The Market Revolution, 1790-1860
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Transcript of The Market Revolution, 1790-1860
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The Market Revolution, 1790-1860APUSH – Mr. Hesen
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Demographic Changes– Population• By 1860 – 33 states were in the Union• Population doubled every 25 years
– Natural birthrates– Immigration– Urbanization
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Irish Immigration (Old Immigration)– Irish potato famine – 1840s – millions
die– Largest group of immigrants (1830s-
1860s)• Two million immigrants – more here than
Ireland• Targets for discrimination
– Poor– Catholic– Treated lower than African Americans
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German Immigration (Old Immigration)– 1.5 million – 1830-1860– Largest group by the 20th Century
• Uprooted farmers – moved to Midwest• Abolitionists – strong Protestants• Influential voters – better educated
– Kindergarten – support for public schools– Beer – hurt temperance movement
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English Immigration (Old)– Accounted for 20% of U.S. population (1820-1860)– Many left b/c of tough economic issues– Many settled in Lowell, MA – textiles– Mining work was also popular– A lot less discrimination • Many American still identified with GB
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Nativism– Hatred of foreign-born persons– Main target: IRISH CATHOLICS– 1840s – “Know Nothing Party”
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The Industrial Revolution– Economic Inventors stimulated growth• Samuel Slater – “Father of Factory System”• “Spinning Jenny” – Pawtucket Mill, RI
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Eli Whitney
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Telegraph
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Textile Industry– U.S. imports down after Embargo Act– 1814 – Francis Lowell – first textile plant in MA• Lowell factories made the entire textile NOT just parts• Revolutionizes factory work – not at home
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Lowell Girls– Farmer’s daughters hired to work in factories– Strength and independence– Strict moral supervision and mandatory church attendance– 1836 – first strike in U.S. history– Eventually water and steam replaced female labor – so did the
German and Irish
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How did MA become so industrialized?– Rocky soil discouraged farming –
manufacturing more attractive– Large amount of labor available– Shipping seaports – easy imports and
exports– Rapid river currents provided water
power
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Why didn’t the South industrialize?– Capital resources tied up in slavery– Local customers were poor– Most people couldn’t afford finished products
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Transportation Revolution– Prime motive – East tapping the resources in the
West– Significance:• National market economy• Regional specialization• Westward expansion
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Turnpikes– 1790 – first turnpike – Lancaster Turnpike in PA
• Connected Philly to Lancaster– Tolls collected– Significance: Turnpike building boom– 1811 – Cumberland Road (National Road)
• Cumberland, MD to Vandalia, IL• Became vital highway to the West (600 miles)• Cheaper to carry freight• Westward expansion!
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Conestoga Wagons
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Pony Express
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Steam Engine– Robert Fulton– NYC to Albany via Hudson River (500 miles)– Made trip in 32 hours– Significance: Rivers became navigable
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Erie Canal (1825)– Upstate New York– 363-mile canal linked Great Lakes with Hudson River– Impact:
• Cheap transportation• Shipping time reduced• Land values skyrocketed• Made NYC a major city• Great Lakes region explodes• Competition from the West against New England
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Railroads– Most significant impact of transportation
revolution– Fast, reliable, cheaper than canals• First line: Baltimore and Ohio (B&O) – 1828• 1860 – 30,000 miles of track laid• Opposition: canal builders, turnpike, builders
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Northern Workers– Transformed working conditions and relations– Skilled workers were ousted and unskilled labor took over– Poor working conditions– Forbidden to form labor unions
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Women and Children– Worked six days per week– Extremely low wages– Lowell Girls were supervised on and off job site– 1820 – ½ of labor was under the age of 10• Devastating effects from abuse
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Gains for Workers– During Age of Jackson – workingmen had right to
vote– Workingman’s parties – fought for higher wages
and rights– Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842) – MA Supreme
Court• Labor unions legal as long as they are not violent
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Western Farmers– Trans-Allegheny
Region – Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois
– Breadbasket of the U.S.
– Most produce sent down Mississippi River to Gulf
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Inventions– John Deere and Cyrus McCormick– Changed West from subsistence to large-scale
farming• More debt• Surpluses
– New markets
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Regional Specialization– East• Industrial• 1861 – owned 81% of U.S. industrial capacity• Most populous region
– West• Became nation’s breadbasket – grain and livestock
– South• Cotton exports to New England and Britain• Slavery persisted• Resist to changes• No industry
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Impact of Industrialization– Division of labor – specialized work– Growth of cities – 1860 – 25%– Increase in social stratification – rich v. poor– Immigration increases– Foreign commerce