. M ich ie fo r a ru l in g on rem ova l fro m the D a n v ille C or­po ra tion c o u rt to the fed e ra l d is ­t r ic t cou rt. On J u ly 11, however. Judge M ich ie rem anded the cases to the c ity cou rt.

The D C P A is a ff il ia te d to the S outhern C h ris tia n Leadersh ip Conference. The D an R iv e r M il ls m anufactu re cotton fabrics.

NE W Y O R K — The S tudent N o n v io le n t C o o rd ina ting C o m m it­tee ca lled fo r a mass p ic k e t lin e a t the m a in headquarters o f the Dan R ivers Corp. here to be he ld W ednesday, J u ly 17. SNCC said the dem onstra tion was be ing sup ­po rted by un ion, church, c iv i l r ig h ts and you th groups.

Strike Won a t Firestone's Liberia Rubber Plantation

A b o u t 6,000 w o rke rs on the F irestone R ubber Corp. p la n ta ­tio n in the Negro rep u b lic o f L i ­be ria w e n t on s tr ik e J u ly 2 when the com pany s tru c k fr in g e bene­f its fro m the un ion con tract. On J u ly 15 the g ia n t ru b b e r m onopoly agreed to restore the fr in g e b e n ­e fits to the con trac t and w o rk was resumed.

Photo by Robert Greger