THE MARK ********* Where Do I Start? Revised 17FEB10kd.
86
THE THE MARK MARK ********* ********* Where Do I Start? Where Do I Start? Revised 17FEB10kd
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Transcript of THE MARK ********* Where Do I Start? Revised 17FEB10kd.
THETHE MARK MARK
Where Do I StartWhere Do I Start
Revised 17FEB10kd
Real-time diagnostics
as you test
Our Goal is to have your product PASS
all tests required
CERTIFICATIONSCE
PED FCC
Industry CanadaRampTTE
Safety ListingsC-TickLVD
MACHINERY
PRODUCTS TESTEDMedical Devices
Laboratory EquipmentIndustrial Machinery
Household AppliancesAudioVideoTransmitters
ReceiversIT
amp More
SERVICESTest amp Assessment
TrainingSeminarsDesign Reviews
Performance Site Survey
Field Evaluations Energy Star Verifications
Free Listing Transfers
TESTINGEMCEMI
RadioSafety
PerformanceEnergy Star
Immunity amp Emissions Testing
YOUR KEY TO WORLD MARKETSWorld Class testing services with a personal touch
Doing things faster respond quicker and provide you with personal attention We get the job done for you in the time frame that you require
Testing in Damascus Maryland Middlefield Ohio or at YOUR facility
The Choices You MakeNow
Can Provide for a Successful Evaluation
TheBasics
CE stands for Conformiteacute Europeacuteenne which is French for
European Conformity A product in one of the controlled product categories cannot legally be sold in the EU unless it has passed the tests to receive the CE marking
NRTL (Nationally Recognized Test Lab) amp ISO 17025 Laboratories are organizations that have demonstrated as meeting certain Business and Technical Disciplines
bull Capability Technically amp Administrativelybull Control Programsbull Complete Independencebull Reporting amp Complaint Handling bull Procedures to Test and Certify
OSHANRTL amp ISO 17025 Accredited
Labs
Regulatory Mark Or The
CE Mark
Regulatory Mark ndash
bull Issued by an NRTLbull Controlled by OSHAbull Normally USbull Safety Testing Onlybull 15 Different NRTLs
CE Mark ndash
bull Issued by The Manufacturerbull Controlled by the Manufacturerbull Prefer Accredited Labsbull Safety amp EMC and much morebull One Mark - CE
Who needs a CE mark Who needs a CE mark and how do I get oneand how do I get one
It is EU law that every product that enters the European Union meet the CE Directives and applicable Standards
bull This mark can only be applied to your product when you have fully complied with all relevant Directives and Standards for the type of system you are marketing
bull hellipand a Declaration of Conformity has been developed (other types of
Declarations exist)
The European UnionThe European Union
Member States bull Austriabull Belgiumbull Bulgariabull Cyprusbull Czech Republicbull Denmarkbull Estoniabull Finlandbull Francebull Germanybull Greecebull Hungarybull Irelandbull Italybull Latviabull Lithuaniabull Luxembourgbull Maltabull Netherlandsbull Polandbull Portugal
bull Romaniabull Slovakiabull Sloveniabull Spainbull Swedenbull UK
Candidatesbull Croatiabull Former Yugoslav Republic of MacedoniabullTurkey
December 2009
The Road to The Road to ComplianceCompliance
Keep in mind there are more than just EMC amp Safety Keep in mind there are more than just EMC amp Safety Directives amp StandardsDirectives amp Standards
CE MARK
DECLARATION OF CONFORMITY
TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION FILE
DIRECTIVES DIRECTIVES
STANDARDS STANDARDS
bull The CE symbol must be affixed on the equipment itself in such a manner that it cannot be easily removed The minimum size is 5 mm (02)
bull Only if your equipment is too small or the usage of a sign is incompatible with the function of your equipment may it be used on any accompanying documentation for identification
5mm
Whatrsquos a Whatrsquos a Directive Directive
A Directive is an EU legally binding documentthat is provided to facilitate the free movement of goods and services - Think of it as the Law
Directives provide for health safety and environmentalrequirements for a wide range of products ranging fromresidential to industrial equipment
bull 90396EEC Appliances burning gaseous fuelsbull 20009EC Cableway installations designed to carry personsbull 89106EEC Construction productsbull 2004108EC Electromagnetic compatibilitybull 949EC Equipment amp protective systems in potentially explosive atmospheresbull 9315EEC Explosives for civil usebull 9516EC Liftsbull 200695EC Low voltage equipmentbull 200642EC Machinery safetybull 200422EEC Measuring instruments
Just a few of The Just a few of The DirectivesDirectives
httpwwwnewapproachorgDirectiveshttpwwwnewapproachorgDirectivesDefaultaspDefaultasp
bull90385EEC Medical devices active implantable bull9342EEC Medical devices generalbull9879EC Medical devices in vitro diagnosticbull9242EEC New hot-water boilers fired with liquid or gaseous fluidsbull90384EEC Non-automatic weighing instrumentsbull9462EC Packaging and packaging wastebull89686EEC Personal protective equipmentbull9723EC Pressure equipmentbull19995EC Radio and telecom terminal equipmentbull9425EC Recreational craftbull87404EEC Simple pressure vesselsbull88378EEC Toys safety
The DirectivesThe Directives-CONTINUED--CONTINUED-
HARMONIZED amp
NON-HARMONIZEDSTANDARDS
The StandardsThe Standards
Harmonized Harmonized StandardsStandards
Also known as lsquomandated standardsrsquo
Fulfills the requirements of the European Directives
The standards are published in the Official European Journal
Adopted by the European Committee for Standardization amp the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Widely accepted throughout the world today
Non-Harmonized Non-Harmonized StandardsStandards
An example ndash American Standards (UL CSA ANSI Mil) Those standards are NOT published in the official
European Journal Have NOT been Adopted by the European Committee for
Standardization or the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
May Require the use of a 3rd party (Known as Notified Body) and possibly some additional documentation between testing and placing the CE mark on your product Normally there are additional costs involved
DDeclaration eclaration oof f CConformityonformity
DOCDOCA Legally Binding Document gt A sworn statement of fact lt
bull Contains a legal statement that the product complies with the requirements of the applicable Directives (Laws) and Standards (test methods)
bull Must be signed by a responsible person representing the Manufacturer Someone who is accountable for the design testing and validity of the DOC
Information Required Information Required on a on a
DDeclaration eclaration oof f CConformityonformity
Description of the system or product Model NumberPart Number Report number (supplied by the Test Lab) Directives Used (supplied by the Test Lab) Standards Used (supplied by the Test Lab) Signature of the Responsible Person On your Letter Head or another Company Document Dated and signed
TTechnical Documentationechnical DocumentationFFileile
A Technical File (TF) is a document that you must produce if you are challenged in the European union
Anyone can challenge you at any time without you knowing who it is
You have 8-10 days to produce this document and present it to the European Electrotechnical Commission If it is not produced in this time frame then you are considered to not be in compliance with any one of the directives used and face penalties
Penalties could lead towards any of the following Shipments Stopped at Port Fines Products Removed From the Markets No Further Sales Within the European Union Imprisonment
Typical Information Typical Information in a in a TTechnical echnical
Documentation Documentation FFileile EMC Test Report Product Safety Test Report OperatorsInstructionInstallation manual Electrical Wiring Diagram Schematics Mechanical Drawings Block diagrams Artwork Component Data Sheets Bill of Materials Declaration of Conformity Certificate
Note
These are controlled documents and proprietary documents that should be part of your document control
program
About 7 of the manufacturers importers
place unsafe productson the single market (Mc Millan)
A little tidbit ofInformation
RAPEXRapid Alert System for non-food products
httpeceuropaeuconsumersdynarapexrapex_encfm
Pilot system in cooperationwith other member states
wwwicsmsorg
PRODUCT ALERT
PROGRAMS
1048708General Content
bull Details of manufacturer nameaddressbull Description of the product Marking EC declaration of conformitybull Determination of the use (purpose)bull Warning on remaining dangers and miss use
Also gt Information on - - -
Transport installation assembly putting into operation trainingoperation maintaining and repairing dismantling recycling
amp if need be disposal
THEINSTRUCTION
MANUAL
MANUALLANGUAGE
REQUIREMENTS
The Language shall be acceptable by the Country in which the equipment is to be installed for use
The Documentation intended for use by Service personnel should be in English
Chinese
Spanish
English
German
French
FIVE COMMON LANUAGES
Cuidado
avertir
Warnung
Caution
警告 告誡
What are the BasicsFor an RFQ
Identify the countries you wish to place the product Draw a simple block diagram
DeviceOr System
ForEvaluation
220VAC50Hz5A
IO in from PC (3m)48VDC Motor Power (10m)
IO out to Actuator (15m)
List all electrical inputs amp outputs and identify if they are power or IO Provide the maximum lengths for each input amp output cable Identify any fluid gas or air requirements and pressures
120psi air inputCourtesy Power Outlet 220VAC
What Do You Need to do to Prepare
for Testing amp Evaluation
Provide adequate documentation to test the product
Ensure that the product functions as close as possible to normal operation for a continuous period of time
Typical EMC Supporting Documentation
Needs
Operating Manual or instruction sheet
Upper Level Schematic(s)
Typical Safety Supporting Documentation
Needs
Operating Manual or instruction sheet Upper Level Schematic(s) Outline of Your Mechanical Drawings Copies of the Labels Used on the Product Bill of Materials Artwork of PCB Trace Layout Critical Component Data Sheets such as Filters Power Supplies Transformers etc Lasers ndash CDRH or IEC 60825 report Pneumatic Drawings
The The EMCEMC DIRECTIVE DIRECTIVE
The Electro-Magnetic Compatibility applies to all electronic and electrical products manufactured
Compliance has been mandatory since January 1 1996
Simply stated - in order to comply with this Directive the product must have an adequate level of immunity amp shall not interfere with any other systems or products
EMCEMC is a is a natural conditionnatural condition that exists when that exists when electrical equipment is performing its designed electrical equipment is performing its designed functions functions
without without
ldquoldquoCausing tordquoCausing tordquo (Emissions) or ldquo (Emissions) or ldquosuffering fromsuffering fromrdquo rdquo (Immunity)(Immunity)
unacceptableunacceptable degradation due to electromagnetic degradation due to electromagnetic interference interference toto or or fromfrom other equipment other equipment
BASIC BASIC EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibilityompatibility
EMC (Electro-Magnetic Compatibility)2 conditions must be satisfied The device does not generate electromagnetic noise and does not malfunction due to extraneous noise
EMI (Electro-Magnetic Interference) The device does not generate electromagnetic noise beyond established levels EMS (Electro-Magnetic Susceptibility)The device does not abnormally malfunction due to extraneous noise within the environment the device will be used
EMC EMC -CONTINUED--CONTINUED-
ImmunityImmunityAKAAKA
SusceptibilitySusceptibility
helliphellipa condition that exists when equipment continues to a condition that exists when equipment continues to operate within operate within acceptable limits of performanceacceptable limits of performance when when exposed to interference in which the environment where exposed to interference in which the environment where it is usedit is used
gtgtgtgtFor ExampleltltltltgtgtgtgtFor Exampleltltltlt
Equipment may work fine in the home but may fail if it is Equipment may work fine in the home but may fail if it is placed inside a machine shop Why Equipment is placed inside a machine shop Why Equipment is immune to the immune to the low levellow level residential disturbances but not residential disturbances but not immune to immune to high levelhigh level industrial-strength disturbances industrial-strength disturbances
Emissions AKA
Noise Leaking Radio Frequency
A condition that exists when your equipment suffers from unacceptable degradation of performance as a result of electromagnetic interference gtgt For Example ltltgtgt For Example ltlt
Hospitals equipment have failed to operate or had false alarms due to electronic devices emitting EMI
An example you all can relate to - Cell Phones are now prohibited from use many hospitals locations
BASIC CONCEPTBASIC CONCEPT
Electromagnetic Fields Exist Everywhere
It is NORMAL
There are two paths
Radiated Airborne
amp
Conducted Wires
TYPICAL TYPICAL EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibility Testsompatibility Tests
- Radiated Immunity - Harmonics - Conducted Immunity - Flicker - Surge - Radiated Emissions - ESD - Conducted Emissions - EFT - Voltage Dips amp Interrupts
IMMUNITY TESTS EMISSIONS TESTS
Radiated Immunity
Evaluated by controlling a signal source and power levels to generate field levels over a defined set of frequencies
Radiated Immunity
Simulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated ImmunityDesign Tips
Conducted Immunity
Evaluates the productrsquos ability to resist electrical signals that may be generated by the switching of inductive loads or contactors
Conducted ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
Conducted ImmunityDesign Tips
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Are there IO line filters Use ferrites on cabling if needed Use multi-layer PCBs where possible Are you using a power line filter
Surge Immunity
This tests the equipmentrsquos level of resistance or immunity to surges caused by over voltages from switching and lightning transients
Surge ImmunitySimulation
ControlledPulse
Source
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Pulse injection
Use pre-approved power supplies Are there surge suppressors installed
Surge ImmunityDesign Tips
ESD Immunity
Electrostatic Discharges are applied to all relevant points while the apparatus is in operation These are appliedeither by air or by touch (contact)
ESD ImmunitySimulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Electro-static discharge
ESD ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground planeMake sure the AC mains has the 3rd wire Ground and is used If a plastic enclosure consider conductive coatings With keyboards consider using a ldquoback-planerdquo ground sheet
EFT(Electrical Fast Transients)
Immunity
EFT is a test process to demonstratethe equipmentrsquos resistance to line transients through the connecting leads simulating relay and contact bounce
EFT ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
EFT ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground plane Does your unit have a power line filter Are there transient suppression components employed on the PCBA Use shielded cables Employ multi-layer PCBs Use shielded cables
Voltage Dips amp Interrupts Immunity
Simulates voltage variations and interruptions caused by short circuits or rapid changes in power This may cause a sudden and extreme increase in current and a reduction in voltage
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Simulation
ControlledVoltageSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Voltage injection
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
HarmonicEmissions
Harmonics is a distortion of a normal sine wave When a product produces distortion it does this at multiples of the power line frequency are generated
Harmonic EmissionsSimulation
Signal Monitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Harmonics Emissions Design Tips
Use power factor correction circuits The current and voltage wave forms need to be sinusoidal
FlickerEmissions
The term ldquoflickerrdquo applies touncontrolled intermittent Emissions It is also knownas surge emission ie light flicker
Flicker Emission Simulation
CurrentMonitoring
Device
Current monitoring
Coming from the device
Flicker Emissions Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
Intentional RadiatorsIntentional Radiators are subject to are subject to rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing interference and maximizing the interference and maximizing the available spectrumavailable spectrum
All other electrical products areAll other electrical products are non- non-intentional Radiatorsintentional Radiators such as such as electrical circuits are not designed to electrical circuits are not designed to generate RF energy but do As a result generate RF energy but do As a result they they couldcould interfere with other devices interfere with other devices
RADIATED RADIATED EMISSIONSEMISSIONS
RadiatedEmissions
Verifies that the products RF emissions do not exceed a level that will interfere with the operation of other electrical devices in the operating environment
Radiated EmissionsSimulation
Evaluation of Radiated Emissions at Your
Location ndash Clearance Requirements
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated EmissionsDesign Tips
ConductedEmissions
This is energy that is transmitted from an electrical device through the power cord and back into the electrical system
Conducted EmissionsSimulation
SignalMonitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
Real-time diagnostics
as you test
Our Goal is to have your product PASS
all tests required
CERTIFICATIONSCE
PED FCC
Industry CanadaRampTTE
Safety ListingsC-TickLVD
MACHINERY
PRODUCTS TESTEDMedical Devices
Laboratory EquipmentIndustrial Machinery
Household AppliancesAudioVideoTransmitters
ReceiversIT
amp More
SERVICESTest amp Assessment
TrainingSeminarsDesign Reviews
Performance Site Survey
Field Evaluations Energy Star Verifications
Free Listing Transfers
TESTINGEMCEMI
RadioSafety
PerformanceEnergy Star
Immunity amp Emissions Testing
YOUR KEY TO WORLD MARKETSWorld Class testing services with a personal touch
Doing things faster respond quicker and provide you with personal attention We get the job done for you in the time frame that you require
Testing in Damascus Maryland Middlefield Ohio or at YOUR facility
The Choices You MakeNow
Can Provide for a Successful Evaluation
TheBasics
CE stands for Conformiteacute Europeacuteenne which is French for
European Conformity A product in one of the controlled product categories cannot legally be sold in the EU unless it has passed the tests to receive the CE marking
NRTL (Nationally Recognized Test Lab) amp ISO 17025 Laboratories are organizations that have demonstrated as meeting certain Business and Technical Disciplines
bull Capability Technically amp Administrativelybull Control Programsbull Complete Independencebull Reporting amp Complaint Handling bull Procedures to Test and Certify
OSHANRTL amp ISO 17025 Accredited
Labs
Regulatory Mark Or The
CE Mark
Regulatory Mark ndash
bull Issued by an NRTLbull Controlled by OSHAbull Normally USbull Safety Testing Onlybull 15 Different NRTLs
CE Mark ndash
bull Issued by The Manufacturerbull Controlled by the Manufacturerbull Prefer Accredited Labsbull Safety amp EMC and much morebull One Mark - CE
Who needs a CE mark Who needs a CE mark and how do I get oneand how do I get one
It is EU law that every product that enters the European Union meet the CE Directives and applicable Standards
bull This mark can only be applied to your product when you have fully complied with all relevant Directives and Standards for the type of system you are marketing
bull hellipand a Declaration of Conformity has been developed (other types of
Declarations exist)
The European UnionThe European Union
Member States bull Austriabull Belgiumbull Bulgariabull Cyprusbull Czech Republicbull Denmarkbull Estoniabull Finlandbull Francebull Germanybull Greecebull Hungarybull Irelandbull Italybull Latviabull Lithuaniabull Luxembourgbull Maltabull Netherlandsbull Polandbull Portugal
bull Romaniabull Slovakiabull Sloveniabull Spainbull Swedenbull UK
Candidatesbull Croatiabull Former Yugoslav Republic of MacedoniabullTurkey
December 2009
The Road to The Road to ComplianceCompliance
Keep in mind there are more than just EMC amp Safety Keep in mind there are more than just EMC amp Safety Directives amp StandardsDirectives amp Standards
CE MARK
DECLARATION OF CONFORMITY
TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION FILE
DIRECTIVES DIRECTIVES
STANDARDS STANDARDS
bull The CE symbol must be affixed on the equipment itself in such a manner that it cannot be easily removed The minimum size is 5 mm (02)
bull Only if your equipment is too small or the usage of a sign is incompatible with the function of your equipment may it be used on any accompanying documentation for identification
5mm
Whatrsquos a Whatrsquos a Directive Directive
A Directive is an EU legally binding documentthat is provided to facilitate the free movement of goods and services - Think of it as the Law
Directives provide for health safety and environmentalrequirements for a wide range of products ranging fromresidential to industrial equipment
bull 90396EEC Appliances burning gaseous fuelsbull 20009EC Cableway installations designed to carry personsbull 89106EEC Construction productsbull 2004108EC Electromagnetic compatibilitybull 949EC Equipment amp protective systems in potentially explosive atmospheresbull 9315EEC Explosives for civil usebull 9516EC Liftsbull 200695EC Low voltage equipmentbull 200642EC Machinery safetybull 200422EEC Measuring instruments
Just a few of The Just a few of The DirectivesDirectives
httpwwwnewapproachorgDirectiveshttpwwwnewapproachorgDirectivesDefaultaspDefaultasp
bull90385EEC Medical devices active implantable bull9342EEC Medical devices generalbull9879EC Medical devices in vitro diagnosticbull9242EEC New hot-water boilers fired with liquid or gaseous fluidsbull90384EEC Non-automatic weighing instrumentsbull9462EC Packaging and packaging wastebull89686EEC Personal protective equipmentbull9723EC Pressure equipmentbull19995EC Radio and telecom terminal equipmentbull9425EC Recreational craftbull87404EEC Simple pressure vesselsbull88378EEC Toys safety
The DirectivesThe Directives-CONTINUED--CONTINUED-
HARMONIZED amp
NON-HARMONIZEDSTANDARDS
The StandardsThe Standards
Harmonized Harmonized StandardsStandards
Also known as lsquomandated standardsrsquo
Fulfills the requirements of the European Directives
The standards are published in the Official European Journal
Adopted by the European Committee for Standardization amp the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Widely accepted throughout the world today
Non-Harmonized Non-Harmonized StandardsStandards
An example ndash American Standards (UL CSA ANSI Mil) Those standards are NOT published in the official
European Journal Have NOT been Adopted by the European Committee for
Standardization or the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
May Require the use of a 3rd party (Known as Notified Body) and possibly some additional documentation between testing and placing the CE mark on your product Normally there are additional costs involved
DDeclaration eclaration oof f CConformityonformity
DOCDOCA Legally Binding Document gt A sworn statement of fact lt
bull Contains a legal statement that the product complies with the requirements of the applicable Directives (Laws) and Standards (test methods)
bull Must be signed by a responsible person representing the Manufacturer Someone who is accountable for the design testing and validity of the DOC
Information Required Information Required on a on a
DDeclaration eclaration oof f CConformityonformity
Description of the system or product Model NumberPart Number Report number (supplied by the Test Lab) Directives Used (supplied by the Test Lab) Standards Used (supplied by the Test Lab) Signature of the Responsible Person On your Letter Head or another Company Document Dated and signed
TTechnical Documentationechnical DocumentationFFileile
A Technical File (TF) is a document that you must produce if you are challenged in the European union
Anyone can challenge you at any time without you knowing who it is
You have 8-10 days to produce this document and present it to the European Electrotechnical Commission If it is not produced in this time frame then you are considered to not be in compliance with any one of the directives used and face penalties
Penalties could lead towards any of the following Shipments Stopped at Port Fines Products Removed From the Markets No Further Sales Within the European Union Imprisonment
Typical Information Typical Information in a in a TTechnical echnical
Documentation Documentation FFileile EMC Test Report Product Safety Test Report OperatorsInstructionInstallation manual Electrical Wiring Diagram Schematics Mechanical Drawings Block diagrams Artwork Component Data Sheets Bill of Materials Declaration of Conformity Certificate
Note
These are controlled documents and proprietary documents that should be part of your document control
program
About 7 of the manufacturers importers
place unsafe productson the single market (Mc Millan)
A little tidbit ofInformation
RAPEXRapid Alert System for non-food products
httpeceuropaeuconsumersdynarapexrapex_encfm
Pilot system in cooperationwith other member states
wwwicsmsorg
PRODUCT ALERT
PROGRAMS
1048708General Content
bull Details of manufacturer nameaddressbull Description of the product Marking EC declaration of conformitybull Determination of the use (purpose)bull Warning on remaining dangers and miss use
Also gt Information on - - -
Transport installation assembly putting into operation trainingoperation maintaining and repairing dismantling recycling
amp if need be disposal
THEINSTRUCTION
MANUAL
MANUALLANGUAGE
REQUIREMENTS
The Language shall be acceptable by the Country in which the equipment is to be installed for use
The Documentation intended for use by Service personnel should be in English
Chinese
Spanish
English
German
French
FIVE COMMON LANUAGES
Cuidado
avertir
Warnung
Caution
警告 告誡
What are the BasicsFor an RFQ
Identify the countries you wish to place the product Draw a simple block diagram
DeviceOr System
ForEvaluation
220VAC50Hz5A
IO in from PC (3m)48VDC Motor Power (10m)
IO out to Actuator (15m)
List all electrical inputs amp outputs and identify if they are power or IO Provide the maximum lengths for each input amp output cable Identify any fluid gas or air requirements and pressures
120psi air inputCourtesy Power Outlet 220VAC
What Do You Need to do to Prepare
for Testing amp Evaluation
Provide adequate documentation to test the product
Ensure that the product functions as close as possible to normal operation for a continuous period of time
Typical EMC Supporting Documentation
Needs
Operating Manual or instruction sheet
Upper Level Schematic(s)
Typical Safety Supporting Documentation
Needs
Operating Manual or instruction sheet Upper Level Schematic(s) Outline of Your Mechanical Drawings Copies of the Labels Used on the Product Bill of Materials Artwork of PCB Trace Layout Critical Component Data Sheets such as Filters Power Supplies Transformers etc Lasers ndash CDRH or IEC 60825 report Pneumatic Drawings
The The EMCEMC DIRECTIVE DIRECTIVE
The Electro-Magnetic Compatibility applies to all electronic and electrical products manufactured
Compliance has been mandatory since January 1 1996
Simply stated - in order to comply with this Directive the product must have an adequate level of immunity amp shall not interfere with any other systems or products
EMCEMC is a is a natural conditionnatural condition that exists when that exists when electrical equipment is performing its designed electrical equipment is performing its designed functions functions
without without
ldquoldquoCausing tordquoCausing tordquo (Emissions) or ldquo (Emissions) or ldquosuffering fromsuffering fromrdquo rdquo (Immunity)(Immunity)
unacceptableunacceptable degradation due to electromagnetic degradation due to electromagnetic interference interference toto or or fromfrom other equipment other equipment
BASIC BASIC EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibilityompatibility
EMC (Electro-Magnetic Compatibility)2 conditions must be satisfied The device does not generate electromagnetic noise and does not malfunction due to extraneous noise
EMI (Electro-Magnetic Interference) The device does not generate electromagnetic noise beyond established levels EMS (Electro-Magnetic Susceptibility)The device does not abnormally malfunction due to extraneous noise within the environment the device will be used
EMC EMC -CONTINUED--CONTINUED-
ImmunityImmunityAKAAKA
SusceptibilitySusceptibility
helliphellipa condition that exists when equipment continues to a condition that exists when equipment continues to operate within operate within acceptable limits of performanceacceptable limits of performance when when exposed to interference in which the environment where exposed to interference in which the environment where it is usedit is used
gtgtgtgtFor ExampleltltltltgtgtgtgtFor Exampleltltltlt
Equipment may work fine in the home but may fail if it is Equipment may work fine in the home but may fail if it is placed inside a machine shop Why Equipment is placed inside a machine shop Why Equipment is immune to the immune to the low levellow level residential disturbances but not residential disturbances but not immune to immune to high levelhigh level industrial-strength disturbances industrial-strength disturbances
Emissions AKA
Noise Leaking Radio Frequency
A condition that exists when your equipment suffers from unacceptable degradation of performance as a result of electromagnetic interference gtgt For Example ltltgtgt For Example ltlt
Hospitals equipment have failed to operate or had false alarms due to electronic devices emitting EMI
An example you all can relate to - Cell Phones are now prohibited from use many hospitals locations
BASIC CONCEPTBASIC CONCEPT
Electromagnetic Fields Exist Everywhere
It is NORMAL
There are two paths
Radiated Airborne
amp
Conducted Wires
TYPICAL TYPICAL EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibility Testsompatibility Tests
- Radiated Immunity - Harmonics - Conducted Immunity - Flicker - Surge - Radiated Emissions - ESD - Conducted Emissions - EFT - Voltage Dips amp Interrupts
IMMUNITY TESTS EMISSIONS TESTS
Radiated Immunity
Evaluated by controlling a signal source and power levels to generate field levels over a defined set of frequencies
Radiated Immunity
Simulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated ImmunityDesign Tips
Conducted Immunity
Evaluates the productrsquos ability to resist electrical signals that may be generated by the switching of inductive loads or contactors
Conducted ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
Conducted ImmunityDesign Tips
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Are there IO line filters Use ferrites on cabling if needed Use multi-layer PCBs where possible Are you using a power line filter
Surge Immunity
This tests the equipmentrsquos level of resistance or immunity to surges caused by over voltages from switching and lightning transients
Surge ImmunitySimulation
ControlledPulse
Source
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Pulse injection
Use pre-approved power supplies Are there surge suppressors installed
Surge ImmunityDesign Tips
ESD Immunity
Electrostatic Discharges are applied to all relevant points while the apparatus is in operation These are appliedeither by air or by touch (contact)
ESD ImmunitySimulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Electro-static discharge
ESD ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground planeMake sure the AC mains has the 3rd wire Ground and is used If a plastic enclosure consider conductive coatings With keyboards consider using a ldquoback-planerdquo ground sheet
EFT(Electrical Fast Transients)
Immunity
EFT is a test process to demonstratethe equipmentrsquos resistance to line transients through the connecting leads simulating relay and contact bounce
EFT ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
EFT ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground plane Does your unit have a power line filter Are there transient suppression components employed on the PCBA Use shielded cables Employ multi-layer PCBs Use shielded cables
Voltage Dips amp Interrupts Immunity
Simulates voltage variations and interruptions caused by short circuits or rapid changes in power This may cause a sudden and extreme increase in current and a reduction in voltage
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Simulation
ControlledVoltageSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Voltage injection
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
HarmonicEmissions
Harmonics is a distortion of a normal sine wave When a product produces distortion it does this at multiples of the power line frequency are generated
Harmonic EmissionsSimulation
Signal Monitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Harmonics Emissions Design Tips
Use power factor correction circuits The current and voltage wave forms need to be sinusoidal
FlickerEmissions
The term ldquoflickerrdquo applies touncontrolled intermittent Emissions It is also knownas surge emission ie light flicker
Flicker Emission Simulation
CurrentMonitoring
Device
Current monitoring
Coming from the device
Flicker Emissions Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
Intentional RadiatorsIntentional Radiators are subject to are subject to rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing interference and maximizing the interference and maximizing the available spectrumavailable spectrum
All other electrical products areAll other electrical products are non- non-intentional Radiatorsintentional Radiators such as such as electrical circuits are not designed to electrical circuits are not designed to generate RF energy but do As a result generate RF energy but do As a result they they couldcould interfere with other devices interfere with other devices
RADIATED RADIATED EMISSIONSEMISSIONS
RadiatedEmissions
Verifies that the products RF emissions do not exceed a level that will interfere with the operation of other electrical devices in the operating environment
Radiated EmissionsSimulation
Evaluation of Radiated Emissions at Your
Location ndash Clearance Requirements
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated EmissionsDesign Tips
ConductedEmissions
This is energy that is transmitted from an electrical device through the power cord and back into the electrical system
Conducted EmissionsSimulation
SignalMonitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
The Choices You MakeNow
Can Provide for a Successful Evaluation
TheBasics
CE stands for Conformiteacute Europeacuteenne which is French for
European Conformity A product in one of the controlled product categories cannot legally be sold in the EU unless it has passed the tests to receive the CE marking
NRTL (Nationally Recognized Test Lab) amp ISO 17025 Laboratories are organizations that have demonstrated as meeting certain Business and Technical Disciplines
bull Capability Technically amp Administrativelybull Control Programsbull Complete Independencebull Reporting amp Complaint Handling bull Procedures to Test and Certify
OSHANRTL amp ISO 17025 Accredited
Labs
Regulatory Mark Or The
CE Mark
Regulatory Mark ndash
bull Issued by an NRTLbull Controlled by OSHAbull Normally USbull Safety Testing Onlybull 15 Different NRTLs
CE Mark ndash
bull Issued by The Manufacturerbull Controlled by the Manufacturerbull Prefer Accredited Labsbull Safety amp EMC and much morebull One Mark - CE
Who needs a CE mark Who needs a CE mark and how do I get oneand how do I get one
It is EU law that every product that enters the European Union meet the CE Directives and applicable Standards
bull This mark can only be applied to your product when you have fully complied with all relevant Directives and Standards for the type of system you are marketing
bull hellipand a Declaration of Conformity has been developed (other types of
Declarations exist)
The European UnionThe European Union
Member States bull Austriabull Belgiumbull Bulgariabull Cyprusbull Czech Republicbull Denmarkbull Estoniabull Finlandbull Francebull Germanybull Greecebull Hungarybull Irelandbull Italybull Latviabull Lithuaniabull Luxembourgbull Maltabull Netherlandsbull Polandbull Portugal
bull Romaniabull Slovakiabull Sloveniabull Spainbull Swedenbull UK
Candidatesbull Croatiabull Former Yugoslav Republic of MacedoniabullTurkey
December 2009
The Road to The Road to ComplianceCompliance
Keep in mind there are more than just EMC amp Safety Keep in mind there are more than just EMC amp Safety Directives amp StandardsDirectives amp Standards
CE MARK
DECLARATION OF CONFORMITY
TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION FILE
DIRECTIVES DIRECTIVES
STANDARDS STANDARDS
bull The CE symbol must be affixed on the equipment itself in such a manner that it cannot be easily removed The minimum size is 5 mm (02)
bull Only if your equipment is too small or the usage of a sign is incompatible with the function of your equipment may it be used on any accompanying documentation for identification
5mm
Whatrsquos a Whatrsquos a Directive Directive
A Directive is an EU legally binding documentthat is provided to facilitate the free movement of goods and services - Think of it as the Law
Directives provide for health safety and environmentalrequirements for a wide range of products ranging fromresidential to industrial equipment
bull 90396EEC Appliances burning gaseous fuelsbull 20009EC Cableway installations designed to carry personsbull 89106EEC Construction productsbull 2004108EC Electromagnetic compatibilitybull 949EC Equipment amp protective systems in potentially explosive atmospheresbull 9315EEC Explosives for civil usebull 9516EC Liftsbull 200695EC Low voltage equipmentbull 200642EC Machinery safetybull 200422EEC Measuring instruments
Just a few of The Just a few of The DirectivesDirectives
httpwwwnewapproachorgDirectiveshttpwwwnewapproachorgDirectivesDefaultaspDefaultasp
bull90385EEC Medical devices active implantable bull9342EEC Medical devices generalbull9879EC Medical devices in vitro diagnosticbull9242EEC New hot-water boilers fired with liquid or gaseous fluidsbull90384EEC Non-automatic weighing instrumentsbull9462EC Packaging and packaging wastebull89686EEC Personal protective equipmentbull9723EC Pressure equipmentbull19995EC Radio and telecom terminal equipmentbull9425EC Recreational craftbull87404EEC Simple pressure vesselsbull88378EEC Toys safety
The DirectivesThe Directives-CONTINUED--CONTINUED-
HARMONIZED amp
NON-HARMONIZEDSTANDARDS
The StandardsThe Standards
Harmonized Harmonized StandardsStandards
Also known as lsquomandated standardsrsquo
Fulfills the requirements of the European Directives
The standards are published in the Official European Journal
Adopted by the European Committee for Standardization amp the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Widely accepted throughout the world today
Non-Harmonized Non-Harmonized StandardsStandards
An example ndash American Standards (UL CSA ANSI Mil) Those standards are NOT published in the official
European Journal Have NOT been Adopted by the European Committee for
Standardization or the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
May Require the use of a 3rd party (Known as Notified Body) and possibly some additional documentation between testing and placing the CE mark on your product Normally there are additional costs involved
DDeclaration eclaration oof f CConformityonformity
DOCDOCA Legally Binding Document gt A sworn statement of fact lt
bull Contains a legal statement that the product complies with the requirements of the applicable Directives (Laws) and Standards (test methods)
bull Must be signed by a responsible person representing the Manufacturer Someone who is accountable for the design testing and validity of the DOC
Information Required Information Required on a on a
DDeclaration eclaration oof f CConformityonformity
Description of the system or product Model NumberPart Number Report number (supplied by the Test Lab) Directives Used (supplied by the Test Lab) Standards Used (supplied by the Test Lab) Signature of the Responsible Person On your Letter Head or another Company Document Dated and signed
TTechnical Documentationechnical DocumentationFFileile
A Technical File (TF) is a document that you must produce if you are challenged in the European union
Anyone can challenge you at any time without you knowing who it is
You have 8-10 days to produce this document and present it to the European Electrotechnical Commission If it is not produced in this time frame then you are considered to not be in compliance with any one of the directives used and face penalties
Penalties could lead towards any of the following Shipments Stopped at Port Fines Products Removed From the Markets No Further Sales Within the European Union Imprisonment
Typical Information Typical Information in a in a TTechnical echnical
Documentation Documentation FFileile EMC Test Report Product Safety Test Report OperatorsInstructionInstallation manual Electrical Wiring Diagram Schematics Mechanical Drawings Block diagrams Artwork Component Data Sheets Bill of Materials Declaration of Conformity Certificate
Note
These are controlled documents and proprietary documents that should be part of your document control
program
About 7 of the manufacturers importers
place unsafe productson the single market (Mc Millan)
A little tidbit ofInformation
RAPEXRapid Alert System for non-food products
httpeceuropaeuconsumersdynarapexrapex_encfm
Pilot system in cooperationwith other member states
wwwicsmsorg
PRODUCT ALERT
PROGRAMS
1048708General Content
bull Details of manufacturer nameaddressbull Description of the product Marking EC declaration of conformitybull Determination of the use (purpose)bull Warning on remaining dangers and miss use
Also gt Information on - - -
Transport installation assembly putting into operation trainingoperation maintaining and repairing dismantling recycling
amp if need be disposal
THEINSTRUCTION
MANUAL
MANUALLANGUAGE
REQUIREMENTS
The Language shall be acceptable by the Country in which the equipment is to be installed for use
The Documentation intended for use by Service personnel should be in English
Chinese
Spanish
English
German
French
FIVE COMMON LANUAGES
Cuidado
avertir
Warnung
Caution
警告 告誡
What are the BasicsFor an RFQ
Identify the countries you wish to place the product Draw a simple block diagram
DeviceOr System
ForEvaluation
220VAC50Hz5A
IO in from PC (3m)48VDC Motor Power (10m)
IO out to Actuator (15m)
List all electrical inputs amp outputs and identify if they are power or IO Provide the maximum lengths for each input amp output cable Identify any fluid gas or air requirements and pressures
120psi air inputCourtesy Power Outlet 220VAC
What Do You Need to do to Prepare
for Testing amp Evaluation
Provide adequate documentation to test the product
Ensure that the product functions as close as possible to normal operation for a continuous period of time
Typical EMC Supporting Documentation
Needs
Operating Manual or instruction sheet
Upper Level Schematic(s)
Typical Safety Supporting Documentation
Needs
Operating Manual or instruction sheet Upper Level Schematic(s) Outline of Your Mechanical Drawings Copies of the Labels Used on the Product Bill of Materials Artwork of PCB Trace Layout Critical Component Data Sheets such as Filters Power Supplies Transformers etc Lasers ndash CDRH or IEC 60825 report Pneumatic Drawings
The The EMCEMC DIRECTIVE DIRECTIVE
The Electro-Magnetic Compatibility applies to all electronic and electrical products manufactured
Compliance has been mandatory since January 1 1996
Simply stated - in order to comply with this Directive the product must have an adequate level of immunity amp shall not interfere with any other systems or products
EMCEMC is a is a natural conditionnatural condition that exists when that exists when electrical equipment is performing its designed electrical equipment is performing its designed functions functions
without without
ldquoldquoCausing tordquoCausing tordquo (Emissions) or ldquo (Emissions) or ldquosuffering fromsuffering fromrdquo rdquo (Immunity)(Immunity)
unacceptableunacceptable degradation due to electromagnetic degradation due to electromagnetic interference interference toto or or fromfrom other equipment other equipment
BASIC BASIC EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibilityompatibility
EMC (Electro-Magnetic Compatibility)2 conditions must be satisfied The device does not generate electromagnetic noise and does not malfunction due to extraneous noise
EMI (Electro-Magnetic Interference) The device does not generate electromagnetic noise beyond established levels EMS (Electro-Magnetic Susceptibility)The device does not abnormally malfunction due to extraneous noise within the environment the device will be used
EMC EMC -CONTINUED--CONTINUED-
ImmunityImmunityAKAAKA
SusceptibilitySusceptibility
helliphellipa condition that exists when equipment continues to a condition that exists when equipment continues to operate within operate within acceptable limits of performanceacceptable limits of performance when when exposed to interference in which the environment where exposed to interference in which the environment where it is usedit is used
gtgtgtgtFor ExampleltltltltgtgtgtgtFor Exampleltltltlt
Equipment may work fine in the home but may fail if it is Equipment may work fine in the home but may fail if it is placed inside a machine shop Why Equipment is placed inside a machine shop Why Equipment is immune to the immune to the low levellow level residential disturbances but not residential disturbances but not immune to immune to high levelhigh level industrial-strength disturbances industrial-strength disturbances
Emissions AKA
Noise Leaking Radio Frequency
A condition that exists when your equipment suffers from unacceptable degradation of performance as a result of electromagnetic interference gtgt For Example ltltgtgt For Example ltlt
Hospitals equipment have failed to operate or had false alarms due to electronic devices emitting EMI
An example you all can relate to - Cell Phones are now prohibited from use many hospitals locations
BASIC CONCEPTBASIC CONCEPT
Electromagnetic Fields Exist Everywhere
It is NORMAL
There are two paths
Radiated Airborne
amp
Conducted Wires
TYPICAL TYPICAL EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibility Testsompatibility Tests
- Radiated Immunity - Harmonics - Conducted Immunity - Flicker - Surge - Radiated Emissions - ESD - Conducted Emissions - EFT - Voltage Dips amp Interrupts
IMMUNITY TESTS EMISSIONS TESTS
Radiated Immunity
Evaluated by controlling a signal source and power levels to generate field levels over a defined set of frequencies
Radiated Immunity
Simulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated ImmunityDesign Tips
Conducted Immunity
Evaluates the productrsquos ability to resist electrical signals that may be generated by the switching of inductive loads or contactors
Conducted ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
Conducted ImmunityDesign Tips
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Are there IO line filters Use ferrites on cabling if needed Use multi-layer PCBs where possible Are you using a power line filter
Surge Immunity
This tests the equipmentrsquos level of resistance or immunity to surges caused by over voltages from switching and lightning transients
Surge ImmunitySimulation
ControlledPulse
Source
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Pulse injection
Use pre-approved power supplies Are there surge suppressors installed
Surge ImmunityDesign Tips
ESD Immunity
Electrostatic Discharges are applied to all relevant points while the apparatus is in operation These are appliedeither by air or by touch (contact)
ESD ImmunitySimulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Electro-static discharge
ESD ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground planeMake sure the AC mains has the 3rd wire Ground and is used If a plastic enclosure consider conductive coatings With keyboards consider using a ldquoback-planerdquo ground sheet
EFT(Electrical Fast Transients)
Immunity
EFT is a test process to demonstratethe equipmentrsquos resistance to line transients through the connecting leads simulating relay and contact bounce
EFT ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
EFT ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground plane Does your unit have a power line filter Are there transient suppression components employed on the PCBA Use shielded cables Employ multi-layer PCBs Use shielded cables
Voltage Dips amp Interrupts Immunity
Simulates voltage variations and interruptions caused by short circuits or rapid changes in power This may cause a sudden and extreme increase in current and a reduction in voltage
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Simulation
ControlledVoltageSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Voltage injection
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
HarmonicEmissions
Harmonics is a distortion of a normal sine wave When a product produces distortion it does this at multiples of the power line frequency are generated
Harmonic EmissionsSimulation
Signal Monitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Harmonics Emissions Design Tips
Use power factor correction circuits The current and voltage wave forms need to be sinusoidal
FlickerEmissions
The term ldquoflickerrdquo applies touncontrolled intermittent Emissions It is also knownas surge emission ie light flicker
Flicker Emission Simulation
CurrentMonitoring
Device
Current monitoring
Coming from the device
Flicker Emissions Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
Intentional RadiatorsIntentional Radiators are subject to are subject to rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing interference and maximizing the interference and maximizing the available spectrumavailable spectrum
All other electrical products areAll other electrical products are non- non-intentional Radiatorsintentional Radiators such as such as electrical circuits are not designed to electrical circuits are not designed to generate RF energy but do As a result generate RF energy but do As a result they they couldcould interfere with other devices interfere with other devices
RADIATED RADIATED EMISSIONSEMISSIONS
RadiatedEmissions
Verifies that the products RF emissions do not exceed a level that will interfere with the operation of other electrical devices in the operating environment
Radiated EmissionsSimulation
Evaluation of Radiated Emissions at Your
Location ndash Clearance Requirements
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated EmissionsDesign Tips
ConductedEmissions
This is energy that is transmitted from an electrical device through the power cord and back into the electrical system
Conducted EmissionsSimulation
SignalMonitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
TheBasics
CE stands for Conformiteacute Europeacuteenne which is French for
European Conformity A product in one of the controlled product categories cannot legally be sold in the EU unless it has passed the tests to receive the CE marking
NRTL (Nationally Recognized Test Lab) amp ISO 17025 Laboratories are organizations that have demonstrated as meeting certain Business and Technical Disciplines
bull Capability Technically amp Administrativelybull Control Programsbull Complete Independencebull Reporting amp Complaint Handling bull Procedures to Test and Certify
OSHANRTL amp ISO 17025 Accredited
Labs
Regulatory Mark Or The
CE Mark
Regulatory Mark ndash
bull Issued by an NRTLbull Controlled by OSHAbull Normally USbull Safety Testing Onlybull 15 Different NRTLs
CE Mark ndash
bull Issued by The Manufacturerbull Controlled by the Manufacturerbull Prefer Accredited Labsbull Safety amp EMC and much morebull One Mark - CE
Who needs a CE mark Who needs a CE mark and how do I get oneand how do I get one
It is EU law that every product that enters the European Union meet the CE Directives and applicable Standards
bull This mark can only be applied to your product when you have fully complied with all relevant Directives and Standards for the type of system you are marketing
bull hellipand a Declaration of Conformity has been developed (other types of
Declarations exist)
The European UnionThe European Union
Member States bull Austriabull Belgiumbull Bulgariabull Cyprusbull Czech Republicbull Denmarkbull Estoniabull Finlandbull Francebull Germanybull Greecebull Hungarybull Irelandbull Italybull Latviabull Lithuaniabull Luxembourgbull Maltabull Netherlandsbull Polandbull Portugal
bull Romaniabull Slovakiabull Sloveniabull Spainbull Swedenbull UK
Candidatesbull Croatiabull Former Yugoslav Republic of MacedoniabullTurkey
December 2009
The Road to The Road to ComplianceCompliance
Keep in mind there are more than just EMC amp Safety Keep in mind there are more than just EMC amp Safety Directives amp StandardsDirectives amp Standards
CE MARK
DECLARATION OF CONFORMITY
TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION FILE
DIRECTIVES DIRECTIVES
STANDARDS STANDARDS
bull The CE symbol must be affixed on the equipment itself in such a manner that it cannot be easily removed The minimum size is 5 mm (02)
bull Only if your equipment is too small or the usage of a sign is incompatible with the function of your equipment may it be used on any accompanying documentation for identification
5mm
Whatrsquos a Whatrsquos a Directive Directive
A Directive is an EU legally binding documentthat is provided to facilitate the free movement of goods and services - Think of it as the Law
Directives provide for health safety and environmentalrequirements for a wide range of products ranging fromresidential to industrial equipment
bull 90396EEC Appliances burning gaseous fuelsbull 20009EC Cableway installations designed to carry personsbull 89106EEC Construction productsbull 2004108EC Electromagnetic compatibilitybull 949EC Equipment amp protective systems in potentially explosive atmospheresbull 9315EEC Explosives for civil usebull 9516EC Liftsbull 200695EC Low voltage equipmentbull 200642EC Machinery safetybull 200422EEC Measuring instruments
Just a few of The Just a few of The DirectivesDirectives
httpwwwnewapproachorgDirectiveshttpwwwnewapproachorgDirectivesDefaultaspDefaultasp
bull90385EEC Medical devices active implantable bull9342EEC Medical devices generalbull9879EC Medical devices in vitro diagnosticbull9242EEC New hot-water boilers fired with liquid or gaseous fluidsbull90384EEC Non-automatic weighing instrumentsbull9462EC Packaging and packaging wastebull89686EEC Personal protective equipmentbull9723EC Pressure equipmentbull19995EC Radio and telecom terminal equipmentbull9425EC Recreational craftbull87404EEC Simple pressure vesselsbull88378EEC Toys safety
The DirectivesThe Directives-CONTINUED--CONTINUED-
HARMONIZED amp
NON-HARMONIZEDSTANDARDS
The StandardsThe Standards
Harmonized Harmonized StandardsStandards
Also known as lsquomandated standardsrsquo
Fulfills the requirements of the European Directives
The standards are published in the Official European Journal
Adopted by the European Committee for Standardization amp the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Widely accepted throughout the world today
Non-Harmonized Non-Harmonized StandardsStandards
An example ndash American Standards (UL CSA ANSI Mil) Those standards are NOT published in the official
European Journal Have NOT been Adopted by the European Committee for
Standardization or the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
May Require the use of a 3rd party (Known as Notified Body) and possibly some additional documentation between testing and placing the CE mark on your product Normally there are additional costs involved
DDeclaration eclaration oof f CConformityonformity
DOCDOCA Legally Binding Document gt A sworn statement of fact lt
bull Contains a legal statement that the product complies with the requirements of the applicable Directives (Laws) and Standards (test methods)
bull Must be signed by a responsible person representing the Manufacturer Someone who is accountable for the design testing and validity of the DOC
Information Required Information Required on a on a
DDeclaration eclaration oof f CConformityonformity
Description of the system or product Model NumberPart Number Report number (supplied by the Test Lab) Directives Used (supplied by the Test Lab) Standards Used (supplied by the Test Lab) Signature of the Responsible Person On your Letter Head or another Company Document Dated and signed
TTechnical Documentationechnical DocumentationFFileile
A Technical File (TF) is a document that you must produce if you are challenged in the European union
Anyone can challenge you at any time without you knowing who it is
You have 8-10 days to produce this document and present it to the European Electrotechnical Commission If it is not produced in this time frame then you are considered to not be in compliance with any one of the directives used and face penalties
Penalties could lead towards any of the following Shipments Stopped at Port Fines Products Removed From the Markets No Further Sales Within the European Union Imprisonment
Typical Information Typical Information in a in a TTechnical echnical
Documentation Documentation FFileile EMC Test Report Product Safety Test Report OperatorsInstructionInstallation manual Electrical Wiring Diagram Schematics Mechanical Drawings Block diagrams Artwork Component Data Sheets Bill of Materials Declaration of Conformity Certificate
Note
These are controlled documents and proprietary documents that should be part of your document control
program
About 7 of the manufacturers importers
place unsafe productson the single market (Mc Millan)
A little tidbit ofInformation
RAPEXRapid Alert System for non-food products
httpeceuropaeuconsumersdynarapexrapex_encfm
Pilot system in cooperationwith other member states
wwwicsmsorg
PRODUCT ALERT
PROGRAMS
1048708General Content
bull Details of manufacturer nameaddressbull Description of the product Marking EC declaration of conformitybull Determination of the use (purpose)bull Warning on remaining dangers and miss use
Also gt Information on - - -
Transport installation assembly putting into operation trainingoperation maintaining and repairing dismantling recycling
amp if need be disposal
THEINSTRUCTION
MANUAL
MANUALLANGUAGE
REQUIREMENTS
The Language shall be acceptable by the Country in which the equipment is to be installed for use
The Documentation intended for use by Service personnel should be in English
Chinese
Spanish
English
German
French
FIVE COMMON LANUAGES
Cuidado
avertir
Warnung
Caution
警告 告誡
What are the BasicsFor an RFQ
Identify the countries you wish to place the product Draw a simple block diagram
DeviceOr System
ForEvaluation
220VAC50Hz5A
IO in from PC (3m)48VDC Motor Power (10m)
IO out to Actuator (15m)
List all electrical inputs amp outputs and identify if they are power or IO Provide the maximum lengths for each input amp output cable Identify any fluid gas or air requirements and pressures
120psi air inputCourtesy Power Outlet 220VAC
What Do You Need to do to Prepare
for Testing amp Evaluation
Provide adequate documentation to test the product
Ensure that the product functions as close as possible to normal operation for a continuous period of time
Typical EMC Supporting Documentation
Needs
Operating Manual or instruction sheet
Upper Level Schematic(s)
Typical Safety Supporting Documentation
Needs
Operating Manual or instruction sheet Upper Level Schematic(s) Outline of Your Mechanical Drawings Copies of the Labels Used on the Product Bill of Materials Artwork of PCB Trace Layout Critical Component Data Sheets such as Filters Power Supplies Transformers etc Lasers ndash CDRH or IEC 60825 report Pneumatic Drawings
The The EMCEMC DIRECTIVE DIRECTIVE
The Electro-Magnetic Compatibility applies to all electronic and electrical products manufactured
Compliance has been mandatory since January 1 1996
Simply stated - in order to comply with this Directive the product must have an adequate level of immunity amp shall not interfere with any other systems or products
EMCEMC is a is a natural conditionnatural condition that exists when that exists when electrical equipment is performing its designed electrical equipment is performing its designed functions functions
without without
ldquoldquoCausing tordquoCausing tordquo (Emissions) or ldquo (Emissions) or ldquosuffering fromsuffering fromrdquo rdquo (Immunity)(Immunity)
unacceptableunacceptable degradation due to electromagnetic degradation due to electromagnetic interference interference toto or or fromfrom other equipment other equipment
BASIC BASIC EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibilityompatibility
EMC (Electro-Magnetic Compatibility)2 conditions must be satisfied The device does not generate electromagnetic noise and does not malfunction due to extraneous noise
EMI (Electro-Magnetic Interference) The device does not generate electromagnetic noise beyond established levels EMS (Electro-Magnetic Susceptibility)The device does not abnormally malfunction due to extraneous noise within the environment the device will be used
EMC EMC -CONTINUED--CONTINUED-
ImmunityImmunityAKAAKA
SusceptibilitySusceptibility
helliphellipa condition that exists when equipment continues to a condition that exists when equipment continues to operate within operate within acceptable limits of performanceacceptable limits of performance when when exposed to interference in which the environment where exposed to interference in which the environment where it is usedit is used
gtgtgtgtFor ExampleltltltltgtgtgtgtFor Exampleltltltlt
Equipment may work fine in the home but may fail if it is Equipment may work fine in the home but may fail if it is placed inside a machine shop Why Equipment is placed inside a machine shop Why Equipment is immune to the immune to the low levellow level residential disturbances but not residential disturbances but not immune to immune to high levelhigh level industrial-strength disturbances industrial-strength disturbances
Emissions AKA
Noise Leaking Radio Frequency
A condition that exists when your equipment suffers from unacceptable degradation of performance as a result of electromagnetic interference gtgt For Example ltltgtgt For Example ltlt
Hospitals equipment have failed to operate or had false alarms due to electronic devices emitting EMI
An example you all can relate to - Cell Phones are now prohibited from use many hospitals locations
BASIC CONCEPTBASIC CONCEPT
Electromagnetic Fields Exist Everywhere
It is NORMAL
There are two paths
Radiated Airborne
amp
Conducted Wires
TYPICAL TYPICAL EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibility Testsompatibility Tests
- Radiated Immunity - Harmonics - Conducted Immunity - Flicker - Surge - Radiated Emissions - ESD - Conducted Emissions - EFT - Voltage Dips amp Interrupts
IMMUNITY TESTS EMISSIONS TESTS
Radiated Immunity
Evaluated by controlling a signal source and power levels to generate field levels over a defined set of frequencies
Radiated Immunity
Simulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated ImmunityDesign Tips
Conducted Immunity
Evaluates the productrsquos ability to resist electrical signals that may be generated by the switching of inductive loads or contactors
Conducted ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
Conducted ImmunityDesign Tips
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Are there IO line filters Use ferrites on cabling if needed Use multi-layer PCBs where possible Are you using a power line filter
Surge Immunity
This tests the equipmentrsquos level of resistance or immunity to surges caused by over voltages from switching and lightning transients
Surge ImmunitySimulation
ControlledPulse
Source
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Pulse injection
Use pre-approved power supplies Are there surge suppressors installed
Surge ImmunityDesign Tips
ESD Immunity
Electrostatic Discharges are applied to all relevant points while the apparatus is in operation These are appliedeither by air or by touch (contact)
ESD ImmunitySimulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Electro-static discharge
ESD ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground planeMake sure the AC mains has the 3rd wire Ground and is used If a plastic enclosure consider conductive coatings With keyboards consider using a ldquoback-planerdquo ground sheet
EFT(Electrical Fast Transients)
Immunity
EFT is a test process to demonstratethe equipmentrsquos resistance to line transients through the connecting leads simulating relay and contact bounce
EFT ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
EFT ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground plane Does your unit have a power line filter Are there transient suppression components employed on the PCBA Use shielded cables Employ multi-layer PCBs Use shielded cables
Voltage Dips amp Interrupts Immunity
Simulates voltage variations and interruptions caused by short circuits or rapid changes in power This may cause a sudden and extreme increase in current and a reduction in voltage
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Simulation
ControlledVoltageSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Voltage injection
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
HarmonicEmissions
Harmonics is a distortion of a normal sine wave When a product produces distortion it does this at multiples of the power line frequency are generated
Harmonic EmissionsSimulation
Signal Monitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Harmonics Emissions Design Tips
Use power factor correction circuits The current and voltage wave forms need to be sinusoidal
FlickerEmissions
The term ldquoflickerrdquo applies touncontrolled intermittent Emissions It is also knownas surge emission ie light flicker
Flicker Emission Simulation
CurrentMonitoring
Device
Current monitoring
Coming from the device
Flicker Emissions Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
Intentional RadiatorsIntentional Radiators are subject to are subject to rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing interference and maximizing the interference and maximizing the available spectrumavailable spectrum
All other electrical products areAll other electrical products are non- non-intentional Radiatorsintentional Radiators such as such as electrical circuits are not designed to electrical circuits are not designed to generate RF energy but do As a result generate RF energy but do As a result they they couldcould interfere with other devices interfere with other devices
RADIATED RADIATED EMISSIONSEMISSIONS
RadiatedEmissions
Verifies that the products RF emissions do not exceed a level that will interfere with the operation of other electrical devices in the operating environment
Radiated EmissionsSimulation
Evaluation of Radiated Emissions at Your
Location ndash Clearance Requirements
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated EmissionsDesign Tips
ConductedEmissions
This is energy that is transmitted from an electrical device through the power cord and back into the electrical system
Conducted EmissionsSimulation
SignalMonitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
CE stands for Conformiteacute Europeacuteenne which is French for
European Conformity A product in one of the controlled product categories cannot legally be sold in the EU unless it has passed the tests to receive the CE marking
NRTL (Nationally Recognized Test Lab) amp ISO 17025 Laboratories are organizations that have demonstrated as meeting certain Business and Technical Disciplines
bull Capability Technically amp Administrativelybull Control Programsbull Complete Independencebull Reporting amp Complaint Handling bull Procedures to Test and Certify
OSHANRTL amp ISO 17025 Accredited
Labs
Regulatory Mark Or The
CE Mark
Regulatory Mark ndash
bull Issued by an NRTLbull Controlled by OSHAbull Normally USbull Safety Testing Onlybull 15 Different NRTLs
CE Mark ndash
bull Issued by The Manufacturerbull Controlled by the Manufacturerbull Prefer Accredited Labsbull Safety amp EMC and much morebull One Mark - CE
Who needs a CE mark Who needs a CE mark and how do I get oneand how do I get one
It is EU law that every product that enters the European Union meet the CE Directives and applicable Standards
bull This mark can only be applied to your product when you have fully complied with all relevant Directives and Standards for the type of system you are marketing
bull hellipand a Declaration of Conformity has been developed (other types of
Declarations exist)
The European UnionThe European Union
Member States bull Austriabull Belgiumbull Bulgariabull Cyprusbull Czech Republicbull Denmarkbull Estoniabull Finlandbull Francebull Germanybull Greecebull Hungarybull Irelandbull Italybull Latviabull Lithuaniabull Luxembourgbull Maltabull Netherlandsbull Polandbull Portugal
bull Romaniabull Slovakiabull Sloveniabull Spainbull Swedenbull UK
Candidatesbull Croatiabull Former Yugoslav Republic of MacedoniabullTurkey
December 2009
The Road to The Road to ComplianceCompliance
Keep in mind there are more than just EMC amp Safety Keep in mind there are more than just EMC amp Safety Directives amp StandardsDirectives amp Standards
CE MARK
DECLARATION OF CONFORMITY
TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION FILE
DIRECTIVES DIRECTIVES
STANDARDS STANDARDS
bull The CE symbol must be affixed on the equipment itself in such a manner that it cannot be easily removed The minimum size is 5 mm (02)
bull Only if your equipment is too small or the usage of a sign is incompatible with the function of your equipment may it be used on any accompanying documentation for identification
5mm
Whatrsquos a Whatrsquos a Directive Directive
A Directive is an EU legally binding documentthat is provided to facilitate the free movement of goods and services - Think of it as the Law
Directives provide for health safety and environmentalrequirements for a wide range of products ranging fromresidential to industrial equipment
bull 90396EEC Appliances burning gaseous fuelsbull 20009EC Cableway installations designed to carry personsbull 89106EEC Construction productsbull 2004108EC Electromagnetic compatibilitybull 949EC Equipment amp protective systems in potentially explosive atmospheresbull 9315EEC Explosives for civil usebull 9516EC Liftsbull 200695EC Low voltage equipmentbull 200642EC Machinery safetybull 200422EEC Measuring instruments
Just a few of The Just a few of The DirectivesDirectives
httpwwwnewapproachorgDirectiveshttpwwwnewapproachorgDirectivesDefaultaspDefaultasp
bull90385EEC Medical devices active implantable bull9342EEC Medical devices generalbull9879EC Medical devices in vitro diagnosticbull9242EEC New hot-water boilers fired with liquid or gaseous fluidsbull90384EEC Non-automatic weighing instrumentsbull9462EC Packaging and packaging wastebull89686EEC Personal protective equipmentbull9723EC Pressure equipmentbull19995EC Radio and telecom terminal equipmentbull9425EC Recreational craftbull87404EEC Simple pressure vesselsbull88378EEC Toys safety
The DirectivesThe Directives-CONTINUED--CONTINUED-
HARMONIZED amp
NON-HARMONIZEDSTANDARDS
The StandardsThe Standards
Harmonized Harmonized StandardsStandards
Also known as lsquomandated standardsrsquo
Fulfills the requirements of the European Directives
The standards are published in the Official European Journal
Adopted by the European Committee for Standardization amp the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Widely accepted throughout the world today
Non-Harmonized Non-Harmonized StandardsStandards
An example ndash American Standards (UL CSA ANSI Mil) Those standards are NOT published in the official
European Journal Have NOT been Adopted by the European Committee for
Standardization or the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
May Require the use of a 3rd party (Known as Notified Body) and possibly some additional documentation between testing and placing the CE mark on your product Normally there are additional costs involved
DDeclaration eclaration oof f CConformityonformity
DOCDOCA Legally Binding Document gt A sworn statement of fact lt
bull Contains a legal statement that the product complies with the requirements of the applicable Directives (Laws) and Standards (test methods)
bull Must be signed by a responsible person representing the Manufacturer Someone who is accountable for the design testing and validity of the DOC
Information Required Information Required on a on a
DDeclaration eclaration oof f CConformityonformity
Description of the system or product Model NumberPart Number Report number (supplied by the Test Lab) Directives Used (supplied by the Test Lab) Standards Used (supplied by the Test Lab) Signature of the Responsible Person On your Letter Head or another Company Document Dated and signed
TTechnical Documentationechnical DocumentationFFileile
A Technical File (TF) is a document that you must produce if you are challenged in the European union
Anyone can challenge you at any time without you knowing who it is
You have 8-10 days to produce this document and present it to the European Electrotechnical Commission If it is not produced in this time frame then you are considered to not be in compliance with any one of the directives used and face penalties
Penalties could lead towards any of the following Shipments Stopped at Port Fines Products Removed From the Markets No Further Sales Within the European Union Imprisonment
Typical Information Typical Information in a in a TTechnical echnical
Documentation Documentation FFileile EMC Test Report Product Safety Test Report OperatorsInstructionInstallation manual Electrical Wiring Diagram Schematics Mechanical Drawings Block diagrams Artwork Component Data Sheets Bill of Materials Declaration of Conformity Certificate
Note
These are controlled documents and proprietary documents that should be part of your document control
program
About 7 of the manufacturers importers
place unsafe productson the single market (Mc Millan)
A little tidbit ofInformation
RAPEXRapid Alert System for non-food products
httpeceuropaeuconsumersdynarapexrapex_encfm
Pilot system in cooperationwith other member states
wwwicsmsorg
PRODUCT ALERT
PROGRAMS
1048708General Content
bull Details of manufacturer nameaddressbull Description of the product Marking EC declaration of conformitybull Determination of the use (purpose)bull Warning on remaining dangers and miss use
Also gt Information on - - -
Transport installation assembly putting into operation trainingoperation maintaining and repairing dismantling recycling
amp if need be disposal
THEINSTRUCTION
MANUAL
MANUALLANGUAGE
REQUIREMENTS
The Language shall be acceptable by the Country in which the equipment is to be installed for use
The Documentation intended for use by Service personnel should be in English
Chinese
Spanish
English
German
French
FIVE COMMON LANUAGES
Cuidado
avertir
Warnung
Caution
警告 告誡
What are the BasicsFor an RFQ
Identify the countries you wish to place the product Draw a simple block diagram
DeviceOr System
ForEvaluation
220VAC50Hz5A
IO in from PC (3m)48VDC Motor Power (10m)
IO out to Actuator (15m)
List all electrical inputs amp outputs and identify if they are power or IO Provide the maximum lengths for each input amp output cable Identify any fluid gas or air requirements and pressures
120psi air inputCourtesy Power Outlet 220VAC
What Do You Need to do to Prepare
for Testing amp Evaluation
Provide adequate documentation to test the product
Ensure that the product functions as close as possible to normal operation for a continuous period of time
Typical EMC Supporting Documentation
Needs
Operating Manual or instruction sheet
Upper Level Schematic(s)
Typical Safety Supporting Documentation
Needs
Operating Manual or instruction sheet Upper Level Schematic(s) Outline of Your Mechanical Drawings Copies of the Labels Used on the Product Bill of Materials Artwork of PCB Trace Layout Critical Component Data Sheets such as Filters Power Supplies Transformers etc Lasers ndash CDRH or IEC 60825 report Pneumatic Drawings
The The EMCEMC DIRECTIVE DIRECTIVE
The Electro-Magnetic Compatibility applies to all electronic and electrical products manufactured
Compliance has been mandatory since January 1 1996
Simply stated - in order to comply with this Directive the product must have an adequate level of immunity amp shall not interfere with any other systems or products
EMCEMC is a is a natural conditionnatural condition that exists when that exists when electrical equipment is performing its designed electrical equipment is performing its designed functions functions
without without
ldquoldquoCausing tordquoCausing tordquo (Emissions) or ldquo (Emissions) or ldquosuffering fromsuffering fromrdquo rdquo (Immunity)(Immunity)
unacceptableunacceptable degradation due to electromagnetic degradation due to electromagnetic interference interference toto or or fromfrom other equipment other equipment
BASIC BASIC EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibilityompatibility
EMC (Electro-Magnetic Compatibility)2 conditions must be satisfied The device does not generate electromagnetic noise and does not malfunction due to extraneous noise
EMI (Electro-Magnetic Interference) The device does not generate electromagnetic noise beyond established levels EMS (Electro-Magnetic Susceptibility)The device does not abnormally malfunction due to extraneous noise within the environment the device will be used
EMC EMC -CONTINUED--CONTINUED-
ImmunityImmunityAKAAKA
SusceptibilitySusceptibility
helliphellipa condition that exists when equipment continues to a condition that exists when equipment continues to operate within operate within acceptable limits of performanceacceptable limits of performance when when exposed to interference in which the environment where exposed to interference in which the environment where it is usedit is used
gtgtgtgtFor ExampleltltltltgtgtgtgtFor Exampleltltltlt
Equipment may work fine in the home but may fail if it is Equipment may work fine in the home but may fail if it is placed inside a machine shop Why Equipment is placed inside a machine shop Why Equipment is immune to the immune to the low levellow level residential disturbances but not residential disturbances but not immune to immune to high levelhigh level industrial-strength disturbances industrial-strength disturbances
Emissions AKA
Noise Leaking Radio Frequency
A condition that exists when your equipment suffers from unacceptable degradation of performance as a result of electromagnetic interference gtgt For Example ltltgtgt For Example ltlt
Hospitals equipment have failed to operate or had false alarms due to electronic devices emitting EMI
An example you all can relate to - Cell Phones are now prohibited from use many hospitals locations
BASIC CONCEPTBASIC CONCEPT
Electromagnetic Fields Exist Everywhere
It is NORMAL
There are two paths
Radiated Airborne
amp
Conducted Wires
TYPICAL TYPICAL EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibility Testsompatibility Tests
- Radiated Immunity - Harmonics - Conducted Immunity - Flicker - Surge - Radiated Emissions - ESD - Conducted Emissions - EFT - Voltage Dips amp Interrupts
IMMUNITY TESTS EMISSIONS TESTS
Radiated Immunity
Evaluated by controlling a signal source and power levels to generate field levels over a defined set of frequencies
Radiated Immunity
Simulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated ImmunityDesign Tips
Conducted Immunity
Evaluates the productrsquos ability to resist electrical signals that may be generated by the switching of inductive loads or contactors
Conducted ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
Conducted ImmunityDesign Tips
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Are there IO line filters Use ferrites on cabling if needed Use multi-layer PCBs where possible Are you using a power line filter
Surge Immunity
This tests the equipmentrsquos level of resistance or immunity to surges caused by over voltages from switching and lightning transients
Surge ImmunitySimulation
ControlledPulse
Source
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Pulse injection
Use pre-approved power supplies Are there surge suppressors installed
Surge ImmunityDesign Tips
ESD Immunity
Electrostatic Discharges are applied to all relevant points while the apparatus is in operation These are appliedeither by air or by touch (contact)
ESD ImmunitySimulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Electro-static discharge
ESD ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground planeMake sure the AC mains has the 3rd wire Ground and is used If a plastic enclosure consider conductive coatings With keyboards consider using a ldquoback-planerdquo ground sheet
EFT(Electrical Fast Transients)
Immunity
EFT is a test process to demonstratethe equipmentrsquos resistance to line transients through the connecting leads simulating relay and contact bounce
EFT ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
EFT ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground plane Does your unit have a power line filter Are there transient suppression components employed on the PCBA Use shielded cables Employ multi-layer PCBs Use shielded cables
Voltage Dips amp Interrupts Immunity
Simulates voltage variations and interruptions caused by short circuits or rapid changes in power This may cause a sudden and extreme increase in current and a reduction in voltage
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Simulation
ControlledVoltageSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Voltage injection
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
HarmonicEmissions
Harmonics is a distortion of a normal sine wave When a product produces distortion it does this at multiples of the power line frequency are generated
Harmonic EmissionsSimulation
Signal Monitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Harmonics Emissions Design Tips
Use power factor correction circuits The current and voltage wave forms need to be sinusoidal
FlickerEmissions
The term ldquoflickerrdquo applies touncontrolled intermittent Emissions It is also knownas surge emission ie light flicker
Flicker Emission Simulation
CurrentMonitoring
Device
Current monitoring
Coming from the device
Flicker Emissions Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
Intentional RadiatorsIntentional Radiators are subject to are subject to rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing interference and maximizing the interference and maximizing the available spectrumavailable spectrum
All other electrical products areAll other electrical products are non- non-intentional Radiatorsintentional Radiators such as such as electrical circuits are not designed to electrical circuits are not designed to generate RF energy but do As a result generate RF energy but do As a result they they couldcould interfere with other devices interfere with other devices
RADIATED RADIATED EMISSIONSEMISSIONS
RadiatedEmissions
Verifies that the products RF emissions do not exceed a level that will interfere with the operation of other electrical devices in the operating environment
Radiated EmissionsSimulation
Evaluation of Radiated Emissions at Your
Location ndash Clearance Requirements
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated EmissionsDesign Tips
ConductedEmissions
This is energy that is transmitted from an electrical device through the power cord and back into the electrical system
Conducted EmissionsSimulation
SignalMonitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
NRTL (Nationally Recognized Test Lab) amp ISO 17025 Laboratories are organizations that have demonstrated as meeting certain Business and Technical Disciplines
bull Capability Technically amp Administrativelybull Control Programsbull Complete Independencebull Reporting amp Complaint Handling bull Procedures to Test and Certify
OSHANRTL amp ISO 17025 Accredited
Labs
Regulatory Mark Or The
CE Mark
Regulatory Mark ndash
bull Issued by an NRTLbull Controlled by OSHAbull Normally USbull Safety Testing Onlybull 15 Different NRTLs
CE Mark ndash
bull Issued by The Manufacturerbull Controlled by the Manufacturerbull Prefer Accredited Labsbull Safety amp EMC and much morebull One Mark - CE
Who needs a CE mark Who needs a CE mark and how do I get oneand how do I get one
It is EU law that every product that enters the European Union meet the CE Directives and applicable Standards
bull This mark can only be applied to your product when you have fully complied with all relevant Directives and Standards for the type of system you are marketing
bull hellipand a Declaration of Conformity has been developed (other types of
Declarations exist)
The European UnionThe European Union
Member States bull Austriabull Belgiumbull Bulgariabull Cyprusbull Czech Republicbull Denmarkbull Estoniabull Finlandbull Francebull Germanybull Greecebull Hungarybull Irelandbull Italybull Latviabull Lithuaniabull Luxembourgbull Maltabull Netherlandsbull Polandbull Portugal
bull Romaniabull Slovakiabull Sloveniabull Spainbull Swedenbull UK
Candidatesbull Croatiabull Former Yugoslav Republic of MacedoniabullTurkey
December 2009
The Road to The Road to ComplianceCompliance
Keep in mind there are more than just EMC amp Safety Keep in mind there are more than just EMC amp Safety Directives amp StandardsDirectives amp Standards
CE MARK
DECLARATION OF CONFORMITY
TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION FILE
DIRECTIVES DIRECTIVES
STANDARDS STANDARDS
bull The CE symbol must be affixed on the equipment itself in such a manner that it cannot be easily removed The minimum size is 5 mm (02)
bull Only if your equipment is too small or the usage of a sign is incompatible with the function of your equipment may it be used on any accompanying documentation for identification
5mm
Whatrsquos a Whatrsquos a Directive Directive
A Directive is an EU legally binding documentthat is provided to facilitate the free movement of goods and services - Think of it as the Law
Directives provide for health safety and environmentalrequirements for a wide range of products ranging fromresidential to industrial equipment
bull 90396EEC Appliances burning gaseous fuelsbull 20009EC Cableway installations designed to carry personsbull 89106EEC Construction productsbull 2004108EC Electromagnetic compatibilitybull 949EC Equipment amp protective systems in potentially explosive atmospheresbull 9315EEC Explosives for civil usebull 9516EC Liftsbull 200695EC Low voltage equipmentbull 200642EC Machinery safetybull 200422EEC Measuring instruments
Just a few of The Just a few of The DirectivesDirectives
httpwwwnewapproachorgDirectiveshttpwwwnewapproachorgDirectivesDefaultaspDefaultasp
bull90385EEC Medical devices active implantable bull9342EEC Medical devices generalbull9879EC Medical devices in vitro diagnosticbull9242EEC New hot-water boilers fired with liquid or gaseous fluidsbull90384EEC Non-automatic weighing instrumentsbull9462EC Packaging and packaging wastebull89686EEC Personal protective equipmentbull9723EC Pressure equipmentbull19995EC Radio and telecom terminal equipmentbull9425EC Recreational craftbull87404EEC Simple pressure vesselsbull88378EEC Toys safety
The DirectivesThe Directives-CONTINUED--CONTINUED-
HARMONIZED amp
NON-HARMONIZEDSTANDARDS
The StandardsThe Standards
Harmonized Harmonized StandardsStandards
Also known as lsquomandated standardsrsquo
Fulfills the requirements of the European Directives
The standards are published in the Official European Journal
Adopted by the European Committee for Standardization amp the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Widely accepted throughout the world today
Non-Harmonized Non-Harmonized StandardsStandards
An example ndash American Standards (UL CSA ANSI Mil) Those standards are NOT published in the official
European Journal Have NOT been Adopted by the European Committee for
Standardization or the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
May Require the use of a 3rd party (Known as Notified Body) and possibly some additional documentation between testing and placing the CE mark on your product Normally there are additional costs involved
DDeclaration eclaration oof f CConformityonformity
DOCDOCA Legally Binding Document gt A sworn statement of fact lt
bull Contains a legal statement that the product complies with the requirements of the applicable Directives (Laws) and Standards (test methods)
bull Must be signed by a responsible person representing the Manufacturer Someone who is accountable for the design testing and validity of the DOC
Information Required Information Required on a on a
DDeclaration eclaration oof f CConformityonformity
Description of the system or product Model NumberPart Number Report number (supplied by the Test Lab) Directives Used (supplied by the Test Lab) Standards Used (supplied by the Test Lab) Signature of the Responsible Person On your Letter Head or another Company Document Dated and signed
TTechnical Documentationechnical DocumentationFFileile
A Technical File (TF) is a document that you must produce if you are challenged in the European union
Anyone can challenge you at any time without you knowing who it is
You have 8-10 days to produce this document and present it to the European Electrotechnical Commission If it is not produced in this time frame then you are considered to not be in compliance with any one of the directives used and face penalties
Penalties could lead towards any of the following Shipments Stopped at Port Fines Products Removed From the Markets No Further Sales Within the European Union Imprisonment
Typical Information Typical Information in a in a TTechnical echnical
Documentation Documentation FFileile EMC Test Report Product Safety Test Report OperatorsInstructionInstallation manual Electrical Wiring Diagram Schematics Mechanical Drawings Block diagrams Artwork Component Data Sheets Bill of Materials Declaration of Conformity Certificate
Note
These are controlled documents and proprietary documents that should be part of your document control
program
About 7 of the manufacturers importers
place unsafe productson the single market (Mc Millan)
A little tidbit ofInformation
RAPEXRapid Alert System for non-food products
httpeceuropaeuconsumersdynarapexrapex_encfm
Pilot system in cooperationwith other member states
wwwicsmsorg
PRODUCT ALERT
PROGRAMS
1048708General Content
bull Details of manufacturer nameaddressbull Description of the product Marking EC declaration of conformitybull Determination of the use (purpose)bull Warning on remaining dangers and miss use
Also gt Information on - - -
Transport installation assembly putting into operation trainingoperation maintaining and repairing dismantling recycling
amp if need be disposal
THEINSTRUCTION
MANUAL
MANUALLANGUAGE
REQUIREMENTS
The Language shall be acceptable by the Country in which the equipment is to be installed for use
The Documentation intended for use by Service personnel should be in English
Chinese
Spanish
English
German
French
FIVE COMMON LANUAGES
Cuidado
avertir
Warnung
Caution
警告 告誡
What are the BasicsFor an RFQ
Identify the countries you wish to place the product Draw a simple block diagram
DeviceOr System
ForEvaluation
220VAC50Hz5A
IO in from PC (3m)48VDC Motor Power (10m)
IO out to Actuator (15m)
List all electrical inputs amp outputs and identify if they are power or IO Provide the maximum lengths for each input amp output cable Identify any fluid gas or air requirements and pressures
120psi air inputCourtesy Power Outlet 220VAC
What Do You Need to do to Prepare
for Testing amp Evaluation
Provide adequate documentation to test the product
Ensure that the product functions as close as possible to normal operation for a continuous period of time
Typical EMC Supporting Documentation
Needs
Operating Manual or instruction sheet
Upper Level Schematic(s)
Typical Safety Supporting Documentation
Needs
Operating Manual or instruction sheet Upper Level Schematic(s) Outline of Your Mechanical Drawings Copies of the Labels Used on the Product Bill of Materials Artwork of PCB Trace Layout Critical Component Data Sheets such as Filters Power Supplies Transformers etc Lasers ndash CDRH or IEC 60825 report Pneumatic Drawings
The The EMCEMC DIRECTIVE DIRECTIVE
The Electro-Magnetic Compatibility applies to all electronic and electrical products manufactured
Compliance has been mandatory since January 1 1996
Simply stated - in order to comply with this Directive the product must have an adequate level of immunity amp shall not interfere with any other systems or products
EMCEMC is a is a natural conditionnatural condition that exists when that exists when electrical equipment is performing its designed electrical equipment is performing its designed functions functions
without without
ldquoldquoCausing tordquoCausing tordquo (Emissions) or ldquo (Emissions) or ldquosuffering fromsuffering fromrdquo rdquo (Immunity)(Immunity)
unacceptableunacceptable degradation due to electromagnetic degradation due to electromagnetic interference interference toto or or fromfrom other equipment other equipment
BASIC BASIC EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibilityompatibility
EMC (Electro-Magnetic Compatibility)2 conditions must be satisfied The device does not generate electromagnetic noise and does not malfunction due to extraneous noise
EMI (Electro-Magnetic Interference) The device does not generate electromagnetic noise beyond established levels EMS (Electro-Magnetic Susceptibility)The device does not abnormally malfunction due to extraneous noise within the environment the device will be used
EMC EMC -CONTINUED--CONTINUED-
ImmunityImmunityAKAAKA
SusceptibilitySusceptibility
helliphellipa condition that exists when equipment continues to a condition that exists when equipment continues to operate within operate within acceptable limits of performanceacceptable limits of performance when when exposed to interference in which the environment where exposed to interference in which the environment where it is usedit is used
gtgtgtgtFor ExampleltltltltgtgtgtgtFor Exampleltltltlt
Equipment may work fine in the home but may fail if it is Equipment may work fine in the home but may fail if it is placed inside a machine shop Why Equipment is placed inside a machine shop Why Equipment is immune to the immune to the low levellow level residential disturbances but not residential disturbances but not immune to immune to high levelhigh level industrial-strength disturbances industrial-strength disturbances
Emissions AKA
Noise Leaking Radio Frequency
A condition that exists when your equipment suffers from unacceptable degradation of performance as a result of electromagnetic interference gtgt For Example ltltgtgt For Example ltlt
Hospitals equipment have failed to operate or had false alarms due to electronic devices emitting EMI
An example you all can relate to - Cell Phones are now prohibited from use many hospitals locations
BASIC CONCEPTBASIC CONCEPT
Electromagnetic Fields Exist Everywhere
It is NORMAL
There are two paths
Radiated Airborne
amp
Conducted Wires
TYPICAL TYPICAL EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibility Testsompatibility Tests
- Radiated Immunity - Harmonics - Conducted Immunity - Flicker - Surge - Radiated Emissions - ESD - Conducted Emissions - EFT - Voltage Dips amp Interrupts
IMMUNITY TESTS EMISSIONS TESTS
Radiated Immunity
Evaluated by controlling a signal source and power levels to generate field levels over a defined set of frequencies
Radiated Immunity
Simulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated ImmunityDesign Tips
Conducted Immunity
Evaluates the productrsquos ability to resist electrical signals that may be generated by the switching of inductive loads or contactors
Conducted ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
Conducted ImmunityDesign Tips
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Are there IO line filters Use ferrites on cabling if needed Use multi-layer PCBs where possible Are you using a power line filter
Surge Immunity
This tests the equipmentrsquos level of resistance or immunity to surges caused by over voltages from switching and lightning transients
Surge ImmunitySimulation
ControlledPulse
Source
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Pulse injection
Use pre-approved power supplies Are there surge suppressors installed
Surge ImmunityDesign Tips
ESD Immunity
Electrostatic Discharges are applied to all relevant points while the apparatus is in operation These are appliedeither by air or by touch (contact)
ESD ImmunitySimulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Electro-static discharge
ESD ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground planeMake sure the AC mains has the 3rd wire Ground and is used If a plastic enclosure consider conductive coatings With keyboards consider using a ldquoback-planerdquo ground sheet
EFT(Electrical Fast Transients)
Immunity
EFT is a test process to demonstratethe equipmentrsquos resistance to line transients through the connecting leads simulating relay and contact bounce
EFT ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
EFT ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground plane Does your unit have a power line filter Are there transient suppression components employed on the PCBA Use shielded cables Employ multi-layer PCBs Use shielded cables
Voltage Dips amp Interrupts Immunity
Simulates voltage variations and interruptions caused by short circuits or rapid changes in power This may cause a sudden and extreme increase in current and a reduction in voltage
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Simulation
ControlledVoltageSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Voltage injection
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
HarmonicEmissions
Harmonics is a distortion of a normal sine wave When a product produces distortion it does this at multiples of the power line frequency are generated
Harmonic EmissionsSimulation
Signal Monitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Harmonics Emissions Design Tips
Use power factor correction circuits The current and voltage wave forms need to be sinusoidal
FlickerEmissions
The term ldquoflickerrdquo applies touncontrolled intermittent Emissions It is also knownas surge emission ie light flicker
Flicker Emission Simulation
CurrentMonitoring
Device
Current monitoring
Coming from the device
Flicker Emissions Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
Intentional RadiatorsIntentional Radiators are subject to are subject to rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing interference and maximizing the interference and maximizing the available spectrumavailable spectrum
All other electrical products areAll other electrical products are non- non-intentional Radiatorsintentional Radiators such as such as electrical circuits are not designed to electrical circuits are not designed to generate RF energy but do As a result generate RF energy but do As a result they they couldcould interfere with other devices interfere with other devices
RADIATED RADIATED EMISSIONSEMISSIONS
RadiatedEmissions
Verifies that the products RF emissions do not exceed a level that will interfere with the operation of other electrical devices in the operating environment
Radiated EmissionsSimulation
Evaluation of Radiated Emissions at Your
Location ndash Clearance Requirements
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated EmissionsDesign Tips
ConductedEmissions
This is energy that is transmitted from an electrical device through the power cord and back into the electrical system
Conducted EmissionsSimulation
SignalMonitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
Regulatory Mark Or The
CE Mark
Regulatory Mark ndash
bull Issued by an NRTLbull Controlled by OSHAbull Normally USbull Safety Testing Onlybull 15 Different NRTLs
CE Mark ndash
bull Issued by The Manufacturerbull Controlled by the Manufacturerbull Prefer Accredited Labsbull Safety amp EMC and much morebull One Mark - CE
Who needs a CE mark Who needs a CE mark and how do I get oneand how do I get one
It is EU law that every product that enters the European Union meet the CE Directives and applicable Standards
bull This mark can only be applied to your product when you have fully complied with all relevant Directives and Standards for the type of system you are marketing
bull hellipand a Declaration of Conformity has been developed (other types of
Declarations exist)
The European UnionThe European Union
Member States bull Austriabull Belgiumbull Bulgariabull Cyprusbull Czech Republicbull Denmarkbull Estoniabull Finlandbull Francebull Germanybull Greecebull Hungarybull Irelandbull Italybull Latviabull Lithuaniabull Luxembourgbull Maltabull Netherlandsbull Polandbull Portugal
bull Romaniabull Slovakiabull Sloveniabull Spainbull Swedenbull UK
Candidatesbull Croatiabull Former Yugoslav Republic of MacedoniabullTurkey
December 2009
The Road to The Road to ComplianceCompliance
Keep in mind there are more than just EMC amp Safety Keep in mind there are more than just EMC amp Safety Directives amp StandardsDirectives amp Standards
CE MARK
DECLARATION OF CONFORMITY
TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION FILE
DIRECTIVES DIRECTIVES
STANDARDS STANDARDS
bull The CE symbol must be affixed on the equipment itself in such a manner that it cannot be easily removed The minimum size is 5 mm (02)
bull Only if your equipment is too small or the usage of a sign is incompatible with the function of your equipment may it be used on any accompanying documentation for identification
5mm
Whatrsquos a Whatrsquos a Directive Directive
A Directive is an EU legally binding documentthat is provided to facilitate the free movement of goods and services - Think of it as the Law
Directives provide for health safety and environmentalrequirements for a wide range of products ranging fromresidential to industrial equipment
bull 90396EEC Appliances burning gaseous fuelsbull 20009EC Cableway installations designed to carry personsbull 89106EEC Construction productsbull 2004108EC Electromagnetic compatibilitybull 949EC Equipment amp protective systems in potentially explosive atmospheresbull 9315EEC Explosives for civil usebull 9516EC Liftsbull 200695EC Low voltage equipmentbull 200642EC Machinery safetybull 200422EEC Measuring instruments
Just a few of The Just a few of The DirectivesDirectives
httpwwwnewapproachorgDirectiveshttpwwwnewapproachorgDirectivesDefaultaspDefaultasp
bull90385EEC Medical devices active implantable bull9342EEC Medical devices generalbull9879EC Medical devices in vitro diagnosticbull9242EEC New hot-water boilers fired with liquid or gaseous fluidsbull90384EEC Non-automatic weighing instrumentsbull9462EC Packaging and packaging wastebull89686EEC Personal protective equipmentbull9723EC Pressure equipmentbull19995EC Radio and telecom terminal equipmentbull9425EC Recreational craftbull87404EEC Simple pressure vesselsbull88378EEC Toys safety
The DirectivesThe Directives-CONTINUED--CONTINUED-
HARMONIZED amp
NON-HARMONIZEDSTANDARDS
The StandardsThe Standards
Harmonized Harmonized StandardsStandards
Also known as lsquomandated standardsrsquo
Fulfills the requirements of the European Directives
The standards are published in the Official European Journal
Adopted by the European Committee for Standardization amp the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Widely accepted throughout the world today
Non-Harmonized Non-Harmonized StandardsStandards
An example ndash American Standards (UL CSA ANSI Mil) Those standards are NOT published in the official
European Journal Have NOT been Adopted by the European Committee for
Standardization or the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
May Require the use of a 3rd party (Known as Notified Body) and possibly some additional documentation between testing and placing the CE mark on your product Normally there are additional costs involved
DDeclaration eclaration oof f CConformityonformity
DOCDOCA Legally Binding Document gt A sworn statement of fact lt
bull Contains a legal statement that the product complies with the requirements of the applicable Directives (Laws) and Standards (test methods)
bull Must be signed by a responsible person representing the Manufacturer Someone who is accountable for the design testing and validity of the DOC
Information Required Information Required on a on a
DDeclaration eclaration oof f CConformityonformity
Description of the system or product Model NumberPart Number Report number (supplied by the Test Lab) Directives Used (supplied by the Test Lab) Standards Used (supplied by the Test Lab) Signature of the Responsible Person On your Letter Head or another Company Document Dated and signed
TTechnical Documentationechnical DocumentationFFileile
A Technical File (TF) is a document that you must produce if you are challenged in the European union
Anyone can challenge you at any time without you knowing who it is
You have 8-10 days to produce this document and present it to the European Electrotechnical Commission If it is not produced in this time frame then you are considered to not be in compliance with any one of the directives used and face penalties
Penalties could lead towards any of the following Shipments Stopped at Port Fines Products Removed From the Markets No Further Sales Within the European Union Imprisonment
Typical Information Typical Information in a in a TTechnical echnical
Documentation Documentation FFileile EMC Test Report Product Safety Test Report OperatorsInstructionInstallation manual Electrical Wiring Diagram Schematics Mechanical Drawings Block diagrams Artwork Component Data Sheets Bill of Materials Declaration of Conformity Certificate
Note
These are controlled documents and proprietary documents that should be part of your document control
program
About 7 of the manufacturers importers
place unsafe productson the single market (Mc Millan)
A little tidbit ofInformation
RAPEXRapid Alert System for non-food products
httpeceuropaeuconsumersdynarapexrapex_encfm
Pilot system in cooperationwith other member states
wwwicsmsorg
PRODUCT ALERT
PROGRAMS
1048708General Content
bull Details of manufacturer nameaddressbull Description of the product Marking EC declaration of conformitybull Determination of the use (purpose)bull Warning on remaining dangers and miss use
Also gt Information on - - -
Transport installation assembly putting into operation trainingoperation maintaining and repairing dismantling recycling
amp if need be disposal
THEINSTRUCTION
MANUAL
MANUALLANGUAGE
REQUIREMENTS
The Language shall be acceptable by the Country in which the equipment is to be installed for use
The Documentation intended for use by Service personnel should be in English
Chinese
Spanish
English
German
French
FIVE COMMON LANUAGES
Cuidado
avertir
Warnung
Caution
警告 告誡
What are the BasicsFor an RFQ
Identify the countries you wish to place the product Draw a simple block diagram
DeviceOr System
ForEvaluation
220VAC50Hz5A
IO in from PC (3m)48VDC Motor Power (10m)
IO out to Actuator (15m)
List all electrical inputs amp outputs and identify if they are power or IO Provide the maximum lengths for each input amp output cable Identify any fluid gas or air requirements and pressures
120psi air inputCourtesy Power Outlet 220VAC
What Do You Need to do to Prepare
for Testing amp Evaluation
Provide adequate documentation to test the product
Ensure that the product functions as close as possible to normal operation for a continuous period of time
Typical EMC Supporting Documentation
Needs
Operating Manual or instruction sheet
Upper Level Schematic(s)
Typical Safety Supporting Documentation
Needs
Operating Manual or instruction sheet Upper Level Schematic(s) Outline of Your Mechanical Drawings Copies of the Labels Used on the Product Bill of Materials Artwork of PCB Trace Layout Critical Component Data Sheets such as Filters Power Supplies Transformers etc Lasers ndash CDRH or IEC 60825 report Pneumatic Drawings
The The EMCEMC DIRECTIVE DIRECTIVE
The Electro-Magnetic Compatibility applies to all electronic and electrical products manufactured
Compliance has been mandatory since January 1 1996
Simply stated - in order to comply with this Directive the product must have an adequate level of immunity amp shall not interfere with any other systems or products
EMCEMC is a is a natural conditionnatural condition that exists when that exists when electrical equipment is performing its designed electrical equipment is performing its designed functions functions
without without
ldquoldquoCausing tordquoCausing tordquo (Emissions) or ldquo (Emissions) or ldquosuffering fromsuffering fromrdquo rdquo (Immunity)(Immunity)
unacceptableunacceptable degradation due to electromagnetic degradation due to electromagnetic interference interference toto or or fromfrom other equipment other equipment
BASIC BASIC EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibilityompatibility
EMC (Electro-Magnetic Compatibility)2 conditions must be satisfied The device does not generate electromagnetic noise and does not malfunction due to extraneous noise
EMI (Electro-Magnetic Interference) The device does not generate electromagnetic noise beyond established levels EMS (Electro-Magnetic Susceptibility)The device does not abnormally malfunction due to extraneous noise within the environment the device will be used
EMC EMC -CONTINUED--CONTINUED-
ImmunityImmunityAKAAKA
SusceptibilitySusceptibility
helliphellipa condition that exists when equipment continues to a condition that exists when equipment continues to operate within operate within acceptable limits of performanceacceptable limits of performance when when exposed to interference in which the environment where exposed to interference in which the environment where it is usedit is used
gtgtgtgtFor ExampleltltltltgtgtgtgtFor Exampleltltltlt
Equipment may work fine in the home but may fail if it is Equipment may work fine in the home but may fail if it is placed inside a machine shop Why Equipment is placed inside a machine shop Why Equipment is immune to the immune to the low levellow level residential disturbances but not residential disturbances but not immune to immune to high levelhigh level industrial-strength disturbances industrial-strength disturbances
Emissions AKA
Noise Leaking Radio Frequency
A condition that exists when your equipment suffers from unacceptable degradation of performance as a result of electromagnetic interference gtgt For Example ltltgtgt For Example ltlt
Hospitals equipment have failed to operate or had false alarms due to electronic devices emitting EMI
An example you all can relate to - Cell Phones are now prohibited from use many hospitals locations
BASIC CONCEPTBASIC CONCEPT
Electromagnetic Fields Exist Everywhere
It is NORMAL
There are two paths
Radiated Airborne
amp
Conducted Wires
TYPICAL TYPICAL EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibility Testsompatibility Tests
- Radiated Immunity - Harmonics - Conducted Immunity - Flicker - Surge - Radiated Emissions - ESD - Conducted Emissions - EFT - Voltage Dips amp Interrupts
IMMUNITY TESTS EMISSIONS TESTS
Radiated Immunity
Evaluated by controlling a signal source and power levels to generate field levels over a defined set of frequencies
Radiated Immunity
Simulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated ImmunityDesign Tips
Conducted Immunity
Evaluates the productrsquos ability to resist electrical signals that may be generated by the switching of inductive loads or contactors
Conducted ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
Conducted ImmunityDesign Tips
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Are there IO line filters Use ferrites on cabling if needed Use multi-layer PCBs where possible Are you using a power line filter
Surge Immunity
This tests the equipmentrsquos level of resistance or immunity to surges caused by over voltages from switching and lightning transients
Surge ImmunitySimulation
ControlledPulse
Source
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Pulse injection
Use pre-approved power supplies Are there surge suppressors installed
Surge ImmunityDesign Tips
ESD Immunity
Electrostatic Discharges are applied to all relevant points while the apparatus is in operation These are appliedeither by air or by touch (contact)
ESD ImmunitySimulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Electro-static discharge
ESD ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground planeMake sure the AC mains has the 3rd wire Ground and is used If a plastic enclosure consider conductive coatings With keyboards consider using a ldquoback-planerdquo ground sheet
EFT(Electrical Fast Transients)
Immunity
EFT is a test process to demonstratethe equipmentrsquos resistance to line transients through the connecting leads simulating relay and contact bounce
EFT ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
EFT ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground plane Does your unit have a power line filter Are there transient suppression components employed on the PCBA Use shielded cables Employ multi-layer PCBs Use shielded cables
Voltage Dips amp Interrupts Immunity
Simulates voltage variations and interruptions caused by short circuits or rapid changes in power This may cause a sudden and extreme increase in current and a reduction in voltage
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Simulation
ControlledVoltageSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Voltage injection
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
HarmonicEmissions
Harmonics is a distortion of a normal sine wave When a product produces distortion it does this at multiples of the power line frequency are generated
Harmonic EmissionsSimulation
Signal Monitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Harmonics Emissions Design Tips
Use power factor correction circuits The current and voltage wave forms need to be sinusoidal
FlickerEmissions
The term ldquoflickerrdquo applies touncontrolled intermittent Emissions It is also knownas surge emission ie light flicker
Flicker Emission Simulation
CurrentMonitoring
Device
Current monitoring
Coming from the device
Flicker Emissions Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
Intentional RadiatorsIntentional Radiators are subject to are subject to rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing interference and maximizing the interference and maximizing the available spectrumavailable spectrum
All other electrical products areAll other electrical products are non- non-intentional Radiatorsintentional Radiators such as such as electrical circuits are not designed to electrical circuits are not designed to generate RF energy but do As a result generate RF energy but do As a result they they couldcould interfere with other devices interfere with other devices
RADIATED RADIATED EMISSIONSEMISSIONS
RadiatedEmissions
Verifies that the products RF emissions do not exceed a level that will interfere with the operation of other electrical devices in the operating environment
Radiated EmissionsSimulation
Evaluation of Radiated Emissions at Your
Location ndash Clearance Requirements
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated EmissionsDesign Tips
ConductedEmissions
This is energy that is transmitted from an electrical device through the power cord and back into the electrical system
Conducted EmissionsSimulation
SignalMonitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
Who needs a CE mark Who needs a CE mark and how do I get oneand how do I get one
It is EU law that every product that enters the European Union meet the CE Directives and applicable Standards
bull This mark can only be applied to your product when you have fully complied with all relevant Directives and Standards for the type of system you are marketing
bull hellipand a Declaration of Conformity has been developed (other types of
Declarations exist)
The European UnionThe European Union
Member States bull Austriabull Belgiumbull Bulgariabull Cyprusbull Czech Republicbull Denmarkbull Estoniabull Finlandbull Francebull Germanybull Greecebull Hungarybull Irelandbull Italybull Latviabull Lithuaniabull Luxembourgbull Maltabull Netherlandsbull Polandbull Portugal
bull Romaniabull Slovakiabull Sloveniabull Spainbull Swedenbull UK
Candidatesbull Croatiabull Former Yugoslav Republic of MacedoniabullTurkey
December 2009
The Road to The Road to ComplianceCompliance
Keep in mind there are more than just EMC amp Safety Keep in mind there are more than just EMC amp Safety Directives amp StandardsDirectives amp Standards
CE MARK
DECLARATION OF CONFORMITY
TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION FILE
DIRECTIVES DIRECTIVES
STANDARDS STANDARDS
bull The CE symbol must be affixed on the equipment itself in such a manner that it cannot be easily removed The minimum size is 5 mm (02)
bull Only if your equipment is too small or the usage of a sign is incompatible with the function of your equipment may it be used on any accompanying documentation for identification
5mm
Whatrsquos a Whatrsquos a Directive Directive
A Directive is an EU legally binding documentthat is provided to facilitate the free movement of goods and services - Think of it as the Law
Directives provide for health safety and environmentalrequirements for a wide range of products ranging fromresidential to industrial equipment
bull 90396EEC Appliances burning gaseous fuelsbull 20009EC Cableway installations designed to carry personsbull 89106EEC Construction productsbull 2004108EC Electromagnetic compatibilitybull 949EC Equipment amp protective systems in potentially explosive atmospheresbull 9315EEC Explosives for civil usebull 9516EC Liftsbull 200695EC Low voltage equipmentbull 200642EC Machinery safetybull 200422EEC Measuring instruments
Just a few of The Just a few of The DirectivesDirectives
httpwwwnewapproachorgDirectiveshttpwwwnewapproachorgDirectivesDefaultaspDefaultasp
bull90385EEC Medical devices active implantable bull9342EEC Medical devices generalbull9879EC Medical devices in vitro diagnosticbull9242EEC New hot-water boilers fired with liquid or gaseous fluidsbull90384EEC Non-automatic weighing instrumentsbull9462EC Packaging and packaging wastebull89686EEC Personal protective equipmentbull9723EC Pressure equipmentbull19995EC Radio and telecom terminal equipmentbull9425EC Recreational craftbull87404EEC Simple pressure vesselsbull88378EEC Toys safety
The DirectivesThe Directives-CONTINUED--CONTINUED-
HARMONIZED amp
NON-HARMONIZEDSTANDARDS
The StandardsThe Standards
Harmonized Harmonized StandardsStandards
Also known as lsquomandated standardsrsquo
Fulfills the requirements of the European Directives
The standards are published in the Official European Journal
Adopted by the European Committee for Standardization amp the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Widely accepted throughout the world today
Non-Harmonized Non-Harmonized StandardsStandards
An example ndash American Standards (UL CSA ANSI Mil) Those standards are NOT published in the official
European Journal Have NOT been Adopted by the European Committee for
Standardization or the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
May Require the use of a 3rd party (Known as Notified Body) and possibly some additional documentation between testing and placing the CE mark on your product Normally there are additional costs involved
DDeclaration eclaration oof f CConformityonformity
DOCDOCA Legally Binding Document gt A sworn statement of fact lt
bull Contains a legal statement that the product complies with the requirements of the applicable Directives (Laws) and Standards (test methods)
bull Must be signed by a responsible person representing the Manufacturer Someone who is accountable for the design testing and validity of the DOC
Information Required Information Required on a on a
DDeclaration eclaration oof f CConformityonformity
Description of the system or product Model NumberPart Number Report number (supplied by the Test Lab) Directives Used (supplied by the Test Lab) Standards Used (supplied by the Test Lab) Signature of the Responsible Person On your Letter Head or another Company Document Dated and signed
TTechnical Documentationechnical DocumentationFFileile
A Technical File (TF) is a document that you must produce if you are challenged in the European union
Anyone can challenge you at any time without you knowing who it is
You have 8-10 days to produce this document and present it to the European Electrotechnical Commission If it is not produced in this time frame then you are considered to not be in compliance with any one of the directives used and face penalties
Penalties could lead towards any of the following Shipments Stopped at Port Fines Products Removed From the Markets No Further Sales Within the European Union Imprisonment
Typical Information Typical Information in a in a TTechnical echnical
Documentation Documentation FFileile EMC Test Report Product Safety Test Report OperatorsInstructionInstallation manual Electrical Wiring Diagram Schematics Mechanical Drawings Block diagrams Artwork Component Data Sheets Bill of Materials Declaration of Conformity Certificate
Note
These are controlled documents and proprietary documents that should be part of your document control
program
About 7 of the manufacturers importers
place unsafe productson the single market (Mc Millan)
A little tidbit ofInformation
RAPEXRapid Alert System for non-food products
httpeceuropaeuconsumersdynarapexrapex_encfm
Pilot system in cooperationwith other member states
wwwicsmsorg
PRODUCT ALERT
PROGRAMS
1048708General Content
bull Details of manufacturer nameaddressbull Description of the product Marking EC declaration of conformitybull Determination of the use (purpose)bull Warning on remaining dangers and miss use
Also gt Information on - - -
Transport installation assembly putting into operation trainingoperation maintaining and repairing dismantling recycling
amp if need be disposal
THEINSTRUCTION
MANUAL
MANUALLANGUAGE
REQUIREMENTS
The Language shall be acceptable by the Country in which the equipment is to be installed for use
The Documentation intended for use by Service personnel should be in English
Chinese
Spanish
English
German
French
FIVE COMMON LANUAGES
Cuidado
avertir
Warnung
Caution
警告 告誡
What are the BasicsFor an RFQ
Identify the countries you wish to place the product Draw a simple block diagram
DeviceOr System
ForEvaluation
220VAC50Hz5A
IO in from PC (3m)48VDC Motor Power (10m)
IO out to Actuator (15m)
List all electrical inputs amp outputs and identify if they are power or IO Provide the maximum lengths for each input amp output cable Identify any fluid gas or air requirements and pressures
120psi air inputCourtesy Power Outlet 220VAC
What Do You Need to do to Prepare
for Testing amp Evaluation
Provide adequate documentation to test the product
Ensure that the product functions as close as possible to normal operation for a continuous period of time
Typical EMC Supporting Documentation
Needs
Operating Manual or instruction sheet
Upper Level Schematic(s)
Typical Safety Supporting Documentation
Needs
Operating Manual or instruction sheet Upper Level Schematic(s) Outline of Your Mechanical Drawings Copies of the Labels Used on the Product Bill of Materials Artwork of PCB Trace Layout Critical Component Data Sheets such as Filters Power Supplies Transformers etc Lasers ndash CDRH or IEC 60825 report Pneumatic Drawings
The The EMCEMC DIRECTIVE DIRECTIVE
The Electro-Magnetic Compatibility applies to all electronic and electrical products manufactured
Compliance has been mandatory since January 1 1996
Simply stated - in order to comply with this Directive the product must have an adequate level of immunity amp shall not interfere with any other systems or products
EMCEMC is a is a natural conditionnatural condition that exists when that exists when electrical equipment is performing its designed electrical equipment is performing its designed functions functions
without without
ldquoldquoCausing tordquoCausing tordquo (Emissions) or ldquo (Emissions) or ldquosuffering fromsuffering fromrdquo rdquo (Immunity)(Immunity)
unacceptableunacceptable degradation due to electromagnetic degradation due to electromagnetic interference interference toto or or fromfrom other equipment other equipment
BASIC BASIC EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibilityompatibility
EMC (Electro-Magnetic Compatibility)2 conditions must be satisfied The device does not generate electromagnetic noise and does not malfunction due to extraneous noise
EMI (Electro-Magnetic Interference) The device does not generate electromagnetic noise beyond established levels EMS (Electro-Magnetic Susceptibility)The device does not abnormally malfunction due to extraneous noise within the environment the device will be used
EMC EMC -CONTINUED--CONTINUED-
ImmunityImmunityAKAAKA
SusceptibilitySusceptibility
helliphellipa condition that exists when equipment continues to a condition that exists when equipment continues to operate within operate within acceptable limits of performanceacceptable limits of performance when when exposed to interference in which the environment where exposed to interference in which the environment where it is usedit is used
gtgtgtgtFor ExampleltltltltgtgtgtgtFor Exampleltltltlt
Equipment may work fine in the home but may fail if it is Equipment may work fine in the home but may fail if it is placed inside a machine shop Why Equipment is placed inside a machine shop Why Equipment is immune to the immune to the low levellow level residential disturbances but not residential disturbances but not immune to immune to high levelhigh level industrial-strength disturbances industrial-strength disturbances
Emissions AKA
Noise Leaking Radio Frequency
A condition that exists when your equipment suffers from unacceptable degradation of performance as a result of electromagnetic interference gtgt For Example ltltgtgt For Example ltlt
Hospitals equipment have failed to operate or had false alarms due to electronic devices emitting EMI
An example you all can relate to - Cell Phones are now prohibited from use many hospitals locations
BASIC CONCEPTBASIC CONCEPT
Electromagnetic Fields Exist Everywhere
It is NORMAL
There are two paths
Radiated Airborne
amp
Conducted Wires
TYPICAL TYPICAL EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibility Testsompatibility Tests
- Radiated Immunity - Harmonics - Conducted Immunity - Flicker - Surge - Radiated Emissions - ESD - Conducted Emissions - EFT - Voltage Dips amp Interrupts
IMMUNITY TESTS EMISSIONS TESTS
Radiated Immunity
Evaluated by controlling a signal source and power levels to generate field levels over a defined set of frequencies
Radiated Immunity
Simulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated ImmunityDesign Tips
Conducted Immunity
Evaluates the productrsquos ability to resist electrical signals that may be generated by the switching of inductive loads or contactors
Conducted ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
Conducted ImmunityDesign Tips
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Are there IO line filters Use ferrites on cabling if needed Use multi-layer PCBs where possible Are you using a power line filter
Surge Immunity
This tests the equipmentrsquos level of resistance or immunity to surges caused by over voltages from switching and lightning transients
Surge ImmunitySimulation
ControlledPulse
Source
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Pulse injection
Use pre-approved power supplies Are there surge suppressors installed
Surge ImmunityDesign Tips
ESD Immunity
Electrostatic Discharges are applied to all relevant points while the apparatus is in operation These are appliedeither by air or by touch (contact)
ESD ImmunitySimulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Electro-static discharge
ESD ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground planeMake sure the AC mains has the 3rd wire Ground and is used If a plastic enclosure consider conductive coatings With keyboards consider using a ldquoback-planerdquo ground sheet
EFT(Electrical Fast Transients)
Immunity
EFT is a test process to demonstratethe equipmentrsquos resistance to line transients through the connecting leads simulating relay and contact bounce
EFT ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
EFT ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground plane Does your unit have a power line filter Are there transient suppression components employed on the PCBA Use shielded cables Employ multi-layer PCBs Use shielded cables
Voltage Dips amp Interrupts Immunity
Simulates voltage variations and interruptions caused by short circuits or rapid changes in power This may cause a sudden and extreme increase in current and a reduction in voltage
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Simulation
ControlledVoltageSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Voltage injection
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
HarmonicEmissions
Harmonics is a distortion of a normal sine wave When a product produces distortion it does this at multiples of the power line frequency are generated
Harmonic EmissionsSimulation
Signal Monitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Harmonics Emissions Design Tips
Use power factor correction circuits The current and voltage wave forms need to be sinusoidal
FlickerEmissions
The term ldquoflickerrdquo applies touncontrolled intermittent Emissions It is also knownas surge emission ie light flicker
Flicker Emission Simulation
CurrentMonitoring
Device
Current monitoring
Coming from the device
Flicker Emissions Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
Intentional RadiatorsIntentional Radiators are subject to are subject to rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing interference and maximizing the interference and maximizing the available spectrumavailable spectrum
All other electrical products areAll other electrical products are non- non-intentional Radiatorsintentional Radiators such as such as electrical circuits are not designed to electrical circuits are not designed to generate RF energy but do As a result generate RF energy but do As a result they they couldcould interfere with other devices interfere with other devices
RADIATED RADIATED EMISSIONSEMISSIONS
RadiatedEmissions
Verifies that the products RF emissions do not exceed a level that will interfere with the operation of other electrical devices in the operating environment
Radiated EmissionsSimulation
Evaluation of Radiated Emissions at Your
Location ndash Clearance Requirements
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated EmissionsDesign Tips
ConductedEmissions
This is energy that is transmitted from an electrical device through the power cord and back into the electrical system
Conducted EmissionsSimulation
SignalMonitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
The European UnionThe European Union
Member States bull Austriabull Belgiumbull Bulgariabull Cyprusbull Czech Republicbull Denmarkbull Estoniabull Finlandbull Francebull Germanybull Greecebull Hungarybull Irelandbull Italybull Latviabull Lithuaniabull Luxembourgbull Maltabull Netherlandsbull Polandbull Portugal
bull Romaniabull Slovakiabull Sloveniabull Spainbull Swedenbull UK
Candidatesbull Croatiabull Former Yugoslav Republic of MacedoniabullTurkey
December 2009
The Road to The Road to ComplianceCompliance
Keep in mind there are more than just EMC amp Safety Keep in mind there are more than just EMC amp Safety Directives amp StandardsDirectives amp Standards
CE MARK
DECLARATION OF CONFORMITY
TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION FILE
DIRECTIVES DIRECTIVES
STANDARDS STANDARDS
bull The CE symbol must be affixed on the equipment itself in such a manner that it cannot be easily removed The minimum size is 5 mm (02)
bull Only if your equipment is too small or the usage of a sign is incompatible with the function of your equipment may it be used on any accompanying documentation for identification
5mm
Whatrsquos a Whatrsquos a Directive Directive
A Directive is an EU legally binding documentthat is provided to facilitate the free movement of goods and services - Think of it as the Law
Directives provide for health safety and environmentalrequirements for a wide range of products ranging fromresidential to industrial equipment
bull 90396EEC Appliances burning gaseous fuelsbull 20009EC Cableway installations designed to carry personsbull 89106EEC Construction productsbull 2004108EC Electromagnetic compatibilitybull 949EC Equipment amp protective systems in potentially explosive atmospheresbull 9315EEC Explosives for civil usebull 9516EC Liftsbull 200695EC Low voltage equipmentbull 200642EC Machinery safetybull 200422EEC Measuring instruments
Just a few of The Just a few of The DirectivesDirectives
httpwwwnewapproachorgDirectiveshttpwwwnewapproachorgDirectivesDefaultaspDefaultasp
bull90385EEC Medical devices active implantable bull9342EEC Medical devices generalbull9879EC Medical devices in vitro diagnosticbull9242EEC New hot-water boilers fired with liquid or gaseous fluidsbull90384EEC Non-automatic weighing instrumentsbull9462EC Packaging and packaging wastebull89686EEC Personal protective equipmentbull9723EC Pressure equipmentbull19995EC Radio and telecom terminal equipmentbull9425EC Recreational craftbull87404EEC Simple pressure vesselsbull88378EEC Toys safety
The DirectivesThe Directives-CONTINUED--CONTINUED-
HARMONIZED amp
NON-HARMONIZEDSTANDARDS
The StandardsThe Standards
Harmonized Harmonized StandardsStandards
Also known as lsquomandated standardsrsquo
Fulfills the requirements of the European Directives
The standards are published in the Official European Journal
Adopted by the European Committee for Standardization amp the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Widely accepted throughout the world today
Non-Harmonized Non-Harmonized StandardsStandards
An example ndash American Standards (UL CSA ANSI Mil) Those standards are NOT published in the official
European Journal Have NOT been Adopted by the European Committee for
Standardization or the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
May Require the use of a 3rd party (Known as Notified Body) and possibly some additional documentation between testing and placing the CE mark on your product Normally there are additional costs involved
DDeclaration eclaration oof f CConformityonformity
DOCDOCA Legally Binding Document gt A sworn statement of fact lt
bull Contains a legal statement that the product complies with the requirements of the applicable Directives (Laws) and Standards (test methods)
bull Must be signed by a responsible person representing the Manufacturer Someone who is accountable for the design testing and validity of the DOC
Information Required Information Required on a on a
DDeclaration eclaration oof f CConformityonformity
Description of the system or product Model NumberPart Number Report number (supplied by the Test Lab) Directives Used (supplied by the Test Lab) Standards Used (supplied by the Test Lab) Signature of the Responsible Person On your Letter Head or another Company Document Dated and signed
TTechnical Documentationechnical DocumentationFFileile
A Technical File (TF) is a document that you must produce if you are challenged in the European union
Anyone can challenge you at any time without you knowing who it is
You have 8-10 days to produce this document and present it to the European Electrotechnical Commission If it is not produced in this time frame then you are considered to not be in compliance with any one of the directives used and face penalties
Penalties could lead towards any of the following Shipments Stopped at Port Fines Products Removed From the Markets No Further Sales Within the European Union Imprisonment
Typical Information Typical Information in a in a TTechnical echnical
Documentation Documentation FFileile EMC Test Report Product Safety Test Report OperatorsInstructionInstallation manual Electrical Wiring Diagram Schematics Mechanical Drawings Block diagrams Artwork Component Data Sheets Bill of Materials Declaration of Conformity Certificate
Note
These are controlled documents and proprietary documents that should be part of your document control
program
About 7 of the manufacturers importers
place unsafe productson the single market (Mc Millan)
A little tidbit ofInformation
RAPEXRapid Alert System for non-food products
httpeceuropaeuconsumersdynarapexrapex_encfm
Pilot system in cooperationwith other member states
wwwicsmsorg
PRODUCT ALERT
PROGRAMS
1048708General Content
bull Details of manufacturer nameaddressbull Description of the product Marking EC declaration of conformitybull Determination of the use (purpose)bull Warning on remaining dangers and miss use
Also gt Information on - - -
Transport installation assembly putting into operation trainingoperation maintaining and repairing dismantling recycling
amp if need be disposal
THEINSTRUCTION
MANUAL
MANUALLANGUAGE
REQUIREMENTS
The Language shall be acceptable by the Country in which the equipment is to be installed for use
The Documentation intended for use by Service personnel should be in English
Chinese
Spanish
English
German
French
FIVE COMMON LANUAGES
Cuidado
avertir
Warnung
Caution
警告 告誡
What are the BasicsFor an RFQ
Identify the countries you wish to place the product Draw a simple block diagram
DeviceOr System
ForEvaluation
220VAC50Hz5A
IO in from PC (3m)48VDC Motor Power (10m)
IO out to Actuator (15m)
List all electrical inputs amp outputs and identify if they are power or IO Provide the maximum lengths for each input amp output cable Identify any fluid gas or air requirements and pressures
120psi air inputCourtesy Power Outlet 220VAC
What Do You Need to do to Prepare
for Testing amp Evaluation
Provide adequate documentation to test the product
Ensure that the product functions as close as possible to normal operation for a continuous period of time
Typical EMC Supporting Documentation
Needs
Operating Manual or instruction sheet
Upper Level Schematic(s)
Typical Safety Supporting Documentation
Needs
Operating Manual or instruction sheet Upper Level Schematic(s) Outline of Your Mechanical Drawings Copies of the Labels Used on the Product Bill of Materials Artwork of PCB Trace Layout Critical Component Data Sheets such as Filters Power Supplies Transformers etc Lasers ndash CDRH or IEC 60825 report Pneumatic Drawings
The The EMCEMC DIRECTIVE DIRECTIVE
The Electro-Magnetic Compatibility applies to all electronic and electrical products manufactured
Compliance has been mandatory since January 1 1996
Simply stated - in order to comply with this Directive the product must have an adequate level of immunity amp shall not interfere with any other systems or products
EMCEMC is a is a natural conditionnatural condition that exists when that exists when electrical equipment is performing its designed electrical equipment is performing its designed functions functions
without without
ldquoldquoCausing tordquoCausing tordquo (Emissions) or ldquo (Emissions) or ldquosuffering fromsuffering fromrdquo rdquo (Immunity)(Immunity)
unacceptableunacceptable degradation due to electromagnetic degradation due to electromagnetic interference interference toto or or fromfrom other equipment other equipment
BASIC BASIC EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibilityompatibility
EMC (Electro-Magnetic Compatibility)2 conditions must be satisfied The device does not generate electromagnetic noise and does not malfunction due to extraneous noise
EMI (Electro-Magnetic Interference) The device does not generate electromagnetic noise beyond established levels EMS (Electro-Magnetic Susceptibility)The device does not abnormally malfunction due to extraneous noise within the environment the device will be used
EMC EMC -CONTINUED--CONTINUED-
ImmunityImmunityAKAAKA
SusceptibilitySusceptibility
helliphellipa condition that exists when equipment continues to a condition that exists when equipment continues to operate within operate within acceptable limits of performanceacceptable limits of performance when when exposed to interference in which the environment where exposed to interference in which the environment where it is usedit is used
gtgtgtgtFor ExampleltltltltgtgtgtgtFor Exampleltltltlt
Equipment may work fine in the home but may fail if it is Equipment may work fine in the home but may fail if it is placed inside a machine shop Why Equipment is placed inside a machine shop Why Equipment is immune to the immune to the low levellow level residential disturbances but not residential disturbances but not immune to immune to high levelhigh level industrial-strength disturbances industrial-strength disturbances
Emissions AKA
Noise Leaking Radio Frequency
A condition that exists when your equipment suffers from unacceptable degradation of performance as a result of electromagnetic interference gtgt For Example ltltgtgt For Example ltlt
Hospitals equipment have failed to operate or had false alarms due to electronic devices emitting EMI
An example you all can relate to - Cell Phones are now prohibited from use many hospitals locations
BASIC CONCEPTBASIC CONCEPT
Electromagnetic Fields Exist Everywhere
It is NORMAL
There are two paths
Radiated Airborne
amp
Conducted Wires
TYPICAL TYPICAL EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibility Testsompatibility Tests
- Radiated Immunity - Harmonics - Conducted Immunity - Flicker - Surge - Radiated Emissions - ESD - Conducted Emissions - EFT - Voltage Dips amp Interrupts
IMMUNITY TESTS EMISSIONS TESTS
Radiated Immunity
Evaluated by controlling a signal source and power levels to generate field levels over a defined set of frequencies
Radiated Immunity
Simulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated ImmunityDesign Tips
Conducted Immunity
Evaluates the productrsquos ability to resist electrical signals that may be generated by the switching of inductive loads or contactors
Conducted ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
Conducted ImmunityDesign Tips
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Are there IO line filters Use ferrites on cabling if needed Use multi-layer PCBs where possible Are you using a power line filter
Surge Immunity
This tests the equipmentrsquos level of resistance or immunity to surges caused by over voltages from switching and lightning transients
Surge ImmunitySimulation
ControlledPulse
Source
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Pulse injection
Use pre-approved power supplies Are there surge suppressors installed
Surge ImmunityDesign Tips
ESD Immunity
Electrostatic Discharges are applied to all relevant points while the apparatus is in operation These are appliedeither by air or by touch (contact)
ESD ImmunitySimulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Electro-static discharge
ESD ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground planeMake sure the AC mains has the 3rd wire Ground and is used If a plastic enclosure consider conductive coatings With keyboards consider using a ldquoback-planerdquo ground sheet
EFT(Electrical Fast Transients)
Immunity
EFT is a test process to demonstratethe equipmentrsquos resistance to line transients through the connecting leads simulating relay and contact bounce
EFT ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
EFT ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground plane Does your unit have a power line filter Are there transient suppression components employed on the PCBA Use shielded cables Employ multi-layer PCBs Use shielded cables
Voltage Dips amp Interrupts Immunity
Simulates voltage variations and interruptions caused by short circuits or rapid changes in power This may cause a sudden and extreme increase in current and a reduction in voltage
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Simulation
ControlledVoltageSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Voltage injection
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
HarmonicEmissions
Harmonics is a distortion of a normal sine wave When a product produces distortion it does this at multiples of the power line frequency are generated
Harmonic EmissionsSimulation
Signal Monitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Harmonics Emissions Design Tips
Use power factor correction circuits The current and voltage wave forms need to be sinusoidal
FlickerEmissions
The term ldquoflickerrdquo applies touncontrolled intermittent Emissions It is also knownas surge emission ie light flicker
Flicker Emission Simulation
CurrentMonitoring
Device
Current monitoring
Coming from the device
Flicker Emissions Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
Intentional RadiatorsIntentional Radiators are subject to are subject to rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing interference and maximizing the interference and maximizing the available spectrumavailable spectrum
All other electrical products areAll other electrical products are non- non-intentional Radiatorsintentional Radiators such as such as electrical circuits are not designed to electrical circuits are not designed to generate RF energy but do As a result generate RF energy but do As a result they they couldcould interfere with other devices interfere with other devices
RADIATED RADIATED EMISSIONSEMISSIONS
RadiatedEmissions
Verifies that the products RF emissions do not exceed a level that will interfere with the operation of other electrical devices in the operating environment
Radiated EmissionsSimulation
Evaluation of Radiated Emissions at Your
Location ndash Clearance Requirements
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated EmissionsDesign Tips
ConductedEmissions
This is energy that is transmitted from an electrical device through the power cord and back into the electrical system
Conducted EmissionsSimulation
SignalMonitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
The Road to The Road to ComplianceCompliance
Keep in mind there are more than just EMC amp Safety Keep in mind there are more than just EMC amp Safety Directives amp StandardsDirectives amp Standards
CE MARK
DECLARATION OF CONFORMITY
TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION FILE
DIRECTIVES DIRECTIVES
STANDARDS STANDARDS
bull The CE symbol must be affixed on the equipment itself in such a manner that it cannot be easily removed The minimum size is 5 mm (02)
bull Only if your equipment is too small or the usage of a sign is incompatible with the function of your equipment may it be used on any accompanying documentation for identification
5mm
Whatrsquos a Whatrsquos a Directive Directive
A Directive is an EU legally binding documentthat is provided to facilitate the free movement of goods and services - Think of it as the Law
Directives provide for health safety and environmentalrequirements for a wide range of products ranging fromresidential to industrial equipment
bull 90396EEC Appliances burning gaseous fuelsbull 20009EC Cableway installations designed to carry personsbull 89106EEC Construction productsbull 2004108EC Electromagnetic compatibilitybull 949EC Equipment amp protective systems in potentially explosive atmospheresbull 9315EEC Explosives for civil usebull 9516EC Liftsbull 200695EC Low voltage equipmentbull 200642EC Machinery safetybull 200422EEC Measuring instruments
Just a few of The Just a few of The DirectivesDirectives
httpwwwnewapproachorgDirectiveshttpwwwnewapproachorgDirectivesDefaultaspDefaultasp
bull90385EEC Medical devices active implantable bull9342EEC Medical devices generalbull9879EC Medical devices in vitro diagnosticbull9242EEC New hot-water boilers fired with liquid or gaseous fluidsbull90384EEC Non-automatic weighing instrumentsbull9462EC Packaging and packaging wastebull89686EEC Personal protective equipmentbull9723EC Pressure equipmentbull19995EC Radio and telecom terminal equipmentbull9425EC Recreational craftbull87404EEC Simple pressure vesselsbull88378EEC Toys safety
The DirectivesThe Directives-CONTINUED--CONTINUED-
HARMONIZED amp
NON-HARMONIZEDSTANDARDS
The StandardsThe Standards
Harmonized Harmonized StandardsStandards
Also known as lsquomandated standardsrsquo
Fulfills the requirements of the European Directives
The standards are published in the Official European Journal
Adopted by the European Committee for Standardization amp the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Widely accepted throughout the world today
Non-Harmonized Non-Harmonized StandardsStandards
An example ndash American Standards (UL CSA ANSI Mil) Those standards are NOT published in the official
European Journal Have NOT been Adopted by the European Committee for
Standardization or the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
May Require the use of a 3rd party (Known as Notified Body) and possibly some additional documentation between testing and placing the CE mark on your product Normally there are additional costs involved
DDeclaration eclaration oof f CConformityonformity
DOCDOCA Legally Binding Document gt A sworn statement of fact lt
bull Contains a legal statement that the product complies with the requirements of the applicable Directives (Laws) and Standards (test methods)
bull Must be signed by a responsible person representing the Manufacturer Someone who is accountable for the design testing and validity of the DOC
Information Required Information Required on a on a
DDeclaration eclaration oof f CConformityonformity
Description of the system or product Model NumberPart Number Report number (supplied by the Test Lab) Directives Used (supplied by the Test Lab) Standards Used (supplied by the Test Lab) Signature of the Responsible Person On your Letter Head or another Company Document Dated and signed
TTechnical Documentationechnical DocumentationFFileile
A Technical File (TF) is a document that you must produce if you are challenged in the European union
Anyone can challenge you at any time without you knowing who it is
You have 8-10 days to produce this document and present it to the European Electrotechnical Commission If it is not produced in this time frame then you are considered to not be in compliance with any one of the directives used and face penalties
Penalties could lead towards any of the following Shipments Stopped at Port Fines Products Removed From the Markets No Further Sales Within the European Union Imprisonment
Typical Information Typical Information in a in a TTechnical echnical
Documentation Documentation FFileile EMC Test Report Product Safety Test Report OperatorsInstructionInstallation manual Electrical Wiring Diagram Schematics Mechanical Drawings Block diagrams Artwork Component Data Sheets Bill of Materials Declaration of Conformity Certificate
Note
These are controlled documents and proprietary documents that should be part of your document control
program
About 7 of the manufacturers importers
place unsafe productson the single market (Mc Millan)
A little tidbit ofInformation
RAPEXRapid Alert System for non-food products
httpeceuropaeuconsumersdynarapexrapex_encfm
Pilot system in cooperationwith other member states
wwwicsmsorg
PRODUCT ALERT
PROGRAMS
1048708General Content
bull Details of manufacturer nameaddressbull Description of the product Marking EC declaration of conformitybull Determination of the use (purpose)bull Warning on remaining dangers and miss use
Also gt Information on - - -
Transport installation assembly putting into operation trainingoperation maintaining and repairing dismantling recycling
amp if need be disposal
THEINSTRUCTION
MANUAL
MANUALLANGUAGE
REQUIREMENTS
The Language shall be acceptable by the Country in which the equipment is to be installed for use
The Documentation intended for use by Service personnel should be in English
Chinese
Spanish
English
German
French
FIVE COMMON LANUAGES
Cuidado
avertir
Warnung
Caution
警告 告誡
What are the BasicsFor an RFQ
Identify the countries you wish to place the product Draw a simple block diagram
DeviceOr System
ForEvaluation
220VAC50Hz5A
IO in from PC (3m)48VDC Motor Power (10m)
IO out to Actuator (15m)
List all electrical inputs amp outputs and identify if they are power or IO Provide the maximum lengths for each input amp output cable Identify any fluid gas or air requirements and pressures
120psi air inputCourtesy Power Outlet 220VAC
What Do You Need to do to Prepare
for Testing amp Evaluation
Provide adequate documentation to test the product
Ensure that the product functions as close as possible to normal operation for a continuous period of time
Typical EMC Supporting Documentation
Needs
Operating Manual or instruction sheet
Upper Level Schematic(s)
Typical Safety Supporting Documentation
Needs
Operating Manual or instruction sheet Upper Level Schematic(s) Outline of Your Mechanical Drawings Copies of the Labels Used on the Product Bill of Materials Artwork of PCB Trace Layout Critical Component Data Sheets such as Filters Power Supplies Transformers etc Lasers ndash CDRH or IEC 60825 report Pneumatic Drawings
The The EMCEMC DIRECTIVE DIRECTIVE
The Electro-Magnetic Compatibility applies to all electronic and electrical products manufactured
Compliance has been mandatory since January 1 1996
Simply stated - in order to comply with this Directive the product must have an adequate level of immunity amp shall not interfere with any other systems or products
EMCEMC is a is a natural conditionnatural condition that exists when that exists when electrical equipment is performing its designed electrical equipment is performing its designed functions functions
without without
ldquoldquoCausing tordquoCausing tordquo (Emissions) or ldquo (Emissions) or ldquosuffering fromsuffering fromrdquo rdquo (Immunity)(Immunity)
unacceptableunacceptable degradation due to electromagnetic degradation due to electromagnetic interference interference toto or or fromfrom other equipment other equipment
BASIC BASIC EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibilityompatibility
EMC (Electro-Magnetic Compatibility)2 conditions must be satisfied The device does not generate electromagnetic noise and does not malfunction due to extraneous noise
EMI (Electro-Magnetic Interference) The device does not generate electromagnetic noise beyond established levels EMS (Electro-Magnetic Susceptibility)The device does not abnormally malfunction due to extraneous noise within the environment the device will be used
EMC EMC -CONTINUED--CONTINUED-
ImmunityImmunityAKAAKA
SusceptibilitySusceptibility
helliphellipa condition that exists when equipment continues to a condition that exists when equipment continues to operate within operate within acceptable limits of performanceacceptable limits of performance when when exposed to interference in which the environment where exposed to interference in which the environment where it is usedit is used
gtgtgtgtFor ExampleltltltltgtgtgtgtFor Exampleltltltlt
Equipment may work fine in the home but may fail if it is Equipment may work fine in the home but may fail if it is placed inside a machine shop Why Equipment is placed inside a machine shop Why Equipment is immune to the immune to the low levellow level residential disturbances but not residential disturbances but not immune to immune to high levelhigh level industrial-strength disturbances industrial-strength disturbances
Emissions AKA
Noise Leaking Radio Frequency
A condition that exists when your equipment suffers from unacceptable degradation of performance as a result of electromagnetic interference gtgt For Example ltltgtgt For Example ltlt
Hospitals equipment have failed to operate or had false alarms due to electronic devices emitting EMI
An example you all can relate to - Cell Phones are now prohibited from use many hospitals locations
BASIC CONCEPTBASIC CONCEPT
Electromagnetic Fields Exist Everywhere
It is NORMAL
There are two paths
Radiated Airborne
amp
Conducted Wires
TYPICAL TYPICAL EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibility Testsompatibility Tests
- Radiated Immunity - Harmonics - Conducted Immunity - Flicker - Surge - Radiated Emissions - ESD - Conducted Emissions - EFT - Voltage Dips amp Interrupts
IMMUNITY TESTS EMISSIONS TESTS
Radiated Immunity
Evaluated by controlling a signal source and power levels to generate field levels over a defined set of frequencies
Radiated Immunity
Simulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated ImmunityDesign Tips
Conducted Immunity
Evaluates the productrsquos ability to resist electrical signals that may be generated by the switching of inductive loads or contactors
Conducted ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
Conducted ImmunityDesign Tips
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Are there IO line filters Use ferrites on cabling if needed Use multi-layer PCBs where possible Are you using a power line filter
Surge Immunity
This tests the equipmentrsquos level of resistance or immunity to surges caused by over voltages from switching and lightning transients
Surge ImmunitySimulation
ControlledPulse
Source
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Pulse injection
Use pre-approved power supplies Are there surge suppressors installed
Surge ImmunityDesign Tips
ESD Immunity
Electrostatic Discharges are applied to all relevant points while the apparatus is in operation These are appliedeither by air or by touch (contact)
ESD ImmunitySimulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Electro-static discharge
ESD ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground planeMake sure the AC mains has the 3rd wire Ground and is used If a plastic enclosure consider conductive coatings With keyboards consider using a ldquoback-planerdquo ground sheet
EFT(Electrical Fast Transients)
Immunity
EFT is a test process to demonstratethe equipmentrsquos resistance to line transients through the connecting leads simulating relay and contact bounce
EFT ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
EFT ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground plane Does your unit have a power line filter Are there transient suppression components employed on the PCBA Use shielded cables Employ multi-layer PCBs Use shielded cables
Voltage Dips amp Interrupts Immunity
Simulates voltage variations and interruptions caused by short circuits or rapid changes in power This may cause a sudden and extreme increase in current and a reduction in voltage
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Simulation
ControlledVoltageSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Voltage injection
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
HarmonicEmissions
Harmonics is a distortion of a normal sine wave When a product produces distortion it does this at multiples of the power line frequency are generated
Harmonic EmissionsSimulation
Signal Monitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Harmonics Emissions Design Tips
Use power factor correction circuits The current and voltage wave forms need to be sinusoidal
FlickerEmissions
The term ldquoflickerrdquo applies touncontrolled intermittent Emissions It is also knownas surge emission ie light flicker
Flicker Emission Simulation
CurrentMonitoring
Device
Current monitoring
Coming from the device
Flicker Emissions Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
Intentional RadiatorsIntentional Radiators are subject to are subject to rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing interference and maximizing the interference and maximizing the available spectrumavailable spectrum
All other electrical products areAll other electrical products are non- non-intentional Radiatorsintentional Radiators such as such as electrical circuits are not designed to electrical circuits are not designed to generate RF energy but do As a result generate RF energy but do As a result they they couldcould interfere with other devices interfere with other devices
RADIATED RADIATED EMISSIONSEMISSIONS
RadiatedEmissions
Verifies that the products RF emissions do not exceed a level that will interfere with the operation of other electrical devices in the operating environment
Radiated EmissionsSimulation
Evaluation of Radiated Emissions at Your
Location ndash Clearance Requirements
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated EmissionsDesign Tips
ConductedEmissions
This is energy that is transmitted from an electrical device through the power cord and back into the electrical system
Conducted EmissionsSimulation
SignalMonitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
bull The CE symbol must be affixed on the equipment itself in such a manner that it cannot be easily removed The minimum size is 5 mm (02)
bull Only if your equipment is too small or the usage of a sign is incompatible with the function of your equipment may it be used on any accompanying documentation for identification
5mm
Whatrsquos a Whatrsquos a Directive Directive
A Directive is an EU legally binding documentthat is provided to facilitate the free movement of goods and services - Think of it as the Law
Directives provide for health safety and environmentalrequirements for a wide range of products ranging fromresidential to industrial equipment
bull 90396EEC Appliances burning gaseous fuelsbull 20009EC Cableway installations designed to carry personsbull 89106EEC Construction productsbull 2004108EC Electromagnetic compatibilitybull 949EC Equipment amp protective systems in potentially explosive atmospheresbull 9315EEC Explosives for civil usebull 9516EC Liftsbull 200695EC Low voltage equipmentbull 200642EC Machinery safetybull 200422EEC Measuring instruments
Just a few of The Just a few of The DirectivesDirectives
httpwwwnewapproachorgDirectiveshttpwwwnewapproachorgDirectivesDefaultaspDefaultasp
bull90385EEC Medical devices active implantable bull9342EEC Medical devices generalbull9879EC Medical devices in vitro diagnosticbull9242EEC New hot-water boilers fired with liquid or gaseous fluidsbull90384EEC Non-automatic weighing instrumentsbull9462EC Packaging and packaging wastebull89686EEC Personal protective equipmentbull9723EC Pressure equipmentbull19995EC Radio and telecom terminal equipmentbull9425EC Recreational craftbull87404EEC Simple pressure vesselsbull88378EEC Toys safety
The DirectivesThe Directives-CONTINUED--CONTINUED-
HARMONIZED amp
NON-HARMONIZEDSTANDARDS
The StandardsThe Standards
Harmonized Harmonized StandardsStandards
Also known as lsquomandated standardsrsquo
Fulfills the requirements of the European Directives
The standards are published in the Official European Journal
Adopted by the European Committee for Standardization amp the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Widely accepted throughout the world today
Non-Harmonized Non-Harmonized StandardsStandards
An example ndash American Standards (UL CSA ANSI Mil) Those standards are NOT published in the official
European Journal Have NOT been Adopted by the European Committee for
Standardization or the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
May Require the use of a 3rd party (Known as Notified Body) and possibly some additional documentation between testing and placing the CE mark on your product Normally there are additional costs involved
DDeclaration eclaration oof f CConformityonformity
DOCDOCA Legally Binding Document gt A sworn statement of fact lt
bull Contains a legal statement that the product complies with the requirements of the applicable Directives (Laws) and Standards (test methods)
bull Must be signed by a responsible person representing the Manufacturer Someone who is accountable for the design testing and validity of the DOC
Information Required Information Required on a on a
DDeclaration eclaration oof f CConformityonformity
Description of the system or product Model NumberPart Number Report number (supplied by the Test Lab) Directives Used (supplied by the Test Lab) Standards Used (supplied by the Test Lab) Signature of the Responsible Person On your Letter Head or another Company Document Dated and signed
TTechnical Documentationechnical DocumentationFFileile
A Technical File (TF) is a document that you must produce if you are challenged in the European union
Anyone can challenge you at any time without you knowing who it is
You have 8-10 days to produce this document and present it to the European Electrotechnical Commission If it is not produced in this time frame then you are considered to not be in compliance with any one of the directives used and face penalties
Penalties could lead towards any of the following Shipments Stopped at Port Fines Products Removed From the Markets No Further Sales Within the European Union Imprisonment
Typical Information Typical Information in a in a TTechnical echnical
Documentation Documentation FFileile EMC Test Report Product Safety Test Report OperatorsInstructionInstallation manual Electrical Wiring Diagram Schematics Mechanical Drawings Block diagrams Artwork Component Data Sheets Bill of Materials Declaration of Conformity Certificate
Note
These are controlled documents and proprietary documents that should be part of your document control
program
About 7 of the manufacturers importers
place unsafe productson the single market (Mc Millan)
A little tidbit ofInformation
RAPEXRapid Alert System for non-food products
httpeceuropaeuconsumersdynarapexrapex_encfm
Pilot system in cooperationwith other member states
wwwicsmsorg
PRODUCT ALERT
PROGRAMS
1048708General Content
bull Details of manufacturer nameaddressbull Description of the product Marking EC declaration of conformitybull Determination of the use (purpose)bull Warning on remaining dangers and miss use
Also gt Information on - - -
Transport installation assembly putting into operation trainingoperation maintaining and repairing dismantling recycling
amp if need be disposal
THEINSTRUCTION
MANUAL
MANUALLANGUAGE
REQUIREMENTS
The Language shall be acceptable by the Country in which the equipment is to be installed for use
The Documentation intended for use by Service personnel should be in English
Chinese
Spanish
English
German
French
FIVE COMMON LANUAGES
Cuidado
avertir
Warnung
Caution
警告 告誡
What are the BasicsFor an RFQ
Identify the countries you wish to place the product Draw a simple block diagram
DeviceOr System
ForEvaluation
220VAC50Hz5A
IO in from PC (3m)48VDC Motor Power (10m)
IO out to Actuator (15m)
List all electrical inputs amp outputs and identify if they are power or IO Provide the maximum lengths for each input amp output cable Identify any fluid gas or air requirements and pressures
120psi air inputCourtesy Power Outlet 220VAC
What Do You Need to do to Prepare
for Testing amp Evaluation
Provide adequate documentation to test the product
Ensure that the product functions as close as possible to normal operation for a continuous period of time
Typical EMC Supporting Documentation
Needs
Operating Manual or instruction sheet
Upper Level Schematic(s)
Typical Safety Supporting Documentation
Needs
Operating Manual or instruction sheet Upper Level Schematic(s) Outline of Your Mechanical Drawings Copies of the Labels Used on the Product Bill of Materials Artwork of PCB Trace Layout Critical Component Data Sheets such as Filters Power Supplies Transformers etc Lasers ndash CDRH or IEC 60825 report Pneumatic Drawings
The The EMCEMC DIRECTIVE DIRECTIVE
The Electro-Magnetic Compatibility applies to all electronic and electrical products manufactured
Compliance has been mandatory since January 1 1996
Simply stated - in order to comply with this Directive the product must have an adequate level of immunity amp shall not interfere with any other systems or products
EMCEMC is a is a natural conditionnatural condition that exists when that exists when electrical equipment is performing its designed electrical equipment is performing its designed functions functions
without without
ldquoldquoCausing tordquoCausing tordquo (Emissions) or ldquo (Emissions) or ldquosuffering fromsuffering fromrdquo rdquo (Immunity)(Immunity)
unacceptableunacceptable degradation due to electromagnetic degradation due to electromagnetic interference interference toto or or fromfrom other equipment other equipment
BASIC BASIC EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibilityompatibility
EMC (Electro-Magnetic Compatibility)2 conditions must be satisfied The device does not generate electromagnetic noise and does not malfunction due to extraneous noise
EMI (Electro-Magnetic Interference) The device does not generate electromagnetic noise beyond established levels EMS (Electro-Magnetic Susceptibility)The device does not abnormally malfunction due to extraneous noise within the environment the device will be used
EMC EMC -CONTINUED--CONTINUED-
ImmunityImmunityAKAAKA
SusceptibilitySusceptibility
helliphellipa condition that exists when equipment continues to a condition that exists when equipment continues to operate within operate within acceptable limits of performanceacceptable limits of performance when when exposed to interference in which the environment where exposed to interference in which the environment where it is usedit is used
gtgtgtgtFor ExampleltltltltgtgtgtgtFor Exampleltltltlt
Equipment may work fine in the home but may fail if it is Equipment may work fine in the home but may fail if it is placed inside a machine shop Why Equipment is placed inside a machine shop Why Equipment is immune to the immune to the low levellow level residential disturbances but not residential disturbances but not immune to immune to high levelhigh level industrial-strength disturbances industrial-strength disturbances
Emissions AKA
Noise Leaking Radio Frequency
A condition that exists when your equipment suffers from unacceptable degradation of performance as a result of electromagnetic interference gtgt For Example ltltgtgt For Example ltlt
Hospitals equipment have failed to operate or had false alarms due to electronic devices emitting EMI
An example you all can relate to - Cell Phones are now prohibited from use many hospitals locations
BASIC CONCEPTBASIC CONCEPT
Electromagnetic Fields Exist Everywhere
It is NORMAL
There are two paths
Radiated Airborne
amp
Conducted Wires
TYPICAL TYPICAL EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibility Testsompatibility Tests
- Radiated Immunity - Harmonics - Conducted Immunity - Flicker - Surge - Radiated Emissions - ESD - Conducted Emissions - EFT - Voltage Dips amp Interrupts
IMMUNITY TESTS EMISSIONS TESTS
Radiated Immunity
Evaluated by controlling a signal source and power levels to generate field levels over a defined set of frequencies
Radiated Immunity
Simulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated ImmunityDesign Tips
Conducted Immunity
Evaluates the productrsquos ability to resist electrical signals that may be generated by the switching of inductive loads or contactors
Conducted ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
Conducted ImmunityDesign Tips
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Are there IO line filters Use ferrites on cabling if needed Use multi-layer PCBs where possible Are you using a power line filter
Surge Immunity
This tests the equipmentrsquos level of resistance or immunity to surges caused by over voltages from switching and lightning transients
Surge ImmunitySimulation
ControlledPulse
Source
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Pulse injection
Use pre-approved power supplies Are there surge suppressors installed
Surge ImmunityDesign Tips
ESD Immunity
Electrostatic Discharges are applied to all relevant points while the apparatus is in operation These are appliedeither by air or by touch (contact)
ESD ImmunitySimulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Electro-static discharge
ESD ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground planeMake sure the AC mains has the 3rd wire Ground and is used If a plastic enclosure consider conductive coatings With keyboards consider using a ldquoback-planerdquo ground sheet
EFT(Electrical Fast Transients)
Immunity
EFT is a test process to demonstratethe equipmentrsquos resistance to line transients through the connecting leads simulating relay and contact bounce
EFT ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
EFT ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground plane Does your unit have a power line filter Are there transient suppression components employed on the PCBA Use shielded cables Employ multi-layer PCBs Use shielded cables
Voltage Dips amp Interrupts Immunity
Simulates voltage variations and interruptions caused by short circuits or rapid changes in power This may cause a sudden and extreme increase in current and a reduction in voltage
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Simulation
ControlledVoltageSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Voltage injection
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
HarmonicEmissions
Harmonics is a distortion of a normal sine wave When a product produces distortion it does this at multiples of the power line frequency are generated
Harmonic EmissionsSimulation
Signal Monitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Harmonics Emissions Design Tips
Use power factor correction circuits The current and voltage wave forms need to be sinusoidal
FlickerEmissions
The term ldquoflickerrdquo applies touncontrolled intermittent Emissions It is also knownas surge emission ie light flicker
Flicker Emission Simulation
CurrentMonitoring
Device
Current monitoring
Coming from the device
Flicker Emissions Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
Intentional RadiatorsIntentional Radiators are subject to are subject to rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing interference and maximizing the interference and maximizing the available spectrumavailable spectrum
All other electrical products areAll other electrical products are non- non-intentional Radiatorsintentional Radiators such as such as electrical circuits are not designed to electrical circuits are not designed to generate RF energy but do As a result generate RF energy but do As a result they they couldcould interfere with other devices interfere with other devices
RADIATED RADIATED EMISSIONSEMISSIONS
RadiatedEmissions
Verifies that the products RF emissions do not exceed a level that will interfere with the operation of other electrical devices in the operating environment
Radiated EmissionsSimulation
Evaluation of Radiated Emissions at Your
Location ndash Clearance Requirements
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated EmissionsDesign Tips
ConductedEmissions
This is energy that is transmitted from an electrical device through the power cord and back into the electrical system
Conducted EmissionsSimulation
SignalMonitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
Whatrsquos a Whatrsquos a Directive Directive
A Directive is an EU legally binding documentthat is provided to facilitate the free movement of goods and services - Think of it as the Law
Directives provide for health safety and environmentalrequirements for a wide range of products ranging fromresidential to industrial equipment
bull 90396EEC Appliances burning gaseous fuelsbull 20009EC Cableway installations designed to carry personsbull 89106EEC Construction productsbull 2004108EC Electromagnetic compatibilitybull 949EC Equipment amp protective systems in potentially explosive atmospheresbull 9315EEC Explosives for civil usebull 9516EC Liftsbull 200695EC Low voltage equipmentbull 200642EC Machinery safetybull 200422EEC Measuring instruments
Just a few of The Just a few of The DirectivesDirectives
httpwwwnewapproachorgDirectiveshttpwwwnewapproachorgDirectivesDefaultaspDefaultasp
bull90385EEC Medical devices active implantable bull9342EEC Medical devices generalbull9879EC Medical devices in vitro diagnosticbull9242EEC New hot-water boilers fired with liquid or gaseous fluidsbull90384EEC Non-automatic weighing instrumentsbull9462EC Packaging and packaging wastebull89686EEC Personal protective equipmentbull9723EC Pressure equipmentbull19995EC Radio and telecom terminal equipmentbull9425EC Recreational craftbull87404EEC Simple pressure vesselsbull88378EEC Toys safety
The DirectivesThe Directives-CONTINUED--CONTINUED-
HARMONIZED amp
NON-HARMONIZEDSTANDARDS
The StandardsThe Standards
Harmonized Harmonized StandardsStandards
Also known as lsquomandated standardsrsquo
Fulfills the requirements of the European Directives
The standards are published in the Official European Journal
Adopted by the European Committee for Standardization amp the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Widely accepted throughout the world today
Non-Harmonized Non-Harmonized StandardsStandards
An example ndash American Standards (UL CSA ANSI Mil) Those standards are NOT published in the official
European Journal Have NOT been Adopted by the European Committee for
Standardization or the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
May Require the use of a 3rd party (Known as Notified Body) and possibly some additional documentation between testing and placing the CE mark on your product Normally there are additional costs involved
DDeclaration eclaration oof f CConformityonformity
DOCDOCA Legally Binding Document gt A sworn statement of fact lt
bull Contains a legal statement that the product complies with the requirements of the applicable Directives (Laws) and Standards (test methods)
bull Must be signed by a responsible person representing the Manufacturer Someone who is accountable for the design testing and validity of the DOC
Information Required Information Required on a on a
DDeclaration eclaration oof f CConformityonformity
Description of the system or product Model NumberPart Number Report number (supplied by the Test Lab) Directives Used (supplied by the Test Lab) Standards Used (supplied by the Test Lab) Signature of the Responsible Person On your Letter Head or another Company Document Dated and signed
TTechnical Documentationechnical DocumentationFFileile
A Technical File (TF) is a document that you must produce if you are challenged in the European union
Anyone can challenge you at any time without you knowing who it is
You have 8-10 days to produce this document and present it to the European Electrotechnical Commission If it is not produced in this time frame then you are considered to not be in compliance with any one of the directives used and face penalties
Penalties could lead towards any of the following Shipments Stopped at Port Fines Products Removed From the Markets No Further Sales Within the European Union Imprisonment
Typical Information Typical Information in a in a TTechnical echnical
Documentation Documentation FFileile EMC Test Report Product Safety Test Report OperatorsInstructionInstallation manual Electrical Wiring Diagram Schematics Mechanical Drawings Block diagrams Artwork Component Data Sheets Bill of Materials Declaration of Conformity Certificate
Note
These are controlled documents and proprietary documents that should be part of your document control
program
About 7 of the manufacturers importers
place unsafe productson the single market (Mc Millan)
A little tidbit ofInformation
RAPEXRapid Alert System for non-food products
httpeceuropaeuconsumersdynarapexrapex_encfm
Pilot system in cooperationwith other member states
wwwicsmsorg
PRODUCT ALERT
PROGRAMS
1048708General Content
bull Details of manufacturer nameaddressbull Description of the product Marking EC declaration of conformitybull Determination of the use (purpose)bull Warning on remaining dangers and miss use
Also gt Information on - - -
Transport installation assembly putting into operation trainingoperation maintaining and repairing dismantling recycling
amp if need be disposal
THEINSTRUCTION
MANUAL
MANUALLANGUAGE
REQUIREMENTS
The Language shall be acceptable by the Country in which the equipment is to be installed for use
The Documentation intended for use by Service personnel should be in English
Chinese
Spanish
English
German
French
FIVE COMMON LANUAGES
Cuidado
avertir
Warnung
Caution
警告 告誡
What are the BasicsFor an RFQ
Identify the countries you wish to place the product Draw a simple block diagram
DeviceOr System
ForEvaluation
220VAC50Hz5A
IO in from PC (3m)48VDC Motor Power (10m)
IO out to Actuator (15m)
List all electrical inputs amp outputs and identify if they are power or IO Provide the maximum lengths for each input amp output cable Identify any fluid gas or air requirements and pressures
120psi air inputCourtesy Power Outlet 220VAC
What Do You Need to do to Prepare
for Testing amp Evaluation
Provide adequate documentation to test the product
Ensure that the product functions as close as possible to normal operation for a continuous period of time
Typical EMC Supporting Documentation
Needs
Operating Manual or instruction sheet
Upper Level Schematic(s)
Typical Safety Supporting Documentation
Needs
Operating Manual or instruction sheet Upper Level Schematic(s) Outline of Your Mechanical Drawings Copies of the Labels Used on the Product Bill of Materials Artwork of PCB Trace Layout Critical Component Data Sheets such as Filters Power Supplies Transformers etc Lasers ndash CDRH or IEC 60825 report Pneumatic Drawings
The The EMCEMC DIRECTIVE DIRECTIVE
The Electro-Magnetic Compatibility applies to all electronic and electrical products manufactured
Compliance has been mandatory since January 1 1996
Simply stated - in order to comply with this Directive the product must have an adequate level of immunity amp shall not interfere with any other systems or products
EMCEMC is a is a natural conditionnatural condition that exists when that exists when electrical equipment is performing its designed electrical equipment is performing its designed functions functions
without without
ldquoldquoCausing tordquoCausing tordquo (Emissions) or ldquo (Emissions) or ldquosuffering fromsuffering fromrdquo rdquo (Immunity)(Immunity)
unacceptableunacceptable degradation due to electromagnetic degradation due to electromagnetic interference interference toto or or fromfrom other equipment other equipment
BASIC BASIC EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibilityompatibility
EMC (Electro-Magnetic Compatibility)2 conditions must be satisfied The device does not generate electromagnetic noise and does not malfunction due to extraneous noise
EMI (Electro-Magnetic Interference) The device does not generate electromagnetic noise beyond established levels EMS (Electro-Magnetic Susceptibility)The device does not abnormally malfunction due to extraneous noise within the environment the device will be used
EMC EMC -CONTINUED--CONTINUED-
ImmunityImmunityAKAAKA
SusceptibilitySusceptibility
helliphellipa condition that exists when equipment continues to a condition that exists when equipment continues to operate within operate within acceptable limits of performanceacceptable limits of performance when when exposed to interference in which the environment where exposed to interference in which the environment where it is usedit is used
gtgtgtgtFor ExampleltltltltgtgtgtgtFor Exampleltltltlt
Equipment may work fine in the home but may fail if it is Equipment may work fine in the home but may fail if it is placed inside a machine shop Why Equipment is placed inside a machine shop Why Equipment is immune to the immune to the low levellow level residential disturbances but not residential disturbances but not immune to immune to high levelhigh level industrial-strength disturbances industrial-strength disturbances
Emissions AKA
Noise Leaking Radio Frequency
A condition that exists when your equipment suffers from unacceptable degradation of performance as a result of electromagnetic interference gtgt For Example ltltgtgt For Example ltlt
Hospitals equipment have failed to operate or had false alarms due to electronic devices emitting EMI
An example you all can relate to - Cell Phones are now prohibited from use many hospitals locations
BASIC CONCEPTBASIC CONCEPT
Electromagnetic Fields Exist Everywhere
It is NORMAL
There are two paths
Radiated Airborne
amp
Conducted Wires
TYPICAL TYPICAL EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibility Testsompatibility Tests
- Radiated Immunity - Harmonics - Conducted Immunity - Flicker - Surge - Radiated Emissions - ESD - Conducted Emissions - EFT - Voltage Dips amp Interrupts
IMMUNITY TESTS EMISSIONS TESTS
Radiated Immunity
Evaluated by controlling a signal source and power levels to generate field levels over a defined set of frequencies
Radiated Immunity
Simulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated ImmunityDesign Tips
Conducted Immunity
Evaluates the productrsquos ability to resist electrical signals that may be generated by the switching of inductive loads or contactors
Conducted ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
Conducted ImmunityDesign Tips
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Are there IO line filters Use ferrites on cabling if needed Use multi-layer PCBs where possible Are you using a power line filter
Surge Immunity
This tests the equipmentrsquos level of resistance or immunity to surges caused by over voltages from switching and lightning transients
Surge ImmunitySimulation
ControlledPulse
Source
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Pulse injection
Use pre-approved power supplies Are there surge suppressors installed
Surge ImmunityDesign Tips
ESD Immunity
Electrostatic Discharges are applied to all relevant points while the apparatus is in operation These are appliedeither by air or by touch (contact)
ESD ImmunitySimulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Electro-static discharge
ESD ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground planeMake sure the AC mains has the 3rd wire Ground and is used If a plastic enclosure consider conductive coatings With keyboards consider using a ldquoback-planerdquo ground sheet
EFT(Electrical Fast Transients)
Immunity
EFT is a test process to demonstratethe equipmentrsquos resistance to line transients through the connecting leads simulating relay and contact bounce
EFT ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
EFT ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground plane Does your unit have a power line filter Are there transient suppression components employed on the PCBA Use shielded cables Employ multi-layer PCBs Use shielded cables
Voltage Dips amp Interrupts Immunity
Simulates voltage variations and interruptions caused by short circuits or rapid changes in power This may cause a sudden and extreme increase in current and a reduction in voltage
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Simulation
ControlledVoltageSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Voltage injection
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
HarmonicEmissions
Harmonics is a distortion of a normal sine wave When a product produces distortion it does this at multiples of the power line frequency are generated
Harmonic EmissionsSimulation
Signal Monitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Harmonics Emissions Design Tips
Use power factor correction circuits The current and voltage wave forms need to be sinusoidal
FlickerEmissions
The term ldquoflickerrdquo applies touncontrolled intermittent Emissions It is also knownas surge emission ie light flicker
Flicker Emission Simulation
CurrentMonitoring
Device
Current monitoring
Coming from the device
Flicker Emissions Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
Intentional RadiatorsIntentional Radiators are subject to are subject to rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing interference and maximizing the interference and maximizing the available spectrumavailable spectrum
All other electrical products areAll other electrical products are non- non-intentional Radiatorsintentional Radiators such as such as electrical circuits are not designed to electrical circuits are not designed to generate RF energy but do As a result generate RF energy but do As a result they they couldcould interfere with other devices interfere with other devices
RADIATED RADIATED EMISSIONSEMISSIONS
RadiatedEmissions
Verifies that the products RF emissions do not exceed a level that will interfere with the operation of other electrical devices in the operating environment
Radiated EmissionsSimulation
Evaluation of Radiated Emissions at Your
Location ndash Clearance Requirements
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated EmissionsDesign Tips
ConductedEmissions
This is energy that is transmitted from an electrical device through the power cord and back into the electrical system
Conducted EmissionsSimulation
SignalMonitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
bull 90396EEC Appliances burning gaseous fuelsbull 20009EC Cableway installations designed to carry personsbull 89106EEC Construction productsbull 2004108EC Electromagnetic compatibilitybull 949EC Equipment amp protective systems in potentially explosive atmospheresbull 9315EEC Explosives for civil usebull 9516EC Liftsbull 200695EC Low voltage equipmentbull 200642EC Machinery safetybull 200422EEC Measuring instruments
Just a few of The Just a few of The DirectivesDirectives
httpwwwnewapproachorgDirectiveshttpwwwnewapproachorgDirectivesDefaultaspDefaultasp
bull90385EEC Medical devices active implantable bull9342EEC Medical devices generalbull9879EC Medical devices in vitro diagnosticbull9242EEC New hot-water boilers fired with liquid or gaseous fluidsbull90384EEC Non-automatic weighing instrumentsbull9462EC Packaging and packaging wastebull89686EEC Personal protective equipmentbull9723EC Pressure equipmentbull19995EC Radio and telecom terminal equipmentbull9425EC Recreational craftbull87404EEC Simple pressure vesselsbull88378EEC Toys safety
The DirectivesThe Directives-CONTINUED--CONTINUED-
HARMONIZED amp
NON-HARMONIZEDSTANDARDS
The StandardsThe Standards
Harmonized Harmonized StandardsStandards
Also known as lsquomandated standardsrsquo
Fulfills the requirements of the European Directives
The standards are published in the Official European Journal
Adopted by the European Committee for Standardization amp the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Widely accepted throughout the world today
Non-Harmonized Non-Harmonized StandardsStandards
An example ndash American Standards (UL CSA ANSI Mil) Those standards are NOT published in the official
European Journal Have NOT been Adopted by the European Committee for
Standardization or the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
May Require the use of a 3rd party (Known as Notified Body) and possibly some additional documentation between testing and placing the CE mark on your product Normally there are additional costs involved
DDeclaration eclaration oof f CConformityonformity
DOCDOCA Legally Binding Document gt A sworn statement of fact lt
bull Contains a legal statement that the product complies with the requirements of the applicable Directives (Laws) and Standards (test methods)
bull Must be signed by a responsible person representing the Manufacturer Someone who is accountable for the design testing and validity of the DOC
Information Required Information Required on a on a
DDeclaration eclaration oof f CConformityonformity
Description of the system or product Model NumberPart Number Report number (supplied by the Test Lab) Directives Used (supplied by the Test Lab) Standards Used (supplied by the Test Lab) Signature of the Responsible Person On your Letter Head or another Company Document Dated and signed
TTechnical Documentationechnical DocumentationFFileile
A Technical File (TF) is a document that you must produce if you are challenged in the European union
Anyone can challenge you at any time without you knowing who it is
You have 8-10 days to produce this document and present it to the European Electrotechnical Commission If it is not produced in this time frame then you are considered to not be in compliance with any one of the directives used and face penalties
Penalties could lead towards any of the following Shipments Stopped at Port Fines Products Removed From the Markets No Further Sales Within the European Union Imprisonment
Typical Information Typical Information in a in a TTechnical echnical
Documentation Documentation FFileile EMC Test Report Product Safety Test Report OperatorsInstructionInstallation manual Electrical Wiring Diagram Schematics Mechanical Drawings Block diagrams Artwork Component Data Sheets Bill of Materials Declaration of Conformity Certificate
Note
These are controlled documents and proprietary documents that should be part of your document control
program
About 7 of the manufacturers importers
place unsafe productson the single market (Mc Millan)
A little tidbit ofInformation
RAPEXRapid Alert System for non-food products
httpeceuropaeuconsumersdynarapexrapex_encfm
Pilot system in cooperationwith other member states
wwwicsmsorg
PRODUCT ALERT
PROGRAMS
1048708General Content
bull Details of manufacturer nameaddressbull Description of the product Marking EC declaration of conformitybull Determination of the use (purpose)bull Warning on remaining dangers and miss use
Also gt Information on - - -
Transport installation assembly putting into operation trainingoperation maintaining and repairing dismantling recycling
amp if need be disposal
THEINSTRUCTION
MANUAL
MANUALLANGUAGE
REQUIREMENTS
The Language shall be acceptable by the Country in which the equipment is to be installed for use
The Documentation intended for use by Service personnel should be in English
Chinese
Spanish
English
German
French
FIVE COMMON LANUAGES
Cuidado
avertir
Warnung
Caution
警告 告誡
What are the BasicsFor an RFQ
Identify the countries you wish to place the product Draw a simple block diagram
DeviceOr System
ForEvaluation
220VAC50Hz5A
IO in from PC (3m)48VDC Motor Power (10m)
IO out to Actuator (15m)
List all electrical inputs amp outputs and identify if they are power or IO Provide the maximum lengths for each input amp output cable Identify any fluid gas or air requirements and pressures
120psi air inputCourtesy Power Outlet 220VAC
What Do You Need to do to Prepare
for Testing amp Evaluation
Provide adequate documentation to test the product
Ensure that the product functions as close as possible to normal operation for a continuous period of time
Typical EMC Supporting Documentation
Needs
Operating Manual or instruction sheet
Upper Level Schematic(s)
Typical Safety Supporting Documentation
Needs
Operating Manual or instruction sheet Upper Level Schematic(s) Outline of Your Mechanical Drawings Copies of the Labels Used on the Product Bill of Materials Artwork of PCB Trace Layout Critical Component Data Sheets such as Filters Power Supplies Transformers etc Lasers ndash CDRH or IEC 60825 report Pneumatic Drawings
The The EMCEMC DIRECTIVE DIRECTIVE
The Electro-Magnetic Compatibility applies to all electronic and electrical products manufactured
Compliance has been mandatory since January 1 1996
Simply stated - in order to comply with this Directive the product must have an adequate level of immunity amp shall not interfere with any other systems or products
EMCEMC is a is a natural conditionnatural condition that exists when that exists when electrical equipment is performing its designed electrical equipment is performing its designed functions functions
without without
ldquoldquoCausing tordquoCausing tordquo (Emissions) or ldquo (Emissions) or ldquosuffering fromsuffering fromrdquo rdquo (Immunity)(Immunity)
unacceptableunacceptable degradation due to electromagnetic degradation due to electromagnetic interference interference toto or or fromfrom other equipment other equipment
BASIC BASIC EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibilityompatibility
EMC (Electro-Magnetic Compatibility)2 conditions must be satisfied The device does not generate electromagnetic noise and does not malfunction due to extraneous noise
EMI (Electro-Magnetic Interference) The device does not generate electromagnetic noise beyond established levels EMS (Electro-Magnetic Susceptibility)The device does not abnormally malfunction due to extraneous noise within the environment the device will be used
EMC EMC -CONTINUED--CONTINUED-
ImmunityImmunityAKAAKA
SusceptibilitySusceptibility
helliphellipa condition that exists when equipment continues to a condition that exists when equipment continues to operate within operate within acceptable limits of performanceacceptable limits of performance when when exposed to interference in which the environment where exposed to interference in which the environment where it is usedit is used
gtgtgtgtFor ExampleltltltltgtgtgtgtFor Exampleltltltlt
Equipment may work fine in the home but may fail if it is Equipment may work fine in the home but may fail if it is placed inside a machine shop Why Equipment is placed inside a machine shop Why Equipment is immune to the immune to the low levellow level residential disturbances but not residential disturbances but not immune to immune to high levelhigh level industrial-strength disturbances industrial-strength disturbances
Emissions AKA
Noise Leaking Radio Frequency
A condition that exists when your equipment suffers from unacceptable degradation of performance as a result of electromagnetic interference gtgt For Example ltltgtgt For Example ltlt
Hospitals equipment have failed to operate or had false alarms due to electronic devices emitting EMI
An example you all can relate to - Cell Phones are now prohibited from use many hospitals locations
BASIC CONCEPTBASIC CONCEPT
Electromagnetic Fields Exist Everywhere
It is NORMAL
There are two paths
Radiated Airborne
amp
Conducted Wires
TYPICAL TYPICAL EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibility Testsompatibility Tests
- Radiated Immunity - Harmonics - Conducted Immunity - Flicker - Surge - Radiated Emissions - ESD - Conducted Emissions - EFT - Voltage Dips amp Interrupts
IMMUNITY TESTS EMISSIONS TESTS
Radiated Immunity
Evaluated by controlling a signal source and power levels to generate field levels over a defined set of frequencies
Radiated Immunity
Simulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated ImmunityDesign Tips
Conducted Immunity
Evaluates the productrsquos ability to resist electrical signals that may be generated by the switching of inductive loads or contactors
Conducted ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
Conducted ImmunityDesign Tips
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Are there IO line filters Use ferrites on cabling if needed Use multi-layer PCBs where possible Are you using a power line filter
Surge Immunity
This tests the equipmentrsquos level of resistance or immunity to surges caused by over voltages from switching and lightning transients
Surge ImmunitySimulation
ControlledPulse
Source
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Pulse injection
Use pre-approved power supplies Are there surge suppressors installed
Surge ImmunityDesign Tips
ESD Immunity
Electrostatic Discharges are applied to all relevant points while the apparatus is in operation These are appliedeither by air or by touch (contact)
ESD ImmunitySimulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Electro-static discharge
ESD ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground planeMake sure the AC mains has the 3rd wire Ground and is used If a plastic enclosure consider conductive coatings With keyboards consider using a ldquoback-planerdquo ground sheet
EFT(Electrical Fast Transients)
Immunity
EFT is a test process to demonstratethe equipmentrsquos resistance to line transients through the connecting leads simulating relay and contact bounce
EFT ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
EFT ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground plane Does your unit have a power line filter Are there transient suppression components employed on the PCBA Use shielded cables Employ multi-layer PCBs Use shielded cables
Voltage Dips amp Interrupts Immunity
Simulates voltage variations and interruptions caused by short circuits or rapid changes in power This may cause a sudden and extreme increase in current and a reduction in voltage
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Simulation
ControlledVoltageSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Voltage injection
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
HarmonicEmissions
Harmonics is a distortion of a normal sine wave When a product produces distortion it does this at multiples of the power line frequency are generated
Harmonic EmissionsSimulation
Signal Monitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Harmonics Emissions Design Tips
Use power factor correction circuits The current and voltage wave forms need to be sinusoidal
FlickerEmissions
The term ldquoflickerrdquo applies touncontrolled intermittent Emissions It is also knownas surge emission ie light flicker
Flicker Emission Simulation
CurrentMonitoring
Device
Current monitoring
Coming from the device
Flicker Emissions Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
Intentional RadiatorsIntentional Radiators are subject to are subject to rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing interference and maximizing the interference and maximizing the available spectrumavailable spectrum
All other electrical products areAll other electrical products are non- non-intentional Radiatorsintentional Radiators such as such as electrical circuits are not designed to electrical circuits are not designed to generate RF energy but do As a result generate RF energy but do As a result they they couldcould interfere with other devices interfere with other devices
RADIATED RADIATED EMISSIONSEMISSIONS
RadiatedEmissions
Verifies that the products RF emissions do not exceed a level that will interfere with the operation of other electrical devices in the operating environment
Radiated EmissionsSimulation
Evaluation of Radiated Emissions at Your
Location ndash Clearance Requirements
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated EmissionsDesign Tips
ConductedEmissions
This is energy that is transmitted from an electrical device through the power cord and back into the electrical system
Conducted EmissionsSimulation
SignalMonitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
bull90385EEC Medical devices active implantable bull9342EEC Medical devices generalbull9879EC Medical devices in vitro diagnosticbull9242EEC New hot-water boilers fired with liquid or gaseous fluidsbull90384EEC Non-automatic weighing instrumentsbull9462EC Packaging and packaging wastebull89686EEC Personal protective equipmentbull9723EC Pressure equipmentbull19995EC Radio and telecom terminal equipmentbull9425EC Recreational craftbull87404EEC Simple pressure vesselsbull88378EEC Toys safety
The DirectivesThe Directives-CONTINUED--CONTINUED-
HARMONIZED amp
NON-HARMONIZEDSTANDARDS
The StandardsThe Standards
Harmonized Harmonized StandardsStandards
Also known as lsquomandated standardsrsquo
Fulfills the requirements of the European Directives
The standards are published in the Official European Journal
Adopted by the European Committee for Standardization amp the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Widely accepted throughout the world today
Non-Harmonized Non-Harmonized StandardsStandards
An example ndash American Standards (UL CSA ANSI Mil) Those standards are NOT published in the official
European Journal Have NOT been Adopted by the European Committee for
Standardization or the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
May Require the use of a 3rd party (Known as Notified Body) and possibly some additional documentation between testing and placing the CE mark on your product Normally there are additional costs involved
DDeclaration eclaration oof f CConformityonformity
DOCDOCA Legally Binding Document gt A sworn statement of fact lt
bull Contains a legal statement that the product complies with the requirements of the applicable Directives (Laws) and Standards (test methods)
bull Must be signed by a responsible person representing the Manufacturer Someone who is accountable for the design testing and validity of the DOC
Information Required Information Required on a on a
DDeclaration eclaration oof f CConformityonformity
Description of the system or product Model NumberPart Number Report number (supplied by the Test Lab) Directives Used (supplied by the Test Lab) Standards Used (supplied by the Test Lab) Signature of the Responsible Person On your Letter Head or another Company Document Dated and signed
TTechnical Documentationechnical DocumentationFFileile
A Technical File (TF) is a document that you must produce if you are challenged in the European union
Anyone can challenge you at any time without you knowing who it is
You have 8-10 days to produce this document and present it to the European Electrotechnical Commission If it is not produced in this time frame then you are considered to not be in compliance with any one of the directives used and face penalties
Penalties could lead towards any of the following Shipments Stopped at Port Fines Products Removed From the Markets No Further Sales Within the European Union Imprisonment
Typical Information Typical Information in a in a TTechnical echnical
Documentation Documentation FFileile EMC Test Report Product Safety Test Report OperatorsInstructionInstallation manual Electrical Wiring Diagram Schematics Mechanical Drawings Block diagrams Artwork Component Data Sheets Bill of Materials Declaration of Conformity Certificate
Note
These are controlled documents and proprietary documents that should be part of your document control
program
About 7 of the manufacturers importers
place unsafe productson the single market (Mc Millan)
A little tidbit ofInformation
RAPEXRapid Alert System for non-food products
httpeceuropaeuconsumersdynarapexrapex_encfm
Pilot system in cooperationwith other member states
wwwicsmsorg
PRODUCT ALERT
PROGRAMS
1048708General Content
bull Details of manufacturer nameaddressbull Description of the product Marking EC declaration of conformitybull Determination of the use (purpose)bull Warning on remaining dangers and miss use
Also gt Information on - - -
Transport installation assembly putting into operation trainingoperation maintaining and repairing dismantling recycling
amp if need be disposal
THEINSTRUCTION
MANUAL
MANUALLANGUAGE
REQUIREMENTS
The Language shall be acceptable by the Country in which the equipment is to be installed for use
The Documentation intended for use by Service personnel should be in English
Chinese
Spanish
English
German
French
FIVE COMMON LANUAGES
Cuidado
avertir
Warnung
Caution
警告 告誡
What are the BasicsFor an RFQ
Identify the countries you wish to place the product Draw a simple block diagram
DeviceOr System
ForEvaluation
220VAC50Hz5A
IO in from PC (3m)48VDC Motor Power (10m)
IO out to Actuator (15m)
List all electrical inputs amp outputs and identify if they are power or IO Provide the maximum lengths for each input amp output cable Identify any fluid gas or air requirements and pressures
120psi air inputCourtesy Power Outlet 220VAC
What Do You Need to do to Prepare
for Testing amp Evaluation
Provide adequate documentation to test the product
Ensure that the product functions as close as possible to normal operation for a continuous period of time
Typical EMC Supporting Documentation
Needs
Operating Manual or instruction sheet
Upper Level Schematic(s)
Typical Safety Supporting Documentation
Needs
Operating Manual or instruction sheet Upper Level Schematic(s) Outline of Your Mechanical Drawings Copies of the Labels Used on the Product Bill of Materials Artwork of PCB Trace Layout Critical Component Data Sheets such as Filters Power Supplies Transformers etc Lasers ndash CDRH or IEC 60825 report Pneumatic Drawings
The The EMCEMC DIRECTIVE DIRECTIVE
The Electro-Magnetic Compatibility applies to all electronic and electrical products manufactured
Compliance has been mandatory since January 1 1996
Simply stated - in order to comply with this Directive the product must have an adequate level of immunity amp shall not interfere with any other systems or products
EMCEMC is a is a natural conditionnatural condition that exists when that exists when electrical equipment is performing its designed electrical equipment is performing its designed functions functions
without without
ldquoldquoCausing tordquoCausing tordquo (Emissions) or ldquo (Emissions) or ldquosuffering fromsuffering fromrdquo rdquo (Immunity)(Immunity)
unacceptableunacceptable degradation due to electromagnetic degradation due to electromagnetic interference interference toto or or fromfrom other equipment other equipment
BASIC BASIC EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibilityompatibility
EMC (Electro-Magnetic Compatibility)2 conditions must be satisfied The device does not generate electromagnetic noise and does not malfunction due to extraneous noise
EMI (Electro-Magnetic Interference) The device does not generate electromagnetic noise beyond established levels EMS (Electro-Magnetic Susceptibility)The device does not abnormally malfunction due to extraneous noise within the environment the device will be used
EMC EMC -CONTINUED--CONTINUED-
ImmunityImmunityAKAAKA
SusceptibilitySusceptibility
helliphellipa condition that exists when equipment continues to a condition that exists when equipment continues to operate within operate within acceptable limits of performanceacceptable limits of performance when when exposed to interference in which the environment where exposed to interference in which the environment where it is usedit is used
gtgtgtgtFor ExampleltltltltgtgtgtgtFor Exampleltltltlt
Equipment may work fine in the home but may fail if it is Equipment may work fine in the home but may fail if it is placed inside a machine shop Why Equipment is placed inside a machine shop Why Equipment is immune to the immune to the low levellow level residential disturbances but not residential disturbances but not immune to immune to high levelhigh level industrial-strength disturbances industrial-strength disturbances
Emissions AKA
Noise Leaking Radio Frequency
A condition that exists when your equipment suffers from unacceptable degradation of performance as a result of electromagnetic interference gtgt For Example ltltgtgt For Example ltlt
Hospitals equipment have failed to operate or had false alarms due to electronic devices emitting EMI
An example you all can relate to - Cell Phones are now prohibited from use many hospitals locations
BASIC CONCEPTBASIC CONCEPT
Electromagnetic Fields Exist Everywhere
It is NORMAL
There are two paths
Radiated Airborne
amp
Conducted Wires
TYPICAL TYPICAL EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibility Testsompatibility Tests
- Radiated Immunity - Harmonics - Conducted Immunity - Flicker - Surge - Radiated Emissions - ESD - Conducted Emissions - EFT - Voltage Dips amp Interrupts
IMMUNITY TESTS EMISSIONS TESTS
Radiated Immunity
Evaluated by controlling a signal source and power levels to generate field levels over a defined set of frequencies
Radiated Immunity
Simulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated ImmunityDesign Tips
Conducted Immunity
Evaluates the productrsquos ability to resist electrical signals that may be generated by the switching of inductive loads or contactors
Conducted ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
Conducted ImmunityDesign Tips
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Are there IO line filters Use ferrites on cabling if needed Use multi-layer PCBs where possible Are you using a power line filter
Surge Immunity
This tests the equipmentrsquos level of resistance or immunity to surges caused by over voltages from switching and lightning transients
Surge ImmunitySimulation
ControlledPulse
Source
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Pulse injection
Use pre-approved power supplies Are there surge suppressors installed
Surge ImmunityDesign Tips
ESD Immunity
Electrostatic Discharges are applied to all relevant points while the apparatus is in operation These are appliedeither by air or by touch (contact)
ESD ImmunitySimulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Electro-static discharge
ESD ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground planeMake sure the AC mains has the 3rd wire Ground and is used If a plastic enclosure consider conductive coatings With keyboards consider using a ldquoback-planerdquo ground sheet
EFT(Electrical Fast Transients)
Immunity
EFT is a test process to demonstratethe equipmentrsquos resistance to line transients through the connecting leads simulating relay and contact bounce
EFT ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
EFT ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground plane Does your unit have a power line filter Are there transient suppression components employed on the PCBA Use shielded cables Employ multi-layer PCBs Use shielded cables
Voltage Dips amp Interrupts Immunity
Simulates voltage variations and interruptions caused by short circuits or rapid changes in power This may cause a sudden and extreme increase in current and a reduction in voltage
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Simulation
ControlledVoltageSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Voltage injection
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
HarmonicEmissions
Harmonics is a distortion of a normal sine wave When a product produces distortion it does this at multiples of the power line frequency are generated
Harmonic EmissionsSimulation
Signal Monitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Harmonics Emissions Design Tips
Use power factor correction circuits The current and voltage wave forms need to be sinusoidal
FlickerEmissions
The term ldquoflickerrdquo applies touncontrolled intermittent Emissions It is also knownas surge emission ie light flicker
Flicker Emission Simulation
CurrentMonitoring
Device
Current monitoring
Coming from the device
Flicker Emissions Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
Intentional RadiatorsIntentional Radiators are subject to are subject to rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing interference and maximizing the interference and maximizing the available spectrumavailable spectrum
All other electrical products areAll other electrical products are non- non-intentional Radiatorsintentional Radiators such as such as electrical circuits are not designed to electrical circuits are not designed to generate RF energy but do As a result generate RF energy but do As a result they they couldcould interfere with other devices interfere with other devices
RADIATED RADIATED EMISSIONSEMISSIONS
RadiatedEmissions
Verifies that the products RF emissions do not exceed a level that will interfere with the operation of other electrical devices in the operating environment
Radiated EmissionsSimulation
Evaluation of Radiated Emissions at Your
Location ndash Clearance Requirements
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated EmissionsDesign Tips
ConductedEmissions
This is energy that is transmitted from an electrical device through the power cord and back into the electrical system
Conducted EmissionsSimulation
SignalMonitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
HARMONIZED amp
NON-HARMONIZEDSTANDARDS
The StandardsThe Standards
Harmonized Harmonized StandardsStandards
Also known as lsquomandated standardsrsquo
Fulfills the requirements of the European Directives
The standards are published in the Official European Journal
Adopted by the European Committee for Standardization amp the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Widely accepted throughout the world today
Non-Harmonized Non-Harmonized StandardsStandards
An example ndash American Standards (UL CSA ANSI Mil) Those standards are NOT published in the official
European Journal Have NOT been Adopted by the European Committee for
Standardization or the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
May Require the use of a 3rd party (Known as Notified Body) and possibly some additional documentation between testing and placing the CE mark on your product Normally there are additional costs involved
DDeclaration eclaration oof f CConformityonformity
DOCDOCA Legally Binding Document gt A sworn statement of fact lt
bull Contains a legal statement that the product complies with the requirements of the applicable Directives (Laws) and Standards (test methods)
bull Must be signed by a responsible person representing the Manufacturer Someone who is accountable for the design testing and validity of the DOC
Information Required Information Required on a on a
DDeclaration eclaration oof f CConformityonformity
Description of the system or product Model NumberPart Number Report number (supplied by the Test Lab) Directives Used (supplied by the Test Lab) Standards Used (supplied by the Test Lab) Signature of the Responsible Person On your Letter Head or another Company Document Dated and signed
TTechnical Documentationechnical DocumentationFFileile
A Technical File (TF) is a document that you must produce if you are challenged in the European union
Anyone can challenge you at any time without you knowing who it is
You have 8-10 days to produce this document and present it to the European Electrotechnical Commission If it is not produced in this time frame then you are considered to not be in compliance with any one of the directives used and face penalties
Penalties could lead towards any of the following Shipments Stopped at Port Fines Products Removed From the Markets No Further Sales Within the European Union Imprisonment
Typical Information Typical Information in a in a TTechnical echnical
Documentation Documentation FFileile EMC Test Report Product Safety Test Report OperatorsInstructionInstallation manual Electrical Wiring Diagram Schematics Mechanical Drawings Block diagrams Artwork Component Data Sheets Bill of Materials Declaration of Conformity Certificate
Note
These are controlled documents and proprietary documents that should be part of your document control
program
About 7 of the manufacturers importers
place unsafe productson the single market (Mc Millan)
A little tidbit ofInformation
RAPEXRapid Alert System for non-food products
httpeceuropaeuconsumersdynarapexrapex_encfm
Pilot system in cooperationwith other member states
wwwicsmsorg
PRODUCT ALERT
PROGRAMS
1048708General Content
bull Details of manufacturer nameaddressbull Description of the product Marking EC declaration of conformitybull Determination of the use (purpose)bull Warning on remaining dangers and miss use
Also gt Information on - - -
Transport installation assembly putting into operation trainingoperation maintaining and repairing dismantling recycling
amp if need be disposal
THEINSTRUCTION
MANUAL
MANUALLANGUAGE
REQUIREMENTS
The Language shall be acceptable by the Country in which the equipment is to be installed for use
The Documentation intended for use by Service personnel should be in English
Chinese
Spanish
English
German
French
FIVE COMMON LANUAGES
Cuidado
avertir
Warnung
Caution
警告 告誡
What are the BasicsFor an RFQ
Identify the countries you wish to place the product Draw a simple block diagram
DeviceOr System
ForEvaluation
220VAC50Hz5A
IO in from PC (3m)48VDC Motor Power (10m)
IO out to Actuator (15m)
List all electrical inputs amp outputs and identify if they are power or IO Provide the maximum lengths for each input amp output cable Identify any fluid gas or air requirements and pressures
120psi air inputCourtesy Power Outlet 220VAC
What Do You Need to do to Prepare
for Testing amp Evaluation
Provide adequate documentation to test the product
Ensure that the product functions as close as possible to normal operation for a continuous period of time
Typical EMC Supporting Documentation
Needs
Operating Manual or instruction sheet
Upper Level Schematic(s)
Typical Safety Supporting Documentation
Needs
Operating Manual or instruction sheet Upper Level Schematic(s) Outline of Your Mechanical Drawings Copies of the Labels Used on the Product Bill of Materials Artwork of PCB Trace Layout Critical Component Data Sheets such as Filters Power Supplies Transformers etc Lasers ndash CDRH or IEC 60825 report Pneumatic Drawings
The The EMCEMC DIRECTIVE DIRECTIVE
The Electro-Magnetic Compatibility applies to all electronic and electrical products manufactured
Compliance has been mandatory since January 1 1996
Simply stated - in order to comply with this Directive the product must have an adequate level of immunity amp shall not interfere with any other systems or products
EMCEMC is a is a natural conditionnatural condition that exists when that exists when electrical equipment is performing its designed electrical equipment is performing its designed functions functions
without without
ldquoldquoCausing tordquoCausing tordquo (Emissions) or ldquo (Emissions) or ldquosuffering fromsuffering fromrdquo rdquo (Immunity)(Immunity)
unacceptableunacceptable degradation due to electromagnetic degradation due to electromagnetic interference interference toto or or fromfrom other equipment other equipment
BASIC BASIC EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibilityompatibility
EMC (Electro-Magnetic Compatibility)2 conditions must be satisfied The device does not generate electromagnetic noise and does not malfunction due to extraneous noise
EMI (Electro-Magnetic Interference) The device does not generate electromagnetic noise beyond established levels EMS (Electro-Magnetic Susceptibility)The device does not abnormally malfunction due to extraneous noise within the environment the device will be used
EMC EMC -CONTINUED--CONTINUED-
ImmunityImmunityAKAAKA
SusceptibilitySusceptibility
helliphellipa condition that exists when equipment continues to a condition that exists when equipment continues to operate within operate within acceptable limits of performanceacceptable limits of performance when when exposed to interference in which the environment where exposed to interference in which the environment where it is usedit is used
gtgtgtgtFor ExampleltltltltgtgtgtgtFor Exampleltltltlt
Equipment may work fine in the home but may fail if it is Equipment may work fine in the home but may fail if it is placed inside a machine shop Why Equipment is placed inside a machine shop Why Equipment is immune to the immune to the low levellow level residential disturbances but not residential disturbances but not immune to immune to high levelhigh level industrial-strength disturbances industrial-strength disturbances
Emissions AKA
Noise Leaking Radio Frequency
A condition that exists when your equipment suffers from unacceptable degradation of performance as a result of electromagnetic interference gtgt For Example ltltgtgt For Example ltlt
Hospitals equipment have failed to operate or had false alarms due to electronic devices emitting EMI
An example you all can relate to - Cell Phones are now prohibited from use many hospitals locations
BASIC CONCEPTBASIC CONCEPT
Electromagnetic Fields Exist Everywhere
It is NORMAL
There are two paths
Radiated Airborne
amp
Conducted Wires
TYPICAL TYPICAL EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibility Testsompatibility Tests
- Radiated Immunity - Harmonics - Conducted Immunity - Flicker - Surge - Radiated Emissions - ESD - Conducted Emissions - EFT - Voltage Dips amp Interrupts
IMMUNITY TESTS EMISSIONS TESTS
Radiated Immunity
Evaluated by controlling a signal source and power levels to generate field levels over a defined set of frequencies
Radiated Immunity
Simulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated ImmunityDesign Tips
Conducted Immunity
Evaluates the productrsquos ability to resist electrical signals that may be generated by the switching of inductive loads or contactors
Conducted ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
Conducted ImmunityDesign Tips
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Are there IO line filters Use ferrites on cabling if needed Use multi-layer PCBs where possible Are you using a power line filter
Surge Immunity
This tests the equipmentrsquos level of resistance or immunity to surges caused by over voltages from switching and lightning transients
Surge ImmunitySimulation
ControlledPulse
Source
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Pulse injection
Use pre-approved power supplies Are there surge suppressors installed
Surge ImmunityDesign Tips
ESD Immunity
Electrostatic Discharges are applied to all relevant points while the apparatus is in operation These are appliedeither by air or by touch (contact)
ESD ImmunitySimulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Electro-static discharge
ESD ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground planeMake sure the AC mains has the 3rd wire Ground and is used If a plastic enclosure consider conductive coatings With keyboards consider using a ldquoback-planerdquo ground sheet
EFT(Electrical Fast Transients)
Immunity
EFT is a test process to demonstratethe equipmentrsquos resistance to line transients through the connecting leads simulating relay and contact bounce
EFT ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
EFT ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground plane Does your unit have a power line filter Are there transient suppression components employed on the PCBA Use shielded cables Employ multi-layer PCBs Use shielded cables
Voltage Dips amp Interrupts Immunity
Simulates voltage variations and interruptions caused by short circuits or rapid changes in power This may cause a sudden and extreme increase in current and a reduction in voltage
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Simulation
ControlledVoltageSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Voltage injection
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
HarmonicEmissions
Harmonics is a distortion of a normal sine wave When a product produces distortion it does this at multiples of the power line frequency are generated
Harmonic EmissionsSimulation
Signal Monitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Harmonics Emissions Design Tips
Use power factor correction circuits The current and voltage wave forms need to be sinusoidal
FlickerEmissions
The term ldquoflickerrdquo applies touncontrolled intermittent Emissions It is also knownas surge emission ie light flicker
Flicker Emission Simulation
CurrentMonitoring
Device
Current monitoring
Coming from the device
Flicker Emissions Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
Intentional RadiatorsIntentional Radiators are subject to are subject to rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing interference and maximizing the interference and maximizing the available spectrumavailable spectrum
All other electrical products areAll other electrical products are non- non-intentional Radiatorsintentional Radiators such as such as electrical circuits are not designed to electrical circuits are not designed to generate RF energy but do As a result generate RF energy but do As a result they they couldcould interfere with other devices interfere with other devices
RADIATED RADIATED EMISSIONSEMISSIONS
RadiatedEmissions
Verifies that the products RF emissions do not exceed a level that will interfere with the operation of other electrical devices in the operating environment
Radiated EmissionsSimulation
Evaluation of Radiated Emissions at Your
Location ndash Clearance Requirements
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated EmissionsDesign Tips
ConductedEmissions
This is energy that is transmitted from an electrical device through the power cord and back into the electrical system
Conducted EmissionsSimulation
SignalMonitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
Harmonized Harmonized StandardsStandards
Also known as lsquomandated standardsrsquo
Fulfills the requirements of the European Directives
The standards are published in the Official European Journal
Adopted by the European Committee for Standardization amp the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Widely accepted throughout the world today
Non-Harmonized Non-Harmonized StandardsStandards
An example ndash American Standards (UL CSA ANSI Mil) Those standards are NOT published in the official
European Journal Have NOT been Adopted by the European Committee for
Standardization or the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
May Require the use of a 3rd party (Known as Notified Body) and possibly some additional documentation between testing and placing the CE mark on your product Normally there are additional costs involved
DDeclaration eclaration oof f CConformityonformity
DOCDOCA Legally Binding Document gt A sworn statement of fact lt
bull Contains a legal statement that the product complies with the requirements of the applicable Directives (Laws) and Standards (test methods)
bull Must be signed by a responsible person representing the Manufacturer Someone who is accountable for the design testing and validity of the DOC
Information Required Information Required on a on a
DDeclaration eclaration oof f CConformityonformity
Description of the system or product Model NumberPart Number Report number (supplied by the Test Lab) Directives Used (supplied by the Test Lab) Standards Used (supplied by the Test Lab) Signature of the Responsible Person On your Letter Head or another Company Document Dated and signed
TTechnical Documentationechnical DocumentationFFileile
A Technical File (TF) is a document that you must produce if you are challenged in the European union
Anyone can challenge you at any time without you knowing who it is
You have 8-10 days to produce this document and present it to the European Electrotechnical Commission If it is not produced in this time frame then you are considered to not be in compliance with any one of the directives used and face penalties
Penalties could lead towards any of the following Shipments Stopped at Port Fines Products Removed From the Markets No Further Sales Within the European Union Imprisonment
Typical Information Typical Information in a in a TTechnical echnical
Documentation Documentation FFileile EMC Test Report Product Safety Test Report OperatorsInstructionInstallation manual Electrical Wiring Diagram Schematics Mechanical Drawings Block diagrams Artwork Component Data Sheets Bill of Materials Declaration of Conformity Certificate
Note
These are controlled documents and proprietary documents that should be part of your document control
program
About 7 of the manufacturers importers
place unsafe productson the single market (Mc Millan)
A little tidbit ofInformation
RAPEXRapid Alert System for non-food products
httpeceuropaeuconsumersdynarapexrapex_encfm
Pilot system in cooperationwith other member states
wwwicsmsorg
PRODUCT ALERT
PROGRAMS
1048708General Content
bull Details of manufacturer nameaddressbull Description of the product Marking EC declaration of conformitybull Determination of the use (purpose)bull Warning on remaining dangers and miss use
Also gt Information on - - -
Transport installation assembly putting into operation trainingoperation maintaining and repairing dismantling recycling
amp if need be disposal
THEINSTRUCTION
MANUAL
MANUALLANGUAGE
REQUIREMENTS
The Language shall be acceptable by the Country in which the equipment is to be installed for use
The Documentation intended for use by Service personnel should be in English
Chinese
Spanish
English
German
French
FIVE COMMON LANUAGES
Cuidado
avertir
Warnung
Caution
警告 告誡
What are the BasicsFor an RFQ
Identify the countries you wish to place the product Draw a simple block diagram
DeviceOr System
ForEvaluation
220VAC50Hz5A
IO in from PC (3m)48VDC Motor Power (10m)
IO out to Actuator (15m)
List all electrical inputs amp outputs and identify if they are power or IO Provide the maximum lengths for each input amp output cable Identify any fluid gas or air requirements and pressures
120psi air inputCourtesy Power Outlet 220VAC
What Do You Need to do to Prepare
for Testing amp Evaluation
Provide adequate documentation to test the product
Ensure that the product functions as close as possible to normal operation for a continuous period of time
Typical EMC Supporting Documentation
Needs
Operating Manual or instruction sheet
Upper Level Schematic(s)
Typical Safety Supporting Documentation
Needs
Operating Manual or instruction sheet Upper Level Schematic(s) Outline of Your Mechanical Drawings Copies of the Labels Used on the Product Bill of Materials Artwork of PCB Trace Layout Critical Component Data Sheets such as Filters Power Supplies Transformers etc Lasers ndash CDRH or IEC 60825 report Pneumatic Drawings
The The EMCEMC DIRECTIVE DIRECTIVE
The Electro-Magnetic Compatibility applies to all electronic and electrical products manufactured
Compliance has been mandatory since January 1 1996
Simply stated - in order to comply with this Directive the product must have an adequate level of immunity amp shall not interfere with any other systems or products
EMCEMC is a is a natural conditionnatural condition that exists when that exists when electrical equipment is performing its designed electrical equipment is performing its designed functions functions
without without
ldquoldquoCausing tordquoCausing tordquo (Emissions) or ldquo (Emissions) or ldquosuffering fromsuffering fromrdquo rdquo (Immunity)(Immunity)
unacceptableunacceptable degradation due to electromagnetic degradation due to electromagnetic interference interference toto or or fromfrom other equipment other equipment
BASIC BASIC EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibilityompatibility
EMC (Electro-Magnetic Compatibility)2 conditions must be satisfied The device does not generate electromagnetic noise and does not malfunction due to extraneous noise
EMI (Electro-Magnetic Interference) The device does not generate electromagnetic noise beyond established levels EMS (Electro-Magnetic Susceptibility)The device does not abnormally malfunction due to extraneous noise within the environment the device will be used
EMC EMC -CONTINUED--CONTINUED-
ImmunityImmunityAKAAKA
SusceptibilitySusceptibility
helliphellipa condition that exists when equipment continues to a condition that exists when equipment continues to operate within operate within acceptable limits of performanceacceptable limits of performance when when exposed to interference in which the environment where exposed to interference in which the environment where it is usedit is used
gtgtgtgtFor ExampleltltltltgtgtgtgtFor Exampleltltltlt
Equipment may work fine in the home but may fail if it is Equipment may work fine in the home but may fail if it is placed inside a machine shop Why Equipment is placed inside a machine shop Why Equipment is immune to the immune to the low levellow level residential disturbances but not residential disturbances but not immune to immune to high levelhigh level industrial-strength disturbances industrial-strength disturbances
Emissions AKA
Noise Leaking Radio Frequency
A condition that exists when your equipment suffers from unacceptable degradation of performance as a result of electromagnetic interference gtgt For Example ltltgtgt For Example ltlt
Hospitals equipment have failed to operate or had false alarms due to electronic devices emitting EMI
An example you all can relate to - Cell Phones are now prohibited from use many hospitals locations
BASIC CONCEPTBASIC CONCEPT
Electromagnetic Fields Exist Everywhere
It is NORMAL
There are two paths
Radiated Airborne
amp
Conducted Wires
TYPICAL TYPICAL EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibility Testsompatibility Tests
- Radiated Immunity - Harmonics - Conducted Immunity - Flicker - Surge - Radiated Emissions - ESD - Conducted Emissions - EFT - Voltage Dips amp Interrupts
IMMUNITY TESTS EMISSIONS TESTS
Radiated Immunity
Evaluated by controlling a signal source and power levels to generate field levels over a defined set of frequencies
Radiated Immunity
Simulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated ImmunityDesign Tips
Conducted Immunity
Evaluates the productrsquos ability to resist electrical signals that may be generated by the switching of inductive loads or contactors
Conducted ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
Conducted ImmunityDesign Tips
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Are there IO line filters Use ferrites on cabling if needed Use multi-layer PCBs where possible Are you using a power line filter
Surge Immunity
This tests the equipmentrsquos level of resistance or immunity to surges caused by over voltages from switching and lightning transients
Surge ImmunitySimulation
ControlledPulse
Source
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Pulse injection
Use pre-approved power supplies Are there surge suppressors installed
Surge ImmunityDesign Tips
ESD Immunity
Electrostatic Discharges are applied to all relevant points while the apparatus is in operation These are appliedeither by air or by touch (contact)
ESD ImmunitySimulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Electro-static discharge
ESD ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground planeMake sure the AC mains has the 3rd wire Ground and is used If a plastic enclosure consider conductive coatings With keyboards consider using a ldquoback-planerdquo ground sheet
EFT(Electrical Fast Transients)
Immunity
EFT is a test process to demonstratethe equipmentrsquos resistance to line transients through the connecting leads simulating relay and contact bounce
EFT ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
EFT ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground plane Does your unit have a power line filter Are there transient suppression components employed on the PCBA Use shielded cables Employ multi-layer PCBs Use shielded cables
Voltage Dips amp Interrupts Immunity
Simulates voltage variations and interruptions caused by short circuits or rapid changes in power This may cause a sudden and extreme increase in current and a reduction in voltage
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Simulation
ControlledVoltageSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Voltage injection
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
HarmonicEmissions
Harmonics is a distortion of a normal sine wave When a product produces distortion it does this at multiples of the power line frequency are generated
Harmonic EmissionsSimulation
Signal Monitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Harmonics Emissions Design Tips
Use power factor correction circuits The current and voltage wave forms need to be sinusoidal
FlickerEmissions
The term ldquoflickerrdquo applies touncontrolled intermittent Emissions It is also knownas surge emission ie light flicker
Flicker Emission Simulation
CurrentMonitoring
Device
Current monitoring
Coming from the device
Flicker Emissions Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
Intentional RadiatorsIntentional Radiators are subject to are subject to rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing interference and maximizing the interference and maximizing the available spectrumavailable spectrum
All other electrical products areAll other electrical products are non- non-intentional Radiatorsintentional Radiators such as such as electrical circuits are not designed to electrical circuits are not designed to generate RF energy but do As a result generate RF energy but do As a result they they couldcould interfere with other devices interfere with other devices
RADIATED RADIATED EMISSIONSEMISSIONS
RadiatedEmissions
Verifies that the products RF emissions do not exceed a level that will interfere with the operation of other electrical devices in the operating environment
Radiated EmissionsSimulation
Evaluation of Radiated Emissions at Your
Location ndash Clearance Requirements
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated EmissionsDesign Tips
ConductedEmissions
This is energy that is transmitted from an electrical device through the power cord and back into the electrical system
Conducted EmissionsSimulation
SignalMonitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
Non-Harmonized Non-Harmonized StandardsStandards
An example ndash American Standards (UL CSA ANSI Mil) Those standards are NOT published in the official
European Journal Have NOT been Adopted by the European Committee for
Standardization or the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
May Require the use of a 3rd party (Known as Notified Body) and possibly some additional documentation between testing and placing the CE mark on your product Normally there are additional costs involved
DDeclaration eclaration oof f CConformityonformity
DOCDOCA Legally Binding Document gt A sworn statement of fact lt
bull Contains a legal statement that the product complies with the requirements of the applicable Directives (Laws) and Standards (test methods)
bull Must be signed by a responsible person representing the Manufacturer Someone who is accountable for the design testing and validity of the DOC
Information Required Information Required on a on a
DDeclaration eclaration oof f CConformityonformity
Description of the system or product Model NumberPart Number Report number (supplied by the Test Lab) Directives Used (supplied by the Test Lab) Standards Used (supplied by the Test Lab) Signature of the Responsible Person On your Letter Head or another Company Document Dated and signed
TTechnical Documentationechnical DocumentationFFileile
A Technical File (TF) is a document that you must produce if you are challenged in the European union
Anyone can challenge you at any time without you knowing who it is
You have 8-10 days to produce this document and present it to the European Electrotechnical Commission If it is not produced in this time frame then you are considered to not be in compliance with any one of the directives used and face penalties
Penalties could lead towards any of the following Shipments Stopped at Port Fines Products Removed From the Markets No Further Sales Within the European Union Imprisonment
Typical Information Typical Information in a in a TTechnical echnical
Documentation Documentation FFileile EMC Test Report Product Safety Test Report OperatorsInstructionInstallation manual Electrical Wiring Diagram Schematics Mechanical Drawings Block diagrams Artwork Component Data Sheets Bill of Materials Declaration of Conformity Certificate
Note
These are controlled documents and proprietary documents that should be part of your document control
program
About 7 of the manufacturers importers
place unsafe productson the single market (Mc Millan)
A little tidbit ofInformation
RAPEXRapid Alert System for non-food products
httpeceuropaeuconsumersdynarapexrapex_encfm
Pilot system in cooperationwith other member states
wwwicsmsorg
PRODUCT ALERT
PROGRAMS
1048708General Content
bull Details of manufacturer nameaddressbull Description of the product Marking EC declaration of conformitybull Determination of the use (purpose)bull Warning on remaining dangers and miss use
Also gt Information on - - -
Transport installation assembly putting into operation trainingoperation maintaining and repairing dismantling recycling
amp if need be disposal
THEINSTRUCTION
MANUAL
MANUALLANGUAGE
REQUIREMENTS
The Language shall be acceptable by the Country in which the equipment is to be installed for use
The Documentation intended for use by Service personnel should be in English
Chinese
Spanish
English
German
French
FIVE COMMON LANUAGES
Cuidado
avertir
Warnung
Caution
警告 告誡
What are the BasicsFor an RFQ
Identify the countries you wish to place the product Draw a simple block diagram
DeviceOr System
ForEvaluation
220VAC50Hz5A
IO in from PC (3m)48VDC Motor Power (10m)
IO out to Actuator (15m)
List all electrical inputs amp outputs and identify if they are power or IO Provide the maximum lengths for each input amp output cable Identify any fluid gas or air requirements and pressures
120psi air inputCourtesy Power Outlet 220VAC
What Do You Need to do to Prepare
for Testing amp Evaluation
Provide adequate documentation to test the product
Ensure that the product functions as close as possible to normal operation for a continuous period of time
Typical EMC Supporting Documentation
Needs
Operating Manual or instruction sheet
Upper Level Schematic(s)
Typical Safety Supporting Documentation
Needs
Operating Manual or instruction sheet Upper Level Schematic(s) Outline of Your Mechanical Drawings Copies of the Labels Used on the Product Bill of Materials Artwork of PCB Trace Layout Critical Component Data Sheets such as Filters Power Supplies Transformers etc Lasers ndash CDRH or IEC 60825 report Pneumatic Drawings
The The EMCEMC DIRECTIVE DIRECTIVE
The Electro-Magnetic Compatibility applies to all electronic and electrical products manufactured
Compliance has been mandatory since January 1 1996
Simply stated - in order to comply with this Directive the product must have an adequate level of immunity amp shall not interfere with any other systems or products
EMCEMC is a is a natural conditionnatural condition that exists when that exists when electrical equipment is performing its designed electrical equipment is performing its designed functions functions
without without
ldquoldquoCausing tordquoCausing tordquo (Emissions) or ldquo (Emissions) or ldquosuffering fromsuffering fromrdquo rdquo (Immunity)(Immunity)
unacceptableunacceptable degradation due to electromagnetic degradation due to electromagnetic interference interference toto or or fromfrom other equipment other equipment
BASIC BASIC EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibilityompatibility
EMC (Electro-Magnetic Compatibility)2 conditions must be satisfied The device does not generate electromagnetic noise and does not malfunction due to extraneous noise
EMI (Electro-Magnetic Interference) The device does not generate electromagnetic noise beyond established levels EMS (Electro-Magnetic Susceptibility)The device does not abnormally malfunction due to extraneous noise within the environment the device will be used
EMC EMC -CONTINUED--CONTINUED-
ImmunityImmunityAKAAKA
SusceptibilitySusceptibility
helliphellipa condition that exists when equipment continues to a condition that exists when equipment continues to operate within operate within acceptable limits of performanceacceptable limits of performance when when exposed to interference in which the environment where exposed to interference in which the environment where it is usedit is used
gtgtgtgtFor ExampleltltltltgtgtgtgtFor Exampleltltltlt
Equipment may work fine in the home but may fail if it is Equipment may work fine in the home but may fail if it is placed inside a machine shop Why Equipment is placed inside a machine shop Why Equipment is immune to the immune to the low levellow level residential disturbances but not residential disturbances but not immune to immune to high levelhigh level industrial-strength disturbances industrial-strength disturbances
Emissions AKA
Noise Leaking Radio Frequency
A condition that exists when your equipment suffers from unacceptable degradation of performance as a result of electromagnetic interference gtgt For Example ltltgtgt For Example ltlt
Hospitals equipment have failed to operate or had false alarms due to electronic devices emitting EMI
An example you all can relate to - Cell Phones are now prohibited from use many hospitals locations
BASIC CONCEPTBASIC CONCEPT
Electromagnetic Fields Exist Everywhere
It is NORMAL
There are two paths
Radiated Airborne
amp
Conducted Wires
TYPICAL TYPICAL EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibility Testsompatibility Tests
- Radiated Immunity - Harmonics - Conducted Immunity - Flicker - Surge - Radiated Emissions - ESD - Conducted Emissions - EFT - Voltage Dips amp Interrupts
IMMUNITY TESTS EMISSIONS TESTS
Radiated Immunity
Evaluated by controlling a signal source and power levels to generate field levels over a defined set of frequencies
Radiated Immunity
Simulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated ImmunityDesign Tips
Conducted Immunity
Evaluates the productrsquos ability to resist electrical signals that may be generated by the switching of inductive loads or contactors
Conducted ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
Conducted ImmunityDesign Tips
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Are there IO line filters Use ferrites on cabling if needed Use multi-layer PCBs where possible Are you using a power line filter
Surge Immunity
This tests the equipmentrsquos level of resistance or immunity to surges caused by over voltages from switching and lightning transients
Surge ImmunitySimulation
ControlledPulse
Source
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Pulse injection
Use pre-approved power supplies Are there surge suppressors installed
Surge ImmunityDesign Tips
ESD Immunity
Electrostatic Discharges are applied to all relevant points while the apparatus is in operation These are appliedeither by air or by touch (contact)
ESD ImmunitySimulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Electro-static discharge
ESD ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground planeMake sure the AC mains has the 3rd wire Ground and is used If a plastic enclosure consider conductive coatings With keyboards consider using a ldquoback-planerdquo ground sheet
EFT(Electrical Fast Transients)
Immunity
EFT is a test process to demonstratethe equipmentrsquos resistance to line transients through the connecting leads simulating relay and contact bounce
EFT ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
EFT ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground plane Does your unit have a power line filter Are there transient suppression components employed on the PCBA Use shielded cables Employ multi-layer PCBs Use shielded cables
Voltage Dips amp Interrupts Immunity
Simulates voltage variations and interruptions caused by short circuits or rapid changes in power This may cause a sudden and extreme increase in current and a reduction in voltage
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Simulation
ControlledVoltageSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Voltage injection
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
HarmonicEmissions
Harmonics is a distortion of a normal sine wave When a product produces distortion it does this at multiples of the power line frequency are generated
Harmonic EmissionsSimulation
Signal Monitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Harmonics Emissions Design Tips
Use power factor correction circuits The current and voltage wave forms need to be sinusoidal
FlickerEmissions
The term ldquoflickerrdquo applies touncontrolled intermittent Emissions It is also knownas surge emission ie light flicker
Flicker Emission Simulation
CurrentMonitoring
Device
Current monitoring
Coming from the device
Flicker Emissions Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
Intentional RadiatorsIntentional Radiators are subject to are subject to rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing interference and maximizing the interference and maximizing the available spectrumavailable spectrum
All other electrical products areAll other electrical products are non- non-intentional Radiatorsintentional Radiators such as such as electrical circuits are not designed to electrical circuits are not designed to generate RF energy but do As a result generate RF energy but do As a result they they couldcould interfere with other devices interfere with other devices
RADIATED RADIATED EMISSIONSEMISSIONS
RadiatedEmissions
Verifies that the products RF emissions do not exceed a level that will interfere with the operation of other electrical devices in the operating environment
Radiated EmissionsSimulation
Evaluation of Radiated Emissions at Your
Location ndash Clearance Requirements
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated EmissionsDesign Tips
ConductedEmissions
This is energy that is transmitted from an electrical device through the power cord and back into the electrical system
Conducted EmissionsSimulation
SignalMonitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
DDeclaration eclaration oof f CConformityonformity
DOCDOCA Legally Binding Document gt A sworn statement of fact lt
bull Contains a legal statement that the product complies with the requirements of the applicable Directives (Laws) and Standards (test methods)
bull Must be signed by a responsible person representing the Manufacturer Someone who is accountable for the design testing and validity of the DOC
Information Required Information Required on a on a
DDeclaration eclaration oof f CConformityonformity
Description of the system or product Model NumberPart Number Report number (supplied by the Test Lab) Directives Used (supplied by the Test Lab) Standards Used (supplied by the Test Lab) Signature of the Responsible Person On your Letter Head or another Company Document Dated and signed
TTechnical Documentationechnical DocumentationFFileile
A Technical File (TF) is a document that you must produce if you are challenged in the European union
Anyone can challenge you at any time without you knowing who it is
You have 8-10 days to produce this document and present it to the European Electrotechnical Commission If it is not produced in this time frame then you are considered to not be in compliance with any one of the directives used and face penalties
Penalties could lead towards any of the following Shipments Stopped at Port Fines Products Removed From the Markets No Further Sales Within the European Union Imprisonment
Typical Information Typical Information in a in a TTechnical echnical
Documentation Documentation FFileile EMC Test Report Product Safety Test Report OperatorsInstructionInstallation manual Electrical Wiring Diagram Schematics Mechanical Drawings Block diagrams Artwork Component Data Sheets Bill of Materials Declaration of Conformity Certificate
Note
These are controlled documents and proprietary documents that should be part of your document control
program
About 7 of the manufacturers importers
place unsafe productson the single market (Mc Millan)
A little tidbit ofInformation
RAPEXRapid Alert System for non-food products
httpeceuropaeuconsumersdynarapexrapex_encfm
Pilot system in cooperationwith other member states
wwwicsmsorg
PRODUCT ALERT
PROGRAMS
1048708General Content
bull Details of manufacturer nameaddressbull Description of the product Marking EC declaration of conformitybull Determination of the use (purpose)bull Warning on remaining dangers and miss use
Also gt Information on - - -
Transport installation assembly putting into operation trainingoperation maintaining and repairing dismantling recycling
amp if need be disposal
THEINSTRUCTION
MANUAL
MANUALLANGUAGE
REQUIREMENTS
The Language shall be acceptable by the Country in which the equipment is to be installed for use
The Documentation intended for use by Service personnel should be in English
Chinese
Spanish
English
German
French
FIVE COMMON LANUAGES
Cuidado
avertir
Warnung
Caution
警告 告誡
What are the BasicsFor an RFQ
Identify the countries you wish to place the product Draw a simple block diagram
DeviceOr System
ForEvaluation
220VAC50Hz5A
IO in from PC (3m)48VDC Motor Power (10m)
IO out to Actuator (15m)
List all electrical inputs amp outputs and identify if they are power or IO Provide the maximum lengths for each input amp output cable Identify any fluid gas or air requirements and pressures
120psi air inputCourtesy Power Outlet 220VAC
What Do You Need to do to Prepare
for Testing amp Evaluation
Provide adequate documentation to test the product
Ensure that the product functions as close as possible to normal operation for a continuous period of time
Typical EMC Supporting Documentation
Needs
Operating Manual or instruction sheet
Upper Level Schematic(s)
Typical Safety Supporting Documentation
Needs
Operating Manual or instruction sheet Upper Level Schematic(s) Outline of Your Mechanical Drawings Copies of the Labels Used on the Product Bill of Materials Artwork of PCB Trace Layout Critical Component Data Sheets such as Filters Power Supplies Transformers etc Lasers ndash CDRH or IEC 60825 report Pneumatic Drawings
The The EMCEMC DIRECTIVE DIRECTIVE
The Electro-Magnetic Compatibility applies to all electronic and electrical products manufactured
Compliance has been mandatory since January 1 1996
Simply stated - in order to comply with this Directive the product must have an adequate level of immunity amp shall not interfere with any other systems or products
EMCEMC is a is a natural conditionnatural condition that exists when that exists when electrical equipment is performing its designed electrical equipment is performing its designed functions functions
without without
ldquoldquoCausing tordquoCausing tordquo (Emissions) or ldquo (Emissions) or ldquosuffering fromsuffering fromrdquo rdquo (Immunity)(Immunity)
unacceptableunacceptable degradation due to electromagnetic degradation due to electromagnetic interference interference toto or or fromfrom other equipment other equipment
BASIC BASIC EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibilityompatibility
EMC (Electro-Magnetic Compatibility)2 conditions must be satisfied The device does not generate electromagnetic noise and does not malfunction due to extraneous noise
EMI (Electro-Magnetic Interference) The device does not generate electromagnetic noise beyond established levels EMS (Electro-Magnetic Susceptibility)The device does not abnormally malfunction due to extraneous noise within the environment the device will be used
EMC EMC -CONTINUED--CONTINUED-
ImmunityImmunityAKAAKA
SusceptibilitySusceptibility
helliphellipa condition that exists when equipment continues to a condition that exists when equipment continues to operate within operate within acceptable limits of performanceacceptable limits of performance when when exposed to interference in which the environment where exposed to interference in which the environment where it is usedit is used
gtgtgtgtFor ExampleltltltltgtgtgtgtFor Exampleltltltlt
Equipment may work fine in the home but may fail if it is Equipment may work fine in the home but may fail if it is placed inside a machine shop Why Equipment is placed inside a machine shop Why Equipment is immune to the immune to the low levellow level residential disturbances but not residential disturbances but not immune to immune to high levelhigh level industrial-strength disturbances industrial-strength disturbances
Emissions AKA
Noise Leaking Radio Frequency
A condition that exists when your equipment suffers from unacceptable degradation of performance as a result of electromagnetic interference gtgt For Example ltltgtgt For Example ltlt
Hospitals equipment have failed to operate or had false alarms due to electronic devices emitting EMI
An example you all can relate to - Cell Phones are now prohibited from use many hospitals locations
BASIC CONCEPTBASIC CONCEPT
Electromagnetic Fields Exist Everywhere
It is NORMAL
There are two paths
Radiated Airborne
amp
Conducted Wires
TYPICAL TYPICAL EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibility Testsompatibility Tests
- Radiated Immunity - Harmonics - Conducted Immunity - Flicker - Surge - Radiated Emissions - ESD - Conducted Emissions - EFT - Voltage Dips amp Interrupts
IMMUNITY TESTS EMISSIONS TESTS
Radiated Immunity
Evaluated by controlling a signal source and power levels to generate field levels over a defined set of frequencies
Radiated Immunity
Simulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated ImmunityDesign Tips
Conducted Immunity
Evaluates the productrsquos ability to resist electrical signals that may be generated by the switching of inductive loads or contactors
Conducted ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
Conducted ImmunityDesign Tips
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Are there IO line filters Use ferrites on cabling if needed Use multi-layer PCBs where possible Are you using a power line filter
Surge Immunity
This tests the equipmentrsquos level of resistance or immunity to surges caused by over voltages from switching and lightning transients
Surge ImmunitySimulation
ControlledPulse
Source
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Pulse injection
Use pre-approved power supplies Are there surge suppressors installed
Surge ImmunityDesign Tips
ESD Immunity
Electrostatic Discharges are applied to all relevant points while the apparatus is in operation These are appliedeither by air or by touch (contact)
ESD ImmunitySimulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Electro-static discharge
ESD ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground planeMake sure the AC mains has the 3rd wire Ground and is used If a plastic enclosure consider conductive coatings With keyboards consider using a ldquoback-planerdquo ground sheet
EFT(Electrical Fast Transients)
Immunity
EFT is a test process to demonstratethe equipmentrsquos resistance to line transients through the connecting leads simulating relay and contact bounce
EFT ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
EFT ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground plane Does your unit have a power line filter Are there transient suppression components employed on the PCBA Use shielded cables Employ multi-layer PCBs Use shielded cables
Voltage Dips amp Interrupts Immunity
Simulates voltage variations and interruptions caused by short circuits or rapid changes in power This may cause a sudden and extreme increase in current and a reduction in voltage
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Simulation
ControlledVoltageSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Voltage injection
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
HarmonicEmissions
Harmonics is a distortion of a normal sine wave When a product produces distortion it does this at multiples of the power line frequency are generated
Harmonic EmissionsSimulation
Signal Monitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Harmonics Emissions Design Tips
Use power factor correction circuits The current and voltage wave forms need to be sinusoidal
FlickerEmissions
The term ldquoflickerrdquo applies touncontrolled intermittent Emissions It is also knownas surge emission ie light flicker
Flicker Emission Simulation
CurrentMonitoring
Device
Current monitoring
Coming from the device
Flicker Emissions Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
Intentional RadiatorsIntentional Radiators are subject to are subject to rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing interference and maximizing the interference and maximizing the available spectrumavailable spectrum
All other electrical products areAll other electrical products are non- non-intentional Radiatorsintentional Radiators such as such as electrical circuits are not designed to electrical circuits are not designed to generate RF energy but do As a result generate RF energy but do As a result they they couldcould interfere with other devices interfere with other devices
RADIATED RADIATED EMISSIONSEMISSIONS
RadiatedEmissions
Verifies that the products RF emissions do not exceed a level that will interfere with the operation of other electrical devices in the operating environment
Radiated EmissionsSimulation
Evaluation of Radiated Emissions at Your
Location ndash Clearance Requirements
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated EmissionsDesign Tips
ConductedEmissions
This is energy that is transmitted from an electrical device through the power cord and back into the electrical system
Conducted EmissionsSimulation
SignalMonitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
Information Required Information Required on a on a
DDeclaration eclaration oof f CConformityonformity
Description of the system or product Model NumberPart Number Report number (supplied by the Test Lab) Directives Used (supplied by the Test Lab) Standards Used (supplied by the Test Lab) Signature of the Responsible Person On your Letter Head or another Company Document Dated and signed
TTechnical Documentationechnical DocumentationFFileile
A Technical File (TF) is a document that you must produce if you are challenged in the European union
Anyone can challenge you at any time without you knowing who it is
You have 8-10 days to produce this document and present it to the European Electrotechnical Commission If it is not produced in this time frame then you are considered to not be in compliance with any one of the directives used and face penalties
Penalties could lead towards any of the following Shipments Stopped at Port Fines Products Removed From the Markets No Further Sales Within the European Union Imprisonment
Typical Information Typical Information in a in a TTechnical echnical
Documentation Documentation FFileile EMC Test Report Product Safety Test Report OperatorsInstructionInstallation manual Electrical Wiring Diagram Schematics Mechanical Drawings Block diagrams Artwork Component Data Sheets Bill of Materials Declaration of Conformity Certificate
Note
These are controlled documents and proprietary documents that should be part of your document control
program
About 7 of the manufacturers importers
place unsafe productson the single market (Mc Millan)
A little tidbit ofInformation
RAPEXRapid Alert System for non-food products
httpeceuropaeuconsumersdynarapexrapex_encfm
Pilot system in cooperationwith other member states
wwwicsmsorg
PRODUCT ALERT
PROGRAMS
1048708General Content
bull Details of manufacturer nameaddressbull Description of the product Marking EC declaration of conformitybull Determination of the use (purpose)bull Warning on remaining dangers and miss use
Also gt Information on - - -
Transport installation assembly putting into operation trainingoperation maintaining and repairing dismantling recycling
amp if need be disposal
THEINSTRUCTION
MANUAL
MANUALLANGUAGE
REQUIREMENTS
The Language shall be acceptable by the Country in which the equipment is to be installed for use
The Documentation intended for use by Service personnel should be in English
Chinese
Spanish
English
German
French
FIVE COMMON LANUAGES
Cuidado
avertir
Warnung
Caution
警告 告誡
What are the BasicsFor an RFQ
Identify the countries you wish to place the product Draw a simple block diagram
DeviceOr System
ForEvaluation
220VAC50Hz5A
IO in from PC (3m)48VDC Motor Power (10m)
IO out to Actuator (15m)
List all electrical inputs amp outputs and identify if they are power or IO Provide the maximum lengths for each input amp output cable Identify any fluid gas or air requirements and pressures
120psi air inputCourtesy Power Outlet 220VAC
What Do You Need to do to Prepare
for Testing amp Evaluation
Provide adequate documentation to test the product
Ensure that the product functions as close as possible to normal operation for a continuous period of time
Typical EMC Supporting Documentation
Needs
Operating Manual or instruction sheet
Upper Level Schematic(s)
Typical Safety Supporting Documentation
Needs
Operating Manual or instruction sheet Upper Level Schematic(s) Outline of Your Mechanical Drawings Copies of the Labels Used on the Product Bill of Materials Artwork of PCB Trace Layout Critical Component Data Sheets such as Filters Power Supplies Transformers etc Lasers ndash CDRH or IEC 60825 report Pneumatic Drawings
The The EMCEMC DIRECTIVE DIRECTIVE
The Electro-Magnetic Compatibility applies to all electronic and electrical products manufactured
Compliance has been mandatory since January 1 1996
Simply stated - in order to comply with this Directive the product must have an adequate level of immunity amp shall not interfere with any other systems or products
EMCEMC is a is a natural conditionnatural condition that exists when that exists when electrical equipment is performing its designed electrical equipment is performing its designed functions functions
without without
ldquoldquoCausing tordquoCausing tordquo (Emissions) or ldquo (Emissions) or ldquosuffering fromsuffering fromrdquo rdquo (Immunity)(Immunity)
unacceptableunacceptable degradation due to electromagnetic degradation due to electromagnetic interference interference toto or or fromfrom other equipment other equipment
BASIC BASIC EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibilityompatibility
EMC (Electro-Magnetic Compatibility)2 conditions must be satisfied The device does not generate electromagnetic noise and does not malfunction due to extraneous noise
EMI (Electro-Magnetic Interference) The device does not generate electromagnetic noise beyond established levels EMS (Electro-Magnetic Susceptibility)The device does not abnormally malfunction due to extraneous noise within the environment the device will be used
EMC EMC -CONTINUED--CONTINUED-
ImmunityImmunityAKAAKA
SusceptibilitySusceptibility
helliphellipa condition that exists when equipment continues to a condition that exists when equipment continues to operate within operate within acceptable limits of performanceacceptable limits of performance when when exposed to interference in which the environment where exposed to interference in which the environment where it is usedit is used
gtgtgtgtFor ExampleltltltltgtgtgtgtFor Exampleltltltlt
Equipment may work fine in the home but may fail if it is Equipment may work fine in the home but may fail if it is placed inside a machine shop Why Equipment is placed inside a machine shop Why Equipment is immune to the immune to the low levellow level residential disturbances but not residential disturbances but not immune to immune to high levelhigh level industrial-strength disturbances industrial-strength disturbances
Emissions AKA
Noise Leaking Radio Frequency
A condition that exists when your equipment suffers from unacceptable degradation of performance as a result of electromagnetic interference gtgt For Example ltltgtgt For Example ltlt
Hospitals equipment have failed to operate or had false alarms due to electronic devices emitting EMI
An example you all can relate to - Cell Phones are now prohibited from use many hospitals locations
BASIC CONCEPTBASIC CONCEPT
Electromagnetic Fields Exist Everywhere
It is NORMAL
There are two paths
Radiated Airborne
amp
Conducted Wires
TYPICAL TYPICAL EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibility Testsompatibility Tests
- Radiated Immunity - Harmonics - Conducted Immunity - Flicker - Surge - Radiated Emissions - ESD - Conducted Emissions - EFT - Voltage Dips amp Interrupts
IMMUNITY TESTS EMISSIONS TESTS
Radiated Immunity
Evaluated by controlling a signal source and power levels to generate field levels over a defined set of frequencies
Radiated Immunity
Simulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated ImmunityDesign Tips
Conducted Immunity
Evaluates the productrsquos ability to resist electrical signals that may be generated by the switching of inductive loads or contactors
Conducted ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
Conducted ImmunityDesign Tips
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Are there IO line filters Use ferrites on cabling if needed Use multi-layer PCBs where possible Are you using a power line filter
Surge Immunity
This tests the equipmentrsquos level of resistance or immunity to surges caused by over voltages from switching and lightning transients
Surge ImmunitySimulation
ControlledPulse
Source
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Pulse injection
Use pre-approved power supplies Are there surge suppressors installed
Surge ImmunityDesign Tips
ESD Immunity
Electrostatic Discharges are applied to all relevant points while the apparatus is in operation These are appliedeither by air or by touch (contact)
ESD ImmunitySimulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Electro-static discharge
ESD ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground planeMake sure the AC mains has the 3rd wire Ground and is used If a plastic enclosure consider conductive coatings With keyboards consider using a ldquoback-planerdquo ground sheet
EFT(Electrical Fast Transients)
Immunity
EFT is a test process to demonstratethe equipmentrsquos resistance to line transients through the connecting leads simulating relay and contact bounce
EFT ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
EFT ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground plane Does your unit have a power line filter Are there transient suppression components employed on the PCBA Use shielded cables Employ multi-layer PCBs Use shielded cables
Voltage Dips amp Interrupts Immunity
Simulates voltage variations and interruptions caused by short circuits or rapid changes in power This may cause a sudden and extreme increase in current and a reduction in voltage
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Simulation
ControlledVoltageSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Voltage injection
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
HarmonicEmissions
Harmonics is a distortion of a normal sine wave When a product produces distortion it does this at multiples of the power line frequency are generated
Harmonic EmissionsSimulation
Signal Monitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Harmonics Emissions Design Tips
Use power factor correction circuits The current and voltage wave forms need to be sinusoidal
FlickerEmissions
The term ldquoflickerrdquo applies touncontrolled intermittent Emissions It is also knownas surge emission ie light flicker
Flicker Emission Simulation
CurrentMonitoring
Device
Current monitoring
Coming from the device
Flicker Emissions Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
Intentional RadiatorsIntentional Radiators are subject to are subject to rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing interference and maximizing the interference and maximizing the available spectrumavailable spectrum
All other electrical products areAll other electrical products are non- non-intentional Radiatorsintentional Radiators such as such as electrical circuits are not designed to electrical circuits are not designed to generate RF energy but do As a result generate RF energy but do As a result they they couldcould interfere with other devices interfere with other devices
RADIATED RADIATED EMISSIONSEMISSIONS
RadiatedEmissions
Verifies that the products RF emissions do not exceed a level that will interfere with the operation of other electrical devices in the operating environment
Radiated EmissionsSimulation
Evaluation of Radiated Emissions at Your
Location ndash Clearance Requirements
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated EmissionsDesign Tips
ConductedEmissions
This is energy that is transmitted from an electrical device through the power cord and back into the electrical system
Conducted EmissionsSimulation
SignalMonitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
TTechnical Documentationechnical DocumentationFFileile
A Technical File (TF) is a document that you must produce if you are challenged in the European union
Anyone can challenge you at any time without you knowing who it is
You have 8-10 days to produce this document and present it to the European Electrotechnical Commission If it is not produced in this time frame then you are considered to not be in compliance with any one of the directives used and face penalties
Penalties could lead towards any of the following Shipments Stopped at Port Fines Products Removed From the Markets No Further Sales Within the European Union Imprisonment
Typical Information Typical Information in a in a TTechnical echnical
Documentation Documentation FFileile EMC Test Report Product Safety Test Report OperatorsInstructionInstallation manual Electrical Wiring Diagram Schematics Mechanical Drawings Block diagrams Artwork Component Data Sheets Bill of Materials Declaration of Conformity Certificate
Note
These are controlled documents and proprietary documents that should be part of your document control
program
About 7 of the manufacturers importers
place unsafe productson the single market (Mc Millan)
A little tidbit ofInformation
RAPEXRapid Alert System for non-food products
httpeceuropaeuconsumersdynarapexrapex_encfm
Pilot system in cooperationwith other member states
wwwicsmsorg
PRODUCT ALERT
PROGRAMS
1048708General Content
bull Details of manufacturer nameaddressbull Description of the product Marking EC declaration of conformitybull Determination of the use (purpose)bull Warning on remaining dangers and miss use
Also gt Information on - - -
Transport installation assembly putting into operation trainingoperation maintaining and repairing dismantling recycling
amp if need be disposal
THEINSTRUCTION
MANUAL
MANUALLANGUAGE
REQUIREMENTS
The Language shall be acceptable by the Country in which the equipment is to be installed for use
The Documentation intended for use by Service personnel should be in English
Chinese
Spanish
English
German
French
FIVE COMMON LANUAGES
Cuidado
avertir
Warnung
Caution
警告 告誡
What are the BasicsFor an RFQ
Identify the countries you wish to place the product Draw a simple block diagram
DeviceOr System
ForEvaluation
220VAC50Hz5A
IO in from PC (3m)48VDC Motor Power (10m)
IO out to Actuator (15m)
List all electrical inputs amp outputs and identify if they are power or IO Provide the maximum lengths for each input amp output cable Identify any fluid gas or air requirements and pressures
120psi air inputCourtesy Power Outlet 220VAC
What Do You Need to do to Prepare
for Testing amp Evaluation
Provide adequate documentation to test the product
Ensure that the product functions as close as possible to normal operation for a continuous period of time
Typical EMC Supporting Documentation
Needs
Operating Manual or instruction sheet
Upper Level Schematic(s)
Typical Safety Supporting Documentation
Needs
Operating Manual or instruction sheet Upper Level Schematic(s) Outline of Your Mechanical Drawings Copies of the Labels Used on the Product Bill of Materials Artwork of PCB Trace Layout Critical Component Data Sheets such as Filters Power Supplies Transformers etc Lasers ndash CDRH or IEC 60825 report Pneumatic Drawings
The The EMCEMC DIRECTIVE DIRECTIVE
The Electro-Magnetic Compatibility applies to all electronic and electrical products manufactured
Compliance has been mandatory since January 1 1996
Simply stated - in order to comply with this Directive the product must have an adequate level of immunity amp shall not interfere with any other systems or products
EMCEMC is a is a natural conditionnatural condition that exists when that exists when electrical equipment is performing its designed electrical equipment is performing its designed functions functions
without without
ldquoldquoCausing tordquoCausing tordquo (Emissions) or ldquo (Emissions) or ldquosuffering fromsuffering fromrdquo rdquo (Immunity)(Immunity)
unacceptableunacceptable degradation due to electromagnetic degradation due to electromagnetic interference interference toto or or fromfrom other equipment other equipment
BASIC BASIC EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibilityompatibility
EMC (Electro-Magnetic Compatibility)2 conditions must be satisfied The device does not generate electromagnetic noise and does not malfunction due to extraneous noise
EMI (Electro-Magnetic Interference) The device does not generate electromagnetic noise beyond established levels EMS (Electro-Magnetic Susceptibility)The device does not abnormally malfunction due to extraneous noise within the environment the device will be used
EMC EMC -CONTINUED--CONTINUED-
ImmunityImmunityAKAAKA
SusceptibilitySusceptibility
helliphellipa condition that exists when equipment continues to a condition that exists when equipment continues to operate within operate within acceptable limits of performanceacceptable limits of performance when when exposed to interference in which the environment where exposed to interference in which the environment where it is usedit is used
gtgtgtgtFor ExampleltltltltgtgtgtgtFor Exampleltltltlt
Equipment may work fine in the home but may fail if it is Equipment may work fine in the home but may fail if it is placed inside a machine shop Why Equipment is placed inside a machine shop Why Equipment is immune to the immune to the low levellow level residential disturbances but not residential disturbances but not immune to immune to high levelhigh level industrial-strength disturbances industrial-strength disturbances
Emissions AKA
Noise Leaking Radio Frequency
A condition that exists when your equipment suffers from unacceptable degradation of performance as a result of electromagnetic interference gtgt For Example ltltgtgt For Example ltlt
Hospitals equipment have failed to operate or had false alarms due to electronic devices emitting EMI
An example you all can relate to - Cell Phones are now prohibited from use many hospitals locations
BASIC CONCEPTBASIC CONCEPT
Electromagnetic Fields Exist Everywhere
It is NORMAL
There are two paths
Radiated Airborne
amp
Conducted Wires
TYPICAL TYPICAL EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibility Testsompatibility Tests
- Radiated Immunity - Harmonics - Conducted Immunity - Flicker - Surge - Radiated Emissions - ESD - Conducted Emissions - EFT - Voltage Dips amp Interrupts
IMMUNITY TESTS EMISSIONS TESTS
Radiated Immunity
Evaluated by controlling a signal source and power levels to generate field levels over a defined set of frequencies
Radiated Immunity
Simulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated ImmunityDesign Tips
Conducted Immunity
Evaluates the productrsquos ability to resist electrical signals that may be generated by the switching of inductive loads or contactors
Conducted ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
Conducted ImmunityDesign Tips
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Are there IO line filters Use ferrites on cabling if needed Use multi-layer PCBs where possible Are you using a power line filter
Surge Immunity
This tests the equipmentrsquos level of resistance or immunity to surges caused by over voltages from switching and lightning transients
Surge ImmunitySimulation
ControlledPulse
Source
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Pulse injection
Use pre-approved power supplies Are there surge suppressors installed
Surge ImmunityDesign Tips
ESD Immunity
Electrostatic Discharges are applied to all relevant points while the apparatus is in operation These are appliedeither by air or by touch (contact)
ESD ImmunitySimulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Electro-static discharge
ESD ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground planeMake sure the AC mains has the 3rd wire Ground and is used If a plastic enclosure consider conductive coatings With keyboards consider using a ldquoback-planerdquo ground sheet
EFT(Electrical Fast Transients)
Immunity
EFT is a test process to demonstratethe equipmentrsquos resistance to line transients through the connecting leads simulating relay and contact bounce
EFT ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
EFT ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground plane Does your unit have a power line filter Are there transient suppression components employed on the PCBA Use shielded cables Employ multi-layer PCBs Use shielded cables
Voltage Dips amp Interrupts Immunity
Simulates voltage variations and interruptions caused by short circuits or rapid changes in power This may cause a sudden and extreme increase in current and a reduction in voltage
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Simulation
ControlledVoltageSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Voltage injection
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
HarmonicEmissions
Harmonics is a distortion of a normal sine wave When a product produces distortion it does this at multiples of the power line frequency are generated
Harmonic EmissionsSimulation
Signal Monitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Harmonics Emissions Design Tips
Use power factor correction circuits The current and voltage wave forms need to be sinusoidal
FlickerEmissions
The term ldquoflickerrdquo applies touncontrolled intermittent Emissions It is also knownas surge emission ie light flicker
Flicker Emission Simulation
CurrentMonitoring
Device
Current monitoring
Coming from the device
Flicker Emissions Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
Intentional RadiatorsIntentional Radiators are subject to are subject to rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing interference and maximizing the interference and maximizing the available spectrumavailable spectrum
All other electrical products areAll other electrical products are non- non-intentional Radiatorsintentional Radiators such as such as electrical circuits are not designed to electrical circuits are not designed to generate RF energy but do As a result generate RF energy but do As a result they they couldcould interfere with other devices interfere with other devices
RADIATED RADIATED EMISSIONSEMISSIONS
RadiatedEmissions
Verifies that the products RF emissions do not exceed a level that will interfere with the operation of other electrical devices in the operating environment
Radiated EmissionsSimulation
Evaluation of Radiated Emissions at Your
Location ndash Clearance Requirements
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated EmissionsDesign Tips
ConductedEmissions
This is energy that is transmitted from an electrical device through the power cord and back into the electrical system
Conducted EmissionsSimulation
SignalMonitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
Typical Information Typical Information in a in a TTechnical echnical
Documentation Documentation FFileile EMC Test Report Product Safety Test Report OperatorsInstructionInstallation manual Electrical Wiring Diagram Schematics Mechanical Drawings Block diagrams Artwork Component Data Sheets Bill of Materials Declaration of Conformity Certificate
Note
These are controlled documents and proprietary documents that should be part of your document control
program
About 7 of the manufacturers importers
place unsafe productson the single market (Mc Millan)
A little tidbit ofInformation
RAPEXRapid Alert System for non-food products
httpeceuropaeuconsumersdynarapexrapex_encfm
Pilot system in cooperationwith other member states
wwwicsmsorg
PRODUCT ALERT
PROGRAMS
1048708General Content
bull Details of manufacturer nameaddressbull Description of the product Marking EC declaration of conformitybull Determination of the use (purpose)bull Warning on remaining dangers and miss use
Also gt Information on - - -
Transport installation assembly putting into operation trainingoperation maintaining and repairing dismantling recycling
amp if need be disposal
THEINSTRUCTION
MANUAL
MANUALLANGUAGE
REQUIREMENTS
The Language shall be acceptable by the Country in which the equipment is to be installed for use
The Documentation intended for use by Service personnel should be in English
Chinese
Spanish
English
German
French
FIVE COMMON LANUAGES
Cuidado
avertir
Warnung
Caution
警告 告誡
What are the BasicsFor an RFQ
Identify the countries you wish to place the product Draw a simple block diagram
DeviceOr System
ForEvaluation
220VAC50Hz5A
IO in from PC (3m)48VDC Motor Power (10m)
IO out to Actuator (15m)
List all electrical inputs amp outputs and identify if they are power or IO Provide the maximum lengths for each input amp output cable Identify any fluid gas or air requirements and pressures
120psi air inputCourtesy Power Outlet 220VAC
What Do You Need to do to Prepare
for Testing amp Evaluation
Provide adequate documentation to test the product
Ensure that the product functions as close as possible to normal operation for a continuous period of time
Typical EMC Supporting Documentation
Needs
Operating Manual or instruction sheet
Upper Level Schematic(s)
Typical Safety Supporting Documentation
Needs
Operating Manual or instruction sheet Upper Level Schematic(s) Outline of Your Mechanical Drawings Copies of the Labels Used on the Product Bill of Materials Artwork of PCB Trace Layout Critical Component Data Sheets such as Filters Power Supplies Transformers etc Lasers ndash CDRH or IEC 60825 report Pneumatic Drawings
The The EMCEMC DIRECTIVE DIRECTIVE
The Electro-Magnetic Compatibility applies to all electronic and electrical products manufactured
Compliance has been mandatory since January 1 1996
Simply stated - in order to comply with this Directive the product must have an adequate level of immunity amp shall not interfere with any other systems or products
EMCEMC is a is a natural conditionnatural condition that exists when that exists when electrical equipment is performing its designed electrical equipment is performing its designed functions functions
without without
ldquoldquoCausing tordquoCausing tordquo (Emissions) or ldquo (Emissions) or ldquosuffering fromsuffering fromrdquo rdquo (Immunity)(Immunity)
unacceptableunacceptable degradation due to electromagnetic degradation due to electromagnetic interference interference toto or or fromfrom other equipment other equipment
BASIC BASIC EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibilityompatibility
EMC (Electro-Magnetic Compatibility)2 conditions must be satisfied The device does not generate electromagnetic noise and does not malfunction due to extraneous noise
EMI (Electro-Magnetic Interference) The device does not generate electromagnetic noise beyond established levels EMS (Electro-Magnetic Susceptibility)The device does not abnormally malfunction due to extraneous noise within the environment the device will be used
EMC EMC -CONTINUED--CONTINUED-
ImmunityImmunityAKAAKA
SusceptibilitySusceptibility
helliphellipa condition that exists when equipment continues to a condition that exists when equipment continues to operate within operate within acceptable limits of performanceacceptable limits of performance when when exposed to interference in which the environment where exposed to interference in which the environment where it is usedit is used
gtgtgtgtFor ExampleltltltltgtgtgtgtFor Exampleltltltlt
Equipment may work fine in the home but may fail if it is Equipment may work fine in the home but may fail if it is placed inside a machine shop Why Equipment is placed inside a machine shop Why Equipment is immune to the immune to the low levellow level residential disturbances but not residential disturbances but not immune to immune to high levelhigh level industrial-strength disturbances industrial-strength disturbances
Emissions AKA
Noise Leaking Radio Frequency
A condition that exists when your equipment suffers from unacceptable degradation of performance as a result of electromagnetic interference gtgt For Example ltltgtgt For Example ltlt
Hospitals equipment have failed to operate or had false alarms due to electronic devices emitting EMI
An example you all can relate to - Cell Phones are now prohibited from use many hospitals locations
BASIC CONCEPTBASIC CONCEPT
Electromagnetic Fields Exist Everywhere
It is NORMAL
There are two paths
Radiated Airborne
amp
Conducted Wires
TYPICAL TYPICAL EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibility Testsompatibility Tests
- Radiated Immunity - Harmonics - Conducted Immunity - Flicker - Surge - Radiated Emissions - ESD - Conducted Emissions - EFT - Voltage Dips amp Interrupts
IMMUNITY TESTS EMISSIONS TESTS
Radiated Immunity
Evaluated by controlling a signal source and power levels to generate field levels over a defined set of frequencies
Radiated Immunity
Simulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated ImmunityDesign Tips
Conducted Immunity
Evaluates the productrsquos ability to resist electrical signals that may be generated by the switching of inductive loads or contactors
Conducted ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
Conducted ImmunityDesign Tips
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Are there IO line filters Use ferrites on cabling if needed Use multi-layer PCBs where possible Are you using a power line filter
Surge Immunity
This tests the equipmentrsquos level of resistance or immunity to surges caused by over voltages from switching and lightning transients
Surge ImmunitySimulation
ControlledPulse
Source
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Pulse injection
Use pre-approved power supplies Are there surge suppressors installed
Surge ImmunityDesign Tips
ESD Immunity
Electrostatic Discharges are applied to all relevant points while the apparatus is in operation These are appliedeither by air or by touch (contact)
ESD ImmunitySimulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Electro-static discharge
ESD ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground planeMake sure the AC mains has the 3rd wire Ground and is used If a plastic enclosure consider conductive coatings With keyboards consider using a ldquoback-planerdquo ground sheet
EFT(Electrical Fast Transients)
Immunity
EFT is a test process to demonstratethe equipmentrsquos resistance to line transients through the connecting leads simulating relay and contact bounce
EFT ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
EFT ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground plane Does your unit have a power line filter Are there transient suppression components employed on the PCBA Use shielded cables Employ multi-layer PCBs Use shielded cables
Voltage Dips amp Interrupts Immunity
Simulates voltage variations and interruptions caused by short circuits or rapid changes in power This may cause a sudden and extreme increase in current and a reduction in voltage
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Simulation
ControlledVoltageSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Voltage injection
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
HarmonicEmissions
Harmonics is a distortion of a normal sine wave When a product produces distortion it does this at multiples of the power line frequency are generated
Harmonic EmissionsSimulation
Signal Monitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Harmonics Emissions Design Tips
Use power factor correction circuits The current and voltage wave forms need to be sinusoidal
FlickerEmissions
The term ldquoflickerrdquo applies touncontrolled intermittent Emissions It is also knownas surge emission ie light flicker
Flicker Emission Simulation
CurrentMonitoring
Device
Current monitoring
Coming from the device
Flicker Emissions Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
Intentional RadiatorsIntentional Radiators are subject to are subject to rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing interference and maximizing the interference and maximizing the available spectrumavailable spectrum
All other electrical products areAll other electrical products are non- non-intentional Radiatorsintentional Radiators such as such as electrical circuits are not designed to electrical circuits are not designed to generate RF energy but do As a result generate RF energy but do As a result they they couldcould interfere with other devices interfere with other devices
RADIATED RADIATED EMISSIONSEMISSIONS
RadiatedEmissions
Verifies that the products RF emissions do not exceed a level that will interfere with the operation of other electrical devices in the operating environment
Radiated EmissionsSimulation
Evaluation of Radiated Emissions at Your
Location ndash Clearance Requirements
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated EmissionsDesign Tips
ConductedEmissions
This is energy that is transmitted from an electrical device through the power cord and back into the electrical system
Conducted EmissionsSimulation
SignalMonitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
About 7 of the manufacturers importers
place unsafe productson the single market (Mc Millan)
A little tidbit ofInformation
RAPEXRapid Alert System for non-food products
httpeceuropaeuconsumersdynarapexrapex_encfm
Pilot system in cooperationwith other member states
wwwicsmsorg
PRODUCT ALERT
PROGRAMS
1048708General Content
bull Details of manufacturer nameaddressbull Description of the product Marking EC declaration of conformitybull Determination of the use (purpose)bull Warning on remaining dangers and miss use
Also gt Information on - - -
Transport installation assembly putting into operation trainingoperation maintaining and repairing dismantling recycling
amp if need be disposal
THEINSTRUCTION
MANUAL
MANUALLANGUAGE
REQUIREMENTS
The Language shall be acceptable by the Country in which the equipment is to be installed for use
The Documentation intended for use by Service personnel should be in English
Chinese
Spanish
English
German
French
FIVE COMMON LANUAGES
Cuidado
avertir
Warnung
Caution
警告 告誡
What are the BasicsFor an RFQ
Identify the countries you wish to place the product Draw a simple block diagram
DeviceOr System
ForEvaluation
220VAC50Hz5A
IO in from PC (3m)48VDC Motor Power (10m)
IO out to Actuator (15m)
List all electrical inputs amp outputs and identify if they are power or IO Provide the maximum lengths for each input amp output cable Identify any fluid gas or air requirements and pressures
120psi air inputCourtesy Power Outlet 220VAC
What Do You Need to do to Prepare
for Testing amp Evaluation
Provide adequate documentation to test the product
Ensure that the product functions as close as possible to normal operation for a continuous period of time
Typical EMC Supporting Documentation
Needs
Operating Manual or instruction sheet
Upper Level Schematic(s)
Typical Safety Supporting Documentation
Needs
Operating Manual or instruction sheet Upper Level Schematic(s) Outline of Your Mechanical Drawings Copies of the Labels Used on the Product Bill of Materials Artwork of PCB Trace Layout Critical Component Data Sheets such as Filters Power Supplies Transformers etc Lasers ndash CDRH or IEC 60825 report Pneumatic Drawings
The The EMCEMC DIRECTIVE DIRECTIVE
The Electro-Magnetic Compatibility applies to all electronic and electrical products manufactured
Compliance has been mandatory since January 1 1996
Simply stated - in order to comply with this Directive the product must have an adequate level of immunity amp shall not interfere with any other systems or products
EMCEMC is a is a natural conditionnatural condition that exists when that exists when electrical equipment is performing its designed electrical equipment is performing its designed functions functions
without without
ldquoldquoCausing tordquoCausing tordquo (Emissions) or ldquo (Emissions) or ldquosuffering fromsuffering fromrdquo rdquo (Immunity)(Immunity)
unacceptableunacceptable degradation due to electromagnetic degradation due to electromagnetic interference interference toto or or fromfrom other equipment other equipment
BASIC BASIC EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibilityompatibility
EMC (Electro-Magnetic Compatibility)2 conditions must be satisfied The device does not generate electromagnetic noise and does not malfunction due to extraneous noise
EMI (Electro-Magnetic Interference) The device does not generate electromagnetic noise beyond established levels EMS (Electro-Magnetic Susceptibility)The device does not abnormally malfunction due to extraneous noise within the environment the device will be used
EMC EMC -CONTINUED--CONTINUED-
ImmunityImmunityAKAAKA
SusceptibilitySusceptibility
helliphellipa condition that exists when equipment continues to a condition that exists when equipment continues to operate within operate within acceptable limits of performanceacceptable limits of performance when when exposed to interference in which the environment where exposed to interference in which the environment where it is usedit is used
gtgtgtgtFor ExampleltltltltgtgtgtgtFor Exampleltltltlt
Equipment may work fine in the home but may fail if it is Equipment may work fine in the home but may fail if it is placed inside a machine shop Why Equipment is placed inside a machine shop Why Equipment is immune to the immune to the low levellow level residential disturbances but not residential disturbances but not immune to immune to high levelhigh level industrial-strength disturbances industrial-strength disturbances
Emissions AKA
Noise Leaking Radio Frequency
A condition that exists when your equipment suffers from unacceptable degradation of performance as a result of electromagnetic interference gtgt For Example ltltgtgt For Example ltlt
Hospitals equipment have failed to operate or had false alarms due to electronic devices emitting EMI
An example you all can relate to - Cell Phones are now prohibited from use many hospitals locations
BASIC CONCEPTBASIC CONCEPT
Electromagnetic Fields Exist Everywhere
It is NORMAL
There are two paths
Radiated Airborne
amp
Conducted Wires
TYPICAL TYPICAL EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibility Testsompatibility Tests
- Radiated Immunity - Harmonics - Conducted Immunity - Flicker - Surge - Radiated Emissions - ESD - Conducted Emissions - EFT - Voltage Dips amp Interrupts
IMMUNITY TESTS EMISSIONS TESTS
Radiated Immunity
Evaluated by controlling a signal source and power levels to generate field levels over a defined set of frequencies
Radiated Immunity
Simulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated ImmunityDesign Tips
Conducted Immunity
Evaluates the productrsquos ability to resist electrical signals that may be generated by the switching of inductive loads or contactors
Conducted ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
Conducted ImmunityDesign Tips
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Are there IO line filters Use ferrites on cabling if needed Use multi-layer PCBs where possible Are you using a power line filter
Surge Immunity
This tests the equipmentrsquos level of resistance or immunity to surges caused by over voltages from switching and lightning transients
Surge ImmunitySimulation
ControlledPulse
Source
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Pulse injection
Use pre-approved power supplies Are there surge suppressors installed
Surge ImmunityDesign Tips
ESD Immunity
Electrostatic Discharges are applied to all relevant points while the apparatus is in operation These are appliedeither by air or by touch (contact)
ESD ImmunitySimulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Electro-static discharge
ESD ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground planeMake sure the AC mains has the 3rd wire Ground and is used If a plastic enclosure consider conductive coatings With keyboards consider using a ldquoback-planerdquo ground sheet
EFT(Electrical Fast Transients)
Immunity
EFT is a test process to demonstratethe equipmentrsquos resistance to line transients through the connecting leads simulating relay and contact bounce
EFT ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
EFT ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground plane Does your unit have a power line filter Are there transient suppression components employed on the PCBA Use shielded cables Employ multi-layer PCBs Use shielded cables
Voltage Dips amp Interrupts Immunity
Simulates voltage variations and interruptions caused by short circuits or rapid changes in power This may cause a sudden and extreme increase in current and a reduction in voltage
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Simulation
ControlledVoltageSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Voltage injection
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
HarmonicEmissions
Harmonics is a distortion of a normal sine wave When a product produces distortion it does this at multiples of the power line frequency are generated
Harmonic EmissionsSimulation
Signal Monitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Harmonics Emissions Design Tips
Use power factor correction circuits The current and voltage wave forms need to be sinusoidal
FlickerEmissions
The term ldquoflickerrdquo applies touncontrolled intermittent Emissions It is also knownas surge emission ie light flicker
Flicker Emission Simulation
CurrentMonitoring
Device
Current monitoring
Coming from the device
Flicker Emissions Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
Intentional RadiatorsIntentional Radiators are subject to are subject to rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing interference and maximizing the interference and maximizing the available spectrumavailable spectrum
All other electrical products areAll other electrical products are non- non-intentional Radiatorsintentional Radiators such as such as electrical circuits are not designed to electrical circuits are not designed to generate RF energy but do As a result generate RF energy but do As a result they they couldcould interfere with other devices interfere with other devices
RADIATED RADIATED EMISSIONSEMISSIONS
RadiatedEmissions
Verifies that the products RF emissions do not exceed a level that will interfere with the operation of other electrical devices in the operating environment
Radiated EmissionsSimulation
Evaluation of Radiated Emissions at Your
Location ndash Clearance Requirements
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated EmissionsDesign Tips
ConductedEmissions
This is energy that is transmitted from an electrical device through the power cord and back into the electrical system
Conducted EmissionsSimulation
SignalMonitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
RAPEXRapid Alert System for non-food products
httpeceuropaeuconsumersdynarapexrapex_encfm
Pilot system in cooperationwith other member states
wwwicsmsorg
PRODUCT ALERT
PROGRAMS
1048708General Content
bull Details of manufacturer nameaddressbull Description of the product Marking EC declaration of conformitybull Determination of the use (purpose)bull Warning on remaining dangers and miss use
Also gt Information on - - -
Transport installation assembly putting into operation trainingoperation maintaining and repairing dismantling recycling
amp if need be disposal
THEINSTRUCTION
MANUAL
MANUALLANGUAGE
REQUIREMENTS
The Language shall be acceptable by the Country in which the equipment is to be installed for use
The Documentation intended for use by Service personnel should be in English
Chinese
Spanish
English
German
French
FIVE COMMON LANUAGES
Cuidado
avertir
Warnung
Caution
警告 告誡
What are the BasicsFor an RFQ
Identify the countries you wish to place the product Draw a simple block diagram
DeviceOr System
ForEvaluation
220VAC50Hz5A
IO in from PC (3m)48VDC Motor Power (10m)
IO out to Actuator (15m)
List all electrical inputs amp outputs and identify if they are power or IO Provide the maximum lengths for each input amp output cable Identify any fluid gas or air requirements and pressures
120psi air inputCourtesy Power Outlet 220VAC
What Do You Need to do to Prepare
for Testing amp Evaluation
Provide adequate documentation to test the product
Ensure that the product functions as close as possible to normal operation for a continuous period of time
Typical EMC Supporting Documentation
Needs
Operating Manual or instruction sheet
Upper Level Schematic(s)
Typical Safety Supporting Documentation
Needs
Operating Manual or instruction sheet Upper Level Schematic(s) Outline of Your Mechanical Drawings Copies of the Labels Used on the Product Bill of Materials Artwork of PCB Trace Layout Critical Component Data Sheets such as Filters Power Supplies Transformers etc Lasers ndash CDRH or IEC 60825 report Pneumatic Drawings
The The EMCEMC DIRECTIVE DIRECTIVE
The Electro-Magnetic Compatibility applies to all electronic and electrical products manufactured
Compliance has been mandatory since January 1 1996
Simply stated - in order to comply with this Directive the product must have an adequate level of immunity amp shall not interfere with any other systems or products
EMCEMC is a is a natural conditionnatural condition that exists when that exists when electrical equipment is performing its designed electrical equipment is performing its designed functions functions
without without
ldquoldquoCausing tordquoCausing tordquo (Emissions) or ldquo (Emissions) or ldquosuffering fromsuffering fromrdquo rdquo (Immunity)(Immunity)
unacceptableunacceptable degradation due to electromagnetic degradation due to electromagnetic interference interference toto or or fromfrom other equipment other equipment
BASIC BASIC EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibilityompatibility
EMC (Electro-Magnetic Compatibility)2 conditions must be satisfied The device does not generate electromagnetic noise and does not malfunction due to extraneous noise
EMI (Electro-Magnetic Interference) The device does not generate electromagnetic noise beyond established levels EMS (Electro-Magnetic Susceptibility)The device does not abnormally malfunction due to extraneous noise within the environment the device will be used
EMC EMC -CONTINUED--CONTINUED-
ImmunityImmunityAKAAKA
SusceptibilitySusceptibility
helliphellipa condition that exists when equipment continues to a condition that exists when equipment continues to operate within operate within acceptable limits of performanceacceptable limits of performance when when exposed to interference in which the environment where exposed to interference in which the environment where it is usedit is used
gtgtgtgtFor ExampleltltltltgtgtgtgtFor Exampleltltltlt
Equipment may work fine in the home but may fail if it is Equipment may work fine in the home but may fail if it is placed inside a machine shop Why Equipment is placed inside a machine shop Why Equipment is immune to the immune to the low levellow level residential disturbances but not residential disturbances but not immune to immune to high levelhigh level industrial-strength disturbances industrial-strength disturbances
Emissions AKA
Noise Leaking Radio Frequency
A condition that exists when your equipment suffers from unacceptable degradation of performance as a result of electromagnetic interference gtgt For Example ltltgtgt For Example ltlt
Hospitals equipment have failed to operate or had false alarms due to electronic devices emitting EMI
An example you all can relate to - Cell Phones are now prohibited from use many hospitals locations
BASIC CONCEPTBASIC CONCEPT
Electromagnetic Fields Exist Everywhere
It is NORMAL
There are two paths
Radiated Airborne
amp
Conducted Wires
TYPICAL TYPICAL EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibility Testsompatibility Tests
- Radiated Immunity - Harmonics - Conducted Immunity - Flicker - Surge - Radiated Emissions - ESD - Conducted Emissions - EFT - Voltage Dips amp Interrupts
IMMUNITY TESTS EMISSIONS TESTS
Radiated Immunity
Evaluated by controlling a signal source and power levels to generate field levels over a defined set of frequencies
Radiated Immunity
Simulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated ImmunityDesign Tips
Conducted Immunity
Evaluates the productrsquos ability to resist electrical signals that may be generated by the switching of inductive loads or contactors
Conducted ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
Conducted ImmunityDesign Tips
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Are there IO line filters Use ferrites on cabling if needed Use multi-layer PCBs where possible Are you using a power line filter
Surge Immunity
This tests the equipmentrsquos level of resistance or immunity to surges caused by over voltages from switching and lightning transients
Surge ImmunitySimulation
ControlledPulse
Source
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Pulse injection
Use pre-approved power supplies Are there surge suppressors installed
Surge ImmunityDesign Tips
ESD Immunity
Electrostatic Discharges are applied to all relevant points while the apparatus is in operation These are appliedeither by air or by touch (contact)
ESD ImmunitySimulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Electro-static discharge
ESD ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground planeMake sure the AC mains has the 3rd wire Ground and is used If a plastic enclosure consider conductive coatings With keyboards consider using a ldquoback-planerdquo ground sheet
EFT(Electrical Fast Transients)
Immunity
EFT is a test process to demonstratethe equipmentrsquos resistance to line transients through the connecting leads simulating relay and contact bounce
EFT ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
EFT ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground plane Does your unit have a power line filter Are there transient suppression components employed on the PCBA Use shielded cables Employ multi-layer PCBs Use shielded cables
Voltage Dips amp Interrupts Immunity
Simulates voltage variations and interruptions caused by short circuits or rapid changes in power This may cause a sudden and extreme increase in current and a reduction in voltage
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Simulation
ControlledVoltageSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Voltage injection
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
HarmonicEmissions
Harmonics is a distortion of a normal sine wave When a product produces distortion it does this at multiples of the power line frequency are generated
Harmonic EmissionsSimulation
Signal Monitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Harmonics Emissions Design Tips
Use power factor correction circuits The current and voltage wave forms need to be sinusoidal
FlickerEmissions
The term ldquoflickerrdquo applies touncontrolled intermittent Emissions It is also knownas surge emission ie light flicker
Flicker Emission Simulation
CurrentMonitoring
Device
Current monitoring
Coming from the device
Flicker Emissions Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
Intentional RadiatorsIntentional Radiators are subject to are subject to rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing interference and maximizing the interference and maximizing the available spectrumavailable spectrum
All other electrical products areAll other electrical products are non- non-intentional Radiatorsintentional Radiators such as such as electrical circuits are not designed to electrical circuits are not designed to generate RF energy but do As a result generate RF energy but do As a result they they couldcould interfere with other devices interfere with other devices
RADIATED RADIATED EMISSIONSEMISSIONS
RadiatedEmissions
Verifies that the products RF emissions do not exceed a level that will interfere with the operation of other electrical devices in the operating environment
Radiated EmissionsSimulation
Evaluation of Radiated Emissions at Your
Location ndash Clearance Requirements
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated EmissionsDesign Tips
ConductedEmissions
This is energy that is transmitted from an electrical device through the power cord and back into the electrical system
Conducted EmissionsSimulation
SignalMonitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
1048708General Content
bull Details of manufacturer nameaddressbull Description of the product Marking EC declaration of conformitybull Determination of the use (purpose)bull Warning on remaining dangers and miss use
Also gt Information on - - -
Transport installation assembly putting into operation trainingoperation maintaining and repairing dismantling recycling
amp if need be disposal
THEINSTRUCTION
MANUAL
MANUALLANGUAGE
REQUIREMENTS
The Language shall be acceptable by the Country in which the equipment is to be installed for use
The Documentation intended for use by Service personnel should be in English
Chinese
Spanish
English
German
French
FIVE COMMON LANUAGES
Cuidado
avertir
Warnung
Caution
警告 告誡
What are the BasicsFor an RFQ
Identify the countries you wish to place the product Draw a simple block diagram
DeviceOr System
ForEvaluation
220VAC50Hz5A
IO in from PC (3m)48VDC Motor Power (10m)
IO out to Actuator (15m)
List all electrical inputs amp outputs and identify if they are power or IO Provide the maximum lengths for each input amp output cable Identify any fluid gas or air requirements and pressures
120psi air inputCourtesy Power Outlet 220VAC
What Do You Need to do to Prepare
for Testing amp Evaluation
Provide adequate documentation to test the product
Ensure that the product functions as close as possible to normal operation for a continuous period of time
Typical EMC Supporting Documentation
Needs
Operating Manual or instruction sheet
Upper Level Schematic(s)
Typical Safety Supporting Documentation
Needs
Operating Manual or instruction sheet Upper Level Schematic(s) Outline of Your Mechanical Drawings Copies of the Labels Used on the Product Bill of Materials Artwork of PCB Trace Layout Critical Component Data Sheets such as Filters Power Supplies Transformers etc Lasers ndash CDRH or IEC 60825 report Pneumatic Drawings
The The EMCEMC DIRECTIVE DIRECTIVE
The Electro-Magnetic Compatibility applies to all electronic and electrical products manufactured
Compliance has been mandatory since January 1 1996
Simply stated - in order to comply with this Directive the product must have an adequate level of immunity amp shall not interfere with any other systems or products
EMCEMC is a is a natural conditionnatural condition that exists when that exists when electrical equipment is performing its designed electrical equipment is performing its designed functions functions
without without
ldquoldquoCausing tordquoCausing tordquo (Emissions) or ldquo (Emissions) or ldquosuffering fromsuffering fromrdquo rdquo (Immunity)(Immunity)
unacceptableunacceptable degradation due to electromagnetic degradation due to electromagnetic interference interference toto or or fromfrom other equipment other equipment
BASIC BASIC EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibilityompatibility
EMC (Electro-Magnetic Compatibility)2 conditions must be satisfied The device does not generate electromagnetic noise and does not malfunction due to extraneous noise
EMI (Electro-Magnetic Interference) The device does not generate electromagnetic noise beyond established levels EMS (Electro-Magnetic Susceptibility)The device does not abnormally malfunction due to extraneous noise within the environment the device will be used
EMC EMC -CONTINUED--CONTINUED-
ImmunityImmunityAKAAKA
SusceptibilitySusceptibility
helliphellipa condition that exists when equipment continues to a condition that exists when equipment continues to operate within operate within acceptable limits of performanceacceptable limits of performance when when exposed to interference in which the environment where exposed to interference in which the environment where it is usedit is used
gtgtgtgtFor ExampleltltltltgtgtgtgtFor Exampleltltltlt
Equipment may work fine in the home but may fail if it is Equipment may work fine in the home but may fail if it is placed inside a machine shop Why Equipment is placed inside a machine shop Why Equipment is immune to the immune to the low levellow level residential disturbances but not residential disturbances but not immune to immune to high levelhigh level industrial-strength disturbances industrial-strength disturbances
Emissions AKA
Noise Leaking Radio Frequency
A condition that exists when your equipment suffers from unacceptable degradation of performance as a result of electromagnetic interference gtgt For Example ltltgtgt For Example ltlt
Hospitals equipment have failed to operate or had false alarms due to electronic devices emitting EMI
An example you all can relate to - Cell Phones are now prohibited from use many hospitals locations
BASIC CONCEPTBASIC CONCEPT
Electromagnetic Fields Exist Everywhere
It is NORMAL
There are two paths
Radiated Airborne
amp
Conducted Wires
TYPICAL TYPICAL EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibility Testsompatibility Tests
- Radiated Immunity - Harmonics - Conducted Immunity - Flicker - Surge - Radiated Emissions - ESD - Conducted Emissions - EFT - Voltage Dips amp Interrupts
IMMUNITY TESTS EMISSIONS TESTS
Radiated Immunity
Evaluated by controlling a signal source and power levels to generate field levels over a defined set of frequencies
Radiated Immunity
Simulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated ImmunityDesign Tips
Conducted Immunity
Evaluates the productrsquos ability to resist electrical signals that may be generated by the switching of inductive loads or contactors
Conducted ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
Conducted ImmunityDesign Tips
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Are there IO line filters Use ferrites on cabling if needed Use multi-layer PCBs where possible Are you using a power line filter
Surge Immunity
This tests the equipmentrsquos level of resistance or immunity to surges caused by over voltages from switching and lightning transients
Surge ImmunitySimulation
ControlledPulse
Source
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Pulse injection
Use pre-approved power supplies Are there surge suppressors installed
Surge ImmunityDesign Tips
ESD Immunity
Electrostatic Discharges are applied to all relevant points while the apparatus is in operation These are appliedeither by air or by touch (contact)
ESD ImmunitySimulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Electro-static discharge
ESD ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground planeMake sure the AC mains has the 3rd wire Ground and is used If a plastic enclosure consider conductive coatings With keyboards consider using a ldquoback-planerdquo ground sheet
EFT(Electrical Fast Transients)
Immunity
EFT is a test process to demonstratethe equipmentrsquos resistance to line transients through the connecting leads simulating relay and contact bounce
EFT ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
EFT ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground plane Does your unit have a power line filter Are there transient suppression components employed on the PCBA Use shielded cables Employ multi-layer PCBs Use shielded cables
Voltage Dips amp Interrupts Immunity
Simulates voltage variations and interruptions caused by short circuits or rapid changes in power This may cause a sudden and extreme increase in current and a reduction in voltage
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Simulation
ControlledVoltageSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Voltage injection
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
HarmonicEmissions
Harmonics is a distortion of a normal sine wave When a product produces distortion it does this at multiples of the power line frequency are generated
Harmonic EmissionsSimulation
Signal Monitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Harmonics Emissions Design Tips
Use power factor correction circuits The current and voltage wave forms need to be sinusoidal
FlickerEmissions
The term ldquoflickerrdquo applies touncontrolled intermittent Emissions It is also knownas surge emission ie light flicker
Flicker Emission Simulation
CurrentMonitoring
Device
Current monitoring
Coming from the device
Flicker Emissions Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
Intentional RadiatorsIntentional Radiators are subject to are subject to rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing interference and maximizing the interference and maximizing the available spectrumavailable spectrum
All other electrical products areAll other electrical products are non- non-intentional Radiatorsintentional Radiators such as such as electrical circuits are not designed to electrical circuits are not designed to generate RF energy but do As a result generate RF energy but do As a result they they couldcould interfere with other devices interfere with other devices
RADIATED RADIATED EMISSIONSEMISSIONS
RadiatedEmissions
Verifies that the products RF emissions do not exceed a level that will interfere with the operation of other electrical devices in the operating environment
Radiated EmissionsSimulation
Evaluation of Radiated Emissions at Your
Location ndash Clearance Requirements
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated EmissionsDesign Tips
ConductedEmissions
This is energy that is transmitted from an electrical device through the power cord and back into the electrical system
Conducted EmissionsSimulation
SignalMonitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
MANUALLANGUAGE
REQUIREMENTS
The Language shall be acceptable by the Country in which the equipment is to be installed for use
The Documentation intended for use by Service personnel should be in English
Chinese
Spanish
English
German
French
FIVE COMMON LANUAGES
Cuidado
avertir
Warnung
Caution
警告 告誡
What are the BasicsFor an RFQ
Identify the countries you wish to place the product Draw a simple block diagram
DeviceOr System
ForEvaluation
220VAC50Hz5A
IO in from PC (3m)48VDC Motor Power (10m)
IO out to Actuator (15m)
List all electrical inputs amp outputs and identify if they are power or IO Provide the maximum lengths for each input amp output cable Identify any fluid gas or air requirements and pressures
120psi air inputCourtesy Power Outlet 220VAC
What Do You Need to do to Prepare
for Testing amp Evaluation
Provide adequate documentation to test the product
Ensure that the product functions as close as possible to normal operation for a continuous period of time
Typical EMC Supporting Documentation
Needs
Operating Manual or instruction sheet
Upper Level Schematic(s)
Typical Safety Supporting Documentation
Needs
Operating Manual or instruction sheet Upper Level Schematic(s) Outline of Your Mechanical Drawings Copies of the Labels Used on the Product Bill of Materials Artwork of PCB Trace Layout Critical Component Data Sheets such as Filters Power Supplies Transformers etc Lasers ndash CDRH or IEC 60825 report Pneumatic Drawings
The The EMCEMC DIRECTIVE DIRECTIVE
The Electro-Magnetic Compatibility applies to all electronic and electrical products manufactured
Compliance has been mandatory since January 1 1996
Simply stated - in order to comply with this Directive the product must have an adequate level of immunity amp shall not interfere with any other systems or products
EMCEMC is a is a natural conditionnatural condition that exists when that exists when electrical equipment is performing its designed electrical equipment is performing its designed functions functions
without without
ldquoldquoCausing tordquoCausing tordquo (Emissions) or ldquo (Emissions) or ldquosuffering fromsuffering fromrdquo rdquo (Immunity)(Immunity)
unacceptableunacceptable degradation due to electromagnetic degradation due to electromagnetic interference interference toto or or fromfrom other equipment other equipment
BASIC BASIC EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibilityompatibility
EMC (Electro-Magnetic Compatibility)2 conditions must be satisfied The device does not generate electromagnetic noise and does not malfunction due to extraneous noise
EMI (Electro-Magnetic Interference) The device does not generate electromagnetic noise beyond established levels EMS (Electro-Magnetic Susceptibility)The device does not abnormally malfunction due to extraneous noise within the environment the device will be used
EMC EMC -CONTINUED--CONTINUED-
ImmunityImmunityAKAAKA
SusceptibilitySusceptibility
helliphellipa condition that exists when equipment continues to a condition that exists when equipment continues to operate within operate within acceptable limits of performanceacceptable limits of performance when when exposed to interference in which the environment where exposed to interference in which the environment where it is usedit is used
gtgtgtgtFor ExampleltltltltgtgtgtgtFor Exampleltltltlt
Equipment may work fine in the home but may fail if it is Equipment may work fine in the home but may fail if it is placed inside a machine shop Why Equipment is placed inside a machine shop Why Equipment is immune to the immune to the low levellow level residential disturbances but not residential disturbances but not immune to immune to high levelhigh level industrial-strength disturbances industrial-strength disturbances
Emissions AKA
Noise Leaking Radio Frequency
A condition that exists when your equipment suffers from unacceptable degradation of performance as a result of electromagnetic interference gtgt For Example ltltgtgt For Example ltlt
Hospitals equipment have failed to operate or had false alarms due to electronic devices emitting EMI
An example you all can relate to - Cell Phones are now prohibited from use many hospitals locations
BASIC CONCEPTBASIC CONCEPT
Electromagnetic Fields Exist Everywhere
It is NORMAL
There are two paths
Radiated Airborne
amp
Conducted Wires
TYPICAL TYPICAL EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibility Testsompatibility Tests
- Radiated Immunity - Harmonics - Conducted Immunity - Flicker - Surge - Radiated Emissions - ESD - Conducted Emissions - EFT - Voltage Dips amp Interrupts
IMMUNITY TESTS EMISSIONS TESTS
Radiated Immunity
Evaluated by controlling a signal source and power levels to generate field levels over a defined set of frequencies
Radiated Immunity
Simulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated ImmunityDesign Tips
Conducted Immunity
Evaluates the productrsquos ability to resist electrical signals that may be generated by the switching of inductive loads or contactors
Conducted ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
Conducted ImmunityDesign Tips
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Are there IO line filters Use ferrites on cabling if needed Use multi-layer PCBs where possible Are you using a power line filter
Surge Immunity
This tests the equipmentrsquos level of resistance or immunity to surges caused by over voltages from switching and lightning transients
Surge ImmunitySimulation
ControlledPulse
Source
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Pulse injection
Use pre-approved power supplies Are there surge suppressors installed
Surge ImmunityDesign Tips
ESD Immunity
Electrostatic Discharges are applied to all relevant points while the apparatus is in operation These are appliedeither by air or by touch (contact)
ESD ImmunitySimulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Electro-static discharge
ESD ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground planeMake sure the AC mains has the 3rd wire Ground and is used If a plastic enclosure consider conductive coatings With keyboards consider using a ldquoback-planerdquo ground sheet
EFT(Electrical Fast Transients)
Immunity
EFT is a test process to demonstratethe equipmentrsquos resistance to line transients through the connecting leads simulating relay and contact bounce
EFT ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
EFT ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground plane Does your unit have a power line filter Are there transient suppression components employed on the PCBA Use shielded cables Employ multi-layer PCBs Use shielded cables
Voltage Dips amp Interrupts Immunity
Simulates voltage variations and interruptions caused by short circuits or rapid changes in power This may cause a sudden and extreme increase in current and a reduction in voltage
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Simulation
ControlledVoltageSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Voltage injection
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
HarmonicEmissions
Harmonics is a distortion of a normal sine wave When a product produces distortion it does this at multiples of the power line frequency are generated
Harmonic EmissionsSimulation
Signal Monitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Harmonics Emissions Design Tips
Use power factor correction circuits The current and voltage wave forms need to be sinusoidal
FlickerEmissions
The term ldquoflickerrdquo applies touncontrolled intermittent Emissions It is also knownas surge emission ie light flicker
Flicker Emission Simulation
CurrentMonitoring
Device
Current monitoring
Coming from the device
Flicker Emissions Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
Intentional RadiatorsIntentional Radiators are subject to are subject to rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing interference and maximizing the interference and maximizing the available spectrumavailable spectrum
All other electrical products areAll other electrical products are non- non-intentional Radiatorsintentional Radiators such as such as electrical circuits are not designed to electrical circuits are not designed to generate RF energy but do As a result generate RF energy but do As a result they they couldcould interfere with other devices interfere with other devices
RADIATED RADIATED EMISSIONSEMISSIONS
RadiatedEmissions
Verifies that the products RF emissions do not exceed a level that will interfere with the operation of other electrical devices in the operating environment
Radiated EmissionsSimulation
Evaluation of Radiated Emissions at Your
Location ndash Clearance Requirements
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated EmissionsDesign Tips
ConductedEmissions
This is energy that is transmitted from an electrical device through the power cord and back into the electrical system
Conducted EmissionsSimulation
SignalMonitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
Chinese
Spanish
English
German
French
FIVE COMMON LANUAGES
Cuidado
avertir
Warnung
Caution
警告 告誡
What are the BasicsFor an RFQ
Identify the countries you wish to place the product Draw a simple block diagram
DeviceOr System
ForEvaluation
220VAC50Hz5A
IO in from PC (3m)48VDC Motor Power (10m)
IO out to Actuator (15m)
List all electrical inputs amp outputs and identify if they are power or IO Provide the maximum lengths for each input amp output cable Identify any fluid gas or air requirements and pressures
120psi air inputCourtesy Power Outlet 220VAC
What Do You Need to do to Prepare
for Testing amp Evaluation
Provide adequate documentation to test the product
Ensure that the product functions as close as possible to normal operation for a continuous period of time
Typical EMC Supporting Documentation
Needs
Operating Manual or instruction sheet
Upper Level Schematic(s)
Typical Safety Supporting Documentation
Needs
Operating Manual or instruction sheet Upper Level Schematic(s) Outline of Your Mechanical Drawings Copies of the Labels Used on the Product Bill of Materials Artwork of PCB Trace Layout Critical Component Data Sheets such as Filters Power Supplies Transformers etc Lasers ndash CDRH or IEC 60825 report Pneumatic Drawings
The The EMCEMC DIRECTIVE DIRECTIVE
The Electro-Magnetic Compatibility applies to all electronic and electrical products manufactured
Compliance has been mandatory since January 1 1996
Simply stated - in order to comply with this Directive the product must have an adequate level of immunity amp shall not interfere with any other systems or products
EMCEMC is a is a natural conditionnatural condition that exists when that exists when electrical equipment is performing its designed electrical equipment is performing its designed functions functions
without without
ldquoldquoCausing tordquoCausing tordquo (Emissions) or ldquo (Emissions) or ldquosuffering fromsuffering fromrdquo rdquo (Immunity)(Immunity)
unacceptableunacceptable degradation due to electromagnetic degradation due to electromagnetic interference interference toto or or fromfrom other equipment other equipment
BASIC BASIC EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibilityompatibility
EMC (Electro-Magnetic Compatibility)2 conditions must be satisfied The device does not generate electromagnetic noise and does not malfunction due to extraneous noise
EMI (Electro-Magnetic Interference) The device does not generate electromagnetic noise beyond established levels EMS (Electro-Magnetic Susceptibility)The device does not abnormally malfunction due to extraneous noise within the environment the device will be used
EMC EMC -CONTINUED--CONTINUED-
ImmunityImmunityAKAAKA
SusceptibilitySusceptibility
helliphellipa condition that exists when equipment continues to a condition that exists when equipment continues to operate within operate within acceptable limits of performanceacceptable limits of performance when when exposed to interference in which the environment where exposed to interference in which the environment where it is usedit is used
gtgtgtgtFor ExampleltltltltgtgtgtgtFor Exampleltltltlt
Equipment may work fine in the home but may fail if it is Equipment may work fine in the home but may fail if it is placed inside a machine shop Why Equipment is placed inside a machine shop Why Equipment is immune to the immune to the low levellow level residential disturbances but not residential disturbances but not immune to immune to high levelhigh level industrial-strength disturbances industrial-strength disturbances
Emissions AKA
Noise Leaking Radio Frequency
A condition that exists when your equipment suffers from unacceptable degradation of performance as a result of electromagnetic interference gtgt For Example ltltgtgt For Example ltlt
Hospitals equipment have failed to operate or had false alarms due to electronic devices emitting EMI
An example you all can relate to - Cell Phones are now prohibited from use many hospitals locations
BASIC CONCEPTBASIC CONCEPT
Electromagnetic Fields Exist Everywhere
It is NORMAL
There are two paths
Radiated Airborne
amp
Conducted Wires
TYPICAL TYPICAL EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibility Testsompatibility Tests
- Radiated Immunity - Harmonics - Conducted Immunity - Flicker - Surge - Radiated Emissions - ESD - Conducted Emissions - EFT - Voltage Dips amp Interrupts
IMMUNITY TESTS EMISSIONS TESTS
Radiated Immunity
Evaluated by controlling a signal source and power levels to generate field levels over a defined set of frequencies
Radiated Immunity
Simulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated ImmunityDesign Tips
Conducted Immunity
Evaluates the productrsquos ability to resist electrical signals that may be generated by the switching of inductive loads or contactors
Conducted ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
Conducted ImmunityDesign Tips
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Are there IO line filters Use ferrites on cabling if needed Use multi-layer PCBs where possible Are you using a power line filter
Surge Immunity
This tests the equipmentrsquos level of resistance or immunity to surges caused by over voltages from switching and lightning transients
Surge ImmunitySimulation
ControlledPulse
Source
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Pulse injection
Use pre-approved power supplies Are there surge suppressors installed
Surge ImmunityDesign Tips
ESD Immunity
Electrostatic Discharges are applied to all relevant points while the apparatus is in operation These are appliedeither by air or by touch (contact)
ESD ImmunitySimulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Electro-static discharge
ESD ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground planeMake sure the AC mains has the 3rd wire Ground and is used If a plastic enclosure consider conductive coatings With keyboards consider using a ldquoback-planerdquo ground sheet
EFT(Electrical Fast Transients)
Immunity
EFT is a test process to demonstratethe equipmentrsquos resistance to line transients through the connecting leads simulating relay and contact bounce
EFT ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
EFT ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground plane Does your unit have a power line filter Are there transient suppression components employed on the PCBA Use shielded cables Employ multi-layer PCBs Use shielded cables
Voltage Dips amp Interrupts Immunity
Simulates voltage variations and interruptions caused by short circuits or rapid changes in power This may cause a sudden and extreme increase in current and a reduction in voltage
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Simulation
ControlledVoltageSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Voltage injection
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
HarmonicEmissions
Harmonics is a distortion of a normal sine wave When a product produces distortion it does this at multiples of the power line frequency are generated
Harmonic EmissionsSimulation
Signal Monitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Harmonics Emissions Design Tips
Use power factor correction circuits The current and voltage wave forms need to be sinusoidal
FlickerEmissions
The term ldquoflickerrdquo applies touncontrolled intermittent Emissions It is also knownas surge emission ie light flicker
Flicker Emission Simulation
CurrentMonitoring
Device
Current monitoring
Coming from the device
Flicker Emissions Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
Intentional RadiatorsIntentional Radiators are subject to are subject to rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing interference and maximizing the interference and maximizing the available spectrumavailable spectrum
All other electrical products areAll other electrical products are non- non-intentional Radiatorsintentional Radiators such as such as electrical circuits are not designed to electrical circuits are not designed to generate RF energy but do As a result generate RF energy but do As a result they they couldcould interfere with other devices interfere with other devices
RADIATED RADIATED EMISSIONSEMISSIONS
RadiatedEmissions
Verifies that the products RF emissions do not exceed a level that will interfere with the operation of other electrical devices in the operating environment
Radiated EmissionsSimulation
Evaluation of Radiated Emissions at Your
Location ndash Clearance Requirements
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated EmissionsDesign Tips
ConductedEmissions
This is energy that is transmitted from an electrical device through the power cord and back into the electrical system
Conducted EmissionsSimulation
SignalMonitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
What are the BasicsFor an RFQ
Identify the countries you wish to place the product Draw a simple block diagram
DeviceOr System
ForEvaluation
220VAC50Hz5A
IO in from PC (3m)48VDC Motor Power (10m)
IO out to Actuator (15m)
List all electrical inputs amp outputs and identify if they are power or IO Provide the maximum lengths for each input amp output cable Identify any fluid gas or air requirements and pressures
120psi air inputCourtesy Power Outlet 220VAC
What Do You Need to do to Prepare
for Testing amp Evaluation
Provide adequate documentation to test the product
Ensure that the product functions as close as possible to normal operation for a continuous period of time
Typical EMC Supporting Documentation
Needs
Operating Manual or instruction sheet
Upper Level Schematic(s)
Typical Safety Supporting Documentation
Needs
Operating Manual or instruction sheet Upper Level Schematic(s) Outline of Your Mechanical Drawings Copies of the Labels Used on the Product Bill of Materials Artwork of PCB Trace Layout Critical Component Data Sheets such as Filters Power Supplies Transformers etc Lasers ndash CDRH or IEC 60825 report Pneumatic Drawings
The The EMCEMC DIRECTIVE DIRECTIVE
The Electro-Magnetic Compatibility applies to all electronic and electrical products manufactured
Compliance has been mandatory since January 1 1996
Simply stated - in order to comply with this Directive the product must have an adequate level of immunity amp shall not interfere with any other systems or products
EMCEMC is a is a natural conditionnatural condition that exists when that exists when electrical equipment is performing its designed electrical equipment is performing its designed functions functions
without without
ldquoldquoCausing tordquoCausing tordquo (Emissions) or ldquo (Emissions) or ldquosuffering fromsuffering fromrdquo rdquo (Immunity)(Immunity)
unacceptableunacceptable degradation due to electromagnetic degradation due to electromagnetic interference interference toto or or fromfrom other equipment other equipment
BASIC BASIC EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibilityompatibility
EMC (Electro-Magnetic Compatibility)2 conditions must be satisfied The device does not generate electromagnetic noise and does not malfunction due to extraneous noise
EMI (Electro-Magnetic Interference) The device does not generate electromagnetic noise beyond established levels EMS (Electro-Magnetic Susceptibility)The device does not abnormally malfunction due to extraneous noise within the environment the device will be used
EMC EMC -CONTINUED--CONTINUED-
ImmunityImmunityAKAAKA
SusceptibilitySusceptibility
helliphellipa condition that exists when equipment continues to a condition that exists when equipment continues to operate within operate within acceptable limits of performanceacceptable limits of performance when when exposed to interference in which the environment where exposed to interference in which the environment where it is usedit is used
gtgtgtgtFor ExampleltltltltgtgtgtgtFor Exampleltltltlt
Equipment may work fine in the home but may fail if it is Equipment may work fine in the home but may fail if it is placed inside a machine shop Why Equipment is placed inside a machine shop Why Equipment is immune to the immune to the low levellow level residential disturbances but not residential disturbances but not immune to immune to high levelhigh level industrial-strength disturbances industrial-strength disturbances
Emissions AKA
Noise Leaking Radio Frequency
A condition that exists when your equipment suffers from unacceptable degradation of performance as a result of electromagnetic interference gtgt For Example ltltgtgt For Example ltlt
Hospitals equipment have failed to operate or had false alarms due to electronic devices emitting EMI
An example you all can relate to - Cell Phones are now prohibited from use many hospitals locations
BASIC CONCEPTBASIC CONCEPT
Electromagnetic Fields Exist Everywhere
It is NORMAL
There are two paths
Radiated Airborne
amp
Conducted Wires
TYPICAL TYPICAL EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibility Testsompatibility Tests
- Radiated Immunity - Harmonics - Conducted Immunity - Flicker - Surge - Radiated Emissions - ESD - Conducted Emissions - EFT - Voltage Dips amp Interrupts
IMMUNITY TESTS EMISSIONS TESTS
Radiated Immunity
Evaluated by controlling a signal source and power levels to generate field levels over a defined set of frequencies
Radiated Immunity
Simulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated ImmunityDesign Tips
Conducted Immunity
Evaluates the productrsquos ability to resist electrical signals that may be generated by the switching of inductive loads or contactors
Conducted ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
Conducted ImmunityDesign Tips
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Are there IO line filters Use ferrites on cabling if needed Use multi-layer PCBs where possible Are you using a power line filter
Surge Immunity
This tests the equipmentrsquos level of resistance or immunity to surges caused by over voltages from switching and lightning transients
Surge ImmunitySimulation
ControlledPulse
Source
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Pulse injection
Use pre-approved power supplies Are there surge suppressors installed
Surge ImmunityDesign Tips
ESD Immunity
Electrostatic Discharges are applied to all relevant points while the apparatus is in operation These are appliedeither by air or by touch (contact)
ESD ImmunitySimulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Electro-static discharge
ESD ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground planeMake sure the AC mains has the 3rd wire Ground and is used If a plastic enclosure consider conductive coatings With keyboards consider using a ldquoback-planerdquo ground sheet
EFT(Electrical Fast Transients)
Immunity
EFT is a test process to demonstratethe equipmentrsquos resistance to line transients through the connecting leads simulating relay and contact bounce
EFT ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
EFT ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground plane Does your unit have a power line filter Are there transient suppression components employed on the PCBA Use shielded cables Employ multi-layer PCBs Use shielded cables
Voltage Dips amp Interrupts Immunity
Simulates voltage variations and interruptions caused by short circuits or rapid changes in power This may cause a sudden and extreme increase in current and a reduction in voltage
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Simulation
ControlledVoltageSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Voltage injection
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
HarmonicEmissions
Harmonics is a distortion of a normal sine wave When a product produces distortion it does this at multiples of the power line frequency are generated
Harmonic EmissionsSimulation
Signal Monitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Harmonics Emissions Design Tips
Use power factor correction circuits The current and voltage wave forms need to be sinusoidal
FlickerEmissions
The term ldquoflickerrdquo applies touncontrolled intermittent Emissions It is also knownas surge emission ie light flicker
Flicker Emission Simulation
CurrentMonitoring
Device
Current monitoring
Coming from the device
Flicker Emissions Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
Intentional RadiatorsIntentional Radiators are subject to are subject to rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing interference and maximizing the interference and maximizing the available spectrumavailable spectrum
All other electrical products areAll other electrical products are non- non-intentional Radiatorsintentional Radiators such as such as electrical circuits are not designed to electrical circuits are not designed to generate RF energy but do As a result generate RF energy but do As a result they they couldcould interfere with other devices interfere with other devices
RADIATED RADIATED EMISSIONSEMISSIONS
RadiatedEmissions
Verifies that the products RF emissions do not exceed a level that will interfere with the operation of other electrical devices in the operating environment
Radiated EmissionsSimulation
Evaluation of Radiated Emissions at Your
Location ndash Clearance Requirements
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated EmissionsDesign Tips
ConductedEmissions
This is energy that is transmitted from an electrical device through the power cord and back into the electrical system
Conducted EmissionsSimulation
SignalMonitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
What Do You Need to do to Prepare
for Testing amp Evaluation
Provide adequate documentation to test the product
Ensure that the product functions as close as possible to normal operation for a continuous period of time
Typical EMC Supporting Documentation
Needs
Operating Manual or instruction sheet
Upper Level Schematic(s)
Typical Safety Supporting Documentation
Needs
Operating Manual or instruction sheet Upper Level Schematic(s) Outline of Your Mechanical Drawings Copies of the Labels Used on the Product Bill of Materials Artwork of PCB Trace Layout Critical Component Data Sheets such as Filters Power Supplies Transformers etc Lasers ndash CDRH or IEC 60825 report Pneumatic Drawings
The The EMCEMC DIRECTIVE DIRECTIVE
The Electro-Magnetic Compatibility applies to all electronic and electrical products manufactured
Compliance has been mandatory since January 1 1996
Simply stated - in order to comply with this Directive the product must have an adequate level of immunity amp shall not interfere with any other systems or products
EMCEMC is a is a natural conditionnatural condition that exists when that exists when electrical equipment is performing its designed electrical equipment is performing its designed functions functions
without without
ldquoldquoCausing tordquoCausing tordquo (Emissions) or ldquo (Emissions) or ldquosuffering fromsuffering fromrdquo rdquo (Immunity)(Immunity)
unacceptableunacceptable degradation due to electromagnetic degradation due to electromagnetic interference interference toto or or fromfrom other equipment other equipment
BASIC BASIC EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibilityompatibility
EMC (Electro-Magnetic Compatibility)2 conditions must be satisfied The device does not generate electromagnetic noise and does not malfunction due to extraneous noise
EMI (Electro-Magnetic Interference) The device does not generate electromagnetic noise beyond established levels EMS (Electro-Magnetic Susceptibility)The device does not abnormally malfunction due to extraneous noise within the environment the device will be used
EMC EMC -CONTINUED--CONTINUED-
ImmunityImmunityAKAAKA
SusceptibilitySusceptibility
helliphellipa condition that exists when equipment continues to a condition that exists when equipment continues to operate within operate within acceptable limits of performanceacceptable limits of performance when when exposed to interference in which the environment where exposed to interference in which the environment where it is usedit is used
gtgtgtgtFor ExampleltltltltgtgtgtgtFor Exampleltltltlt
Equipment may work fine in the home but may fail if it is Equipment may work fine in the home but may fail if it is placed inside a machine shop Why Equipment is placed inside a machine shop Why Equipment is immune to the immune to the low levellow level residential disturbances but not residential disturbances but not immune to immune to high levelhigh level industrial-strength disturbances industrial-strength disturbances
Emissions AKA
Noise Leaking Radio Frequency
A condition that exists when your equipment suffers from unacceptable degradation of performance as a result of electromagnetic interference gtgt For Example ltltgtgt For Example ltlt
Hospitals equipment have failed to operate or had false alarms due to electronic devices emitting EMI
An example you all can relate to - Cell Phones are now prohibited from use many hospitals locations
BASIC CONCEPTBASIC CONCEPT
Electromagnetic Fields Exist Everywhere
It is NORMAL
There are two paths
Radiated Airborne
amp
Conducted Wires
TYPICAL TYPICAL EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibility Testsompatibility Tests
- Radiated Immunity - Harmonics - Conducted Immunity - Flicker - Surge - Radiated Emissions - ESD - Conducted Emissions - EFT - Voltage Dips amp Interrupts
IMMUNITY TESTS EMISSIONS TESTS
Radiated Immunity
Evaluated by controlling a signal source and power levels to generate field levels over a defined set of frequencies
Radiated Immunity
Simulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated ImmunityDesign Tips
Conducted Immunity
Evaluates the productrsquos ability to resist electrical signals that may be generated by the switching of inductive loads or contactors
Conducted ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
Conducted ImmunityDesign Tips
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Are there IO line filters Use ferrites on cabling if needed Use multi-layer PCBs where possible Are you using a power line filter
Surge Immunity
This tests the equipmentrsquos level of resistance or immunity to surges caused by over voltages from switching and lightning transients
Surge ImmunitySimulation
ControlledPulse
Source
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Pulse injection
Use pre-approved power supplies Are there surge suppressors installed
Surge ImmunityDesign Tips
ESD Immunity
Electrostatic Discharges are applied to all relevant points while the apparatus is in operation These are appliedeither by air or by touch (contact)
ESD ImmunitySimulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Electro-static discharge
ESD ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground planeMake sure the AC mains has the 3rd wire Ground and is used If a plastic enclosure consider conductive coatings With keyboards consider using a ldquoback-planerdquo ground sheet
EFT(Electrical Fast Transients)
Immunity
EFT is a test process to demonstratethe equipmentrsquos resistance to line transients through the connecting leads simulating relay and contact bounce
EFT ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
EFT ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground plane Does your unit have a power line filter Are there transient suppression components employed on the PCBA Use shielded cables Employ multi-layer PCBs Use shielded cables
Voltage Dips amp Interrupts Immunity
Simulates voltage variations and interruptions caused by short circuits or rapid changes in power This may cause a sudden and extreme increase in current and a reduction in voltage
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Simulation
ControlledVoltageSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Voltage injection
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
HarmonicEmissions
Harmonics is a distortion of a normal sine wave When a product produces distortion it does this at multiples of the power line frequency are generated
Harmonic EmissionsSimulation
Signal Monitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Harmonics Emissions Design Tips
Use power factor correction circuits The current and voltage wave forms need to be sinusoidal
FlickerEmissions
The term ldquoflickerrdquo applies touncontrolled intermittent Emissions It is also knownas surge emission ie light flicker
Flicker Emission Simulation
CurrentMonitoring
Device
Current monitoring
Coming from the device
Flicker Emissions Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
Intentional RadiatorsIntentional Radiators are subject to are subject to rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing interference and maximizing the interference and maximizing the available spectrumavailable spectrum
All other electrical products areAll other electrical products are non- non-intentional Radiatorsintentional Radiators such as such as electrical circuits are not designed to electrical circuits are not designed to generate RF energy but do As a result generate RF energy but do As a result they they couldcould interfere with other devices interfere with other devices
RADIATED RADIATED EMISSIONSEMISSIONS
RadiatedEmissions
Verifies that the products RF emissions do not exceed a level that will interfere with the operation of other electrical devices in the operating environment
Radiated EmissionsSimulation
Evaluation of Radiated Emissions at Your
Location ndash Clearance Requirements
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated EmissionsDesign Tips
ConductedEmissions
This is energy that is transmitted from an electrical device through the power cord and back into the electrical system
Conducted EmissionsSimulation
SignalMonitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
Typical EMC Supporting Documentation
Needs
Operating Manual or instruction sheet
Upper Level Schematic(s)
Typical Safety Supporting Documentation
Needs
Operating Manual or instruction sheet Upper Level Schematic(s) Outline of Your Mechanical Drawings Copies of the Labels Used on the Product Bill of Materials Artwork of PCB Trace Layout Critical Component Data Sheets such as Filters Power Supplies Transformers etc Lasers ndash CDRH or IEC 60825 report Pneumatic Drawings
The The EMCEMC DIRECTIVE DIRECTIVE
The Electro-Magnetic Compatibility applies to all electronic and electrical products manufactured
Compliance has been mandatory since January 1 1996
Simply stated - in order to comply with this Directive the product must have an adequate level of immunity amp shall not interfere with any other systems or products
EMCEMC is a is a natural conditionnatural condition that exists when that exists when electrical equipment is performing its designed electrical equipment is performing its designed functions functions
without without
ldquoldquoCausing tordquoCausing tordquo (Emissions) or ldquo (Emissions) or ldquosuffering fromsuffering fromrdquo rdquo (Immunity)(Immunity)
unacceptableunacceptable degradation due to electromagnetic degradation due to electromagnetic interference interference toto or or fromfrom other equipment other equipment
BASIC BASIC EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibilityompatibility
EMC (Electro-Magnetic Compatibility)2 conditions must be satisfied The device does not generate electromagnetic noise and does not malfunction due to extraneous noise
EMI (Electro-Magnetic Interference) The device does not generate electromagnetic noise beyond established levels EMS (Electro-Magnetic Susceptibility)The device does not abnormally malfunction due to extraneous noise within the environment the device will be used
EMC EMC -CONTINUED--CONTINUED-
ImmunityImmunityAKAAKA
SusceptibilitySusceptibility
helliphellipa condition that exists when equipment continues to a condition that exists when equipment continues to operate within operate within acceptable limits of performanceacceptable limits of performance when when exposed to interference in which the environment where exposed to interference in which the environment where it is usedit is used
gtgtgtgtFor ExampleltltltltgtgtgtgtFor Exampleltltltlt
Equipment may work fine in the home but may fail if it is Equipment may work fine in the home but may fail if it is placed inside a machine shop Why Equipment is placed inside a machine shop Why Equipment is immune to the immune to the low levellow level residential disturbances but not residential disturbances but not immune to immune to high levelhigh level industrial-strength disturbances industrial-strength disturbances
Emissions AKA
Noise Leaking Radio Frequency
A condition that exists when your equipment suffers from unacceptable degradation of performance as a result of electromagnetic interference gtgt For Example ltltgtgt For Example ltlt
Hospitals equipment have failed to operate or had false alarms due to electronic devices emitting EMI
An example you all can relate to - Cell Phones are now prohibited from use many hospitals locations
BASIC CONCEPTBASIC CONCEPT
Electromagnetic Fields Exist Everywhere
It is NORMAL
There are two paths
Radiated Airborne
amp
Conducted Wires
TYPICAL TYPICAL EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibility Testsompatibility Tests
- Radiated Immunity - Harmonics - Conducted Immunity - Flicker - Surge - Radiated Emissions - ESD - Conducted Emissions - EFT - Voltage Dips amp Interrupts
IMMUNITY TESTS EMISSIONS TESTS
Radiated Immunity
Evaluated by controlling a signal source and power levels to generate field levels over a defined set of frequencies
Radiated Immunity
Simulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated ImmunityDesign Tips
Conducted Immunity
Evaluates the productrsquos ability to resist electrical signals that may be generated by the switching of inductive loads or contactors
Conducted ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
Conducted ImmunityDesign Tips
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Are there IO line filters Use ferrites on cabling if needed Use multi-layer PCBs where possible Are you using a power line filter
Surge Immunity
This tests the equipmentrsquos level of resistance or immunity to surges caused by over voltages from switching and lightning transients
Surge ImmunitySimulation
ControlledPulse
Source
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Pulse injection
Use pre-approved power supplies Are there surge suppressors installed
Surge ImmunityDesign Tips
ESD Immunity
Electrostatic Discharges are applied to all relevant points while the apparatus is in operation These are appliedeither by air or by touch (contact)
ESD ImmunitySimulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Electro-static discharge
ESD ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground planeMake sure the AC mains has the 3rd wire Ground and is used If a plastic enclosure consider conductive coatings With keyboards consider using a ldquoback-planerdquo ground sheet
EFT(Electrical Fast Transients)
Immunity
EFT is a test process to demonstratethe equipmentrsquos resistance to line transients through the connecting leads simulating relay and contact bounce
EFT ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
EFT ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground plane Does your unit have a power line filter Are there transient suppression components employed on the PCBA Use shielded cables Employ multi-layer PCBs Use shielded cables
Voltage Dips amp Interrupts Immunity
Simulates voltage variations and interruptions caused by short circuits or rapid changes in power This may cause a sudden and extreme increase in current and a reduction in voltage
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Simulation
ControlledVoltageSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Voltage injection
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
HarmonicEmissions
Harmonics is a distortion of a normal sine wave When a product produces distortion it does this at multiples of the power line frequency are generated
Harmonic EmissionsSimulation
Signal Monitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Harmonics Emissions Design Tips
Use power factor correction circuits The current and voltage wave forms need to be sinusoidal
FlickerEmissions
The term ldquoflickerrdquo applies touncontrolled intermittent Emissions It is also knownas surge emission ie light flicker
Flicker Emission Simulation
CurrentMonitoring
Device
Current monitoring
Coming from the device
Flicker Emissions Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
Intentional RadiatorsIntentional Radiators are subject to are subject to rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing interference and maximizing the interference and maximizing the available spectrumavailable spectrum
All other electrical products areAll other electrical products are non- non-intentional Radiatorsintentional Radiators such as such as electrical circuits are not designed to electrical circuits are not designed to generate RF energy but do As a result generate RF energy but do As a result they they couldcould interfere with other devices interfere with other devices
RADIATED RADIATED EMISSIONSEMISSIONS
RadiatedEmissions
Verifies that the products RF emissions do not exceed a level that will interfere with the operation of other electrical devices in the operating environment
Radiated EmissionsSimulation
Evaluation of Radiated Emissions at Your
Location ndash Clearance Requirements
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated EmissionsDesign Tips
ConductedEmissions
This is energy that is transmitted from an electrical device through the power cord and back into the electrical system
Conducted EmissionsSimulation
SignalMonitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
Typical Safety Supporting Documentation
Needs
Operating Manual or instruction sheet Upper Level Schematic(s) Outline of Your Mechanical Drawings Copies of the Labels Used on the Product Bill of Materials Artwork of PCB Trace Layout Critical Component Data Sheets such as Filters Power Supplies Transformers etc Lasers ndash CDRH or IEC 60825 report Pneumatic Drawings
The The EMCEMC DIRECTIVE DIRECTIVE
The Electro-Magnetic Compatibility applies to all electronic and electrical products manufactured
Compliance has been mandatory since January 1 1996
Simply stated - in order to comply with this Directive the product must have an adequate level of immunity amp shall not interfere with any other systems or products
EMCEMC is a is a natural conditionnatural condition that exists when that exists when electrical equipment is performing its designed electrical equipment is performing its designed functions functions
without without
ldquoldquoCausing tordquoCausing tordquo (Emissions) or ldquo (Emissions) or ldquosuffering fromsuffering fromrdquo rdquo (Immunity)(Immunity)
unacceptableunacceptable degradation due to electromagnetic degradation due to electromagnetic interference interference toto or or fromfrom other equipment other equipment
BASIC BASIC EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibilityompatibility
EMC (Electro-Magnetic Compatibility)2 conditions must be satisfied The device does not generate electromagnetic noise and does not malfunction due to extraneous noise
EMI (Electro-Magnetic Interference) The device does not generate electromagnetic noise beyond established levels EMS (Electro-Magnetic Susceptibility)The device does not abnormally malfunction due to extraneous noise within the environment the device will be used
EMC EMC -CONTINUED--CONTINUED-
ImmunityImmunityAKAAKA
SusceptibilitySusceptibility
helliphellipa condition that exists when equipment continues to a condition that exists when equipment continues to operate within operate within acceptable limits of performanceacceptable limits of performance when when exposed to interference in which the environment where exposed to interference in which the environment where it is usedit is used
gtgtgtgtFor ExampleltltltltgtgtgtgtFor Exampleltltltlt
Equipment may work fine in the home but may fail if it is Equipment may work fine in the home but may fail if it is placed inside a machine shop Why Equipment is placed inside a machine shop Why Equipment is immune to the immune to the low levellow level residential disturbances but not residential disturbances but not immune to immune to high levelhigh level industrial-strength disturbances industrial-strength disturbances
Emissions AKA
Noise Leaking Radio Frequency
A condition that exists when your equipment suffers from unacceptable degradation of performance as a result of electromagnetic interference gtgt For Example ltltgtgt For Example ltlt
Hospitals equipment have failed to operate or had false alarms due to electronic devices emitting EMI
An example you all can relate to - Cell Phones are now prohibited from use many hospitals locations
BASIC CONCEPTBASIC CONCEPT
Electromagnetic Fields Exist Everywhere
It is NORMAL
There are two paths
Radiated Airborne
amp
Conducted Wires
TYPICAL TYPICAL EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibility Testsompatibility Tests
- Radiated Immunity - Harmonics - Conducted Immunity - Flicker - Surge - Radiated Emissions - ESD - Conducted Emissions - EFT - Voltage Dips amp Interrupts
IMMUNITY TESTS EMISSIONS TESTS
Radiated Immunity
Evaluated by controlling a signal source and power levels to generate field levels over a defined set of frequencies
Radiated Immunity
Simulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated ImmunityDesign Tips
Conducted Immunity
Evaluates the productrsquos ability to resist electrical signals that may be generated by the switching of inductive loads or contactors
Conducted ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
Conducted ImmunityDesign Tips
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Are there IO line filters Use ferrites on cabling if needed Use multi-layer PCBs where possible Are you using a power line filter
Surge Immunity
This tests the equipmentrsquos level of resistance or immunity to surges caused by over voltages from switching and lightning transients
Surge ImmunitySimulation
ControlledPulse
Source
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Pulse injection
Use pre-approved power supplies Are there surge suppressors installed
Surge ImmunityDesign Tips
ESD Immunity
Electrostatic Discharges are applied to all relevant points while the apparatus is in operation These are appliedeither by air or by touch (contact)
ESD ImmunitySimulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Electro-static discharge
ESD ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground planeMake sure the AC mains has the 3rd wire Ground and is used If a plastic enclosure consider conductive coatings With keyboards consider using a ldquoback-planerdquo ground sheet
EFT(Electrical Fast Transients)
Immunity
EFT is a test process to demonstratethe equipmentrsquos resistance to line transients through the connecting leads simulating relay and contact bounce
EFT ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
EFT ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground plane Does your unit have a power line filter Are there transient suppression components employed on the PCBA Use shielded cables Employ multi-layer PCBs Use shielded cables
Voltage Dips amp Interrupts Immunity
Simulates voltage variations and interruptions caused by short circuits or rapid changes in power This may cause a sudden and extreme increase in current and a reduction in voltage
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Simulation
ControlledVoltageSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Voltage injection
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
HarmonicEmissions
Harmonics is a distortion of a normal sine wave When a product produces distortion it does this at multiples of the power line frequency are generated
Harmonic EmissionsSimulation
Signal Monitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Harmonics Emissions Design Tips
Use power factor correction circuits The current and voltage wave forms need to be sinusoidal
FlickerEmissions
The term ldquoflickerrdquo applies touncontrolled intermittent Emissions It is also knownas surge emission ie light flicker
Flicker Emission Simulation
CurrentMonitoring
Device
Current monitoring
Coming from the device
Flicker Emissions Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
Intentional RadiatorsIntentional Radiators are subject to are subject to rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing interference and maximizing the interference and maximizing the available spectrumavailable spectrum
All other electrical products areAll other electrical products are non- non-intentional Radiatorsintentional Radiators such as such as electrical circuits are not designed to electrical circuits are not designed to generate RF energy but do As a result generate RF energy but do As a result they they couldcould interfere with other devices interfere with other devices
RADIATED RADIATED EMISSIONSEMISSIONS
RadiatedEmissions
Verifies that the products RF emissions do not exceed a level that will interfere with the operation of other electrical devices in the operating environment
Radiated EmissionsSimulation
Evaluation of Radiated Emissions at Your
Location ndash Clearance Requirements
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated EmissionsDesign Tips
ConductedEmissions
This is energy that is transmitted from an electrical device through the power cord and back into the electrical system
Conducted EmissionsSimulation
SignalMonitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
The The EMCEMC DIRECTIVE DIRECTIVE
The Electro-Magnetic Compatibility applies to all electronic and electrical products manufactured
Compliance has been mandatory since January 1 1996
Simply stated - in order to comply with this Directive the product must have an adequate level of immunity amp shall not interfere with any other systems or products
EMCEMC is a is a natural conditionnatural condition that exists when that exists when electrical equipment is performing its designed electrical equipment is performing its designed functions functions
without without
ldquoldquoCausing tordquoCausing tordquo (Emissions) or ldquo (Emissions) or ldquosuffering fromsuffering fromrdquo rdquo (Immunity)(Immunity)
unacceptableunacceptable degradation due to electromagnetic degradation due to electromagnetic interference interference toto or or fromfrom other equipment other equipment
BASIC BASIC EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibilityompatibility
EMC (Electro-Magnetic Compatibility)2 conditions must be satisfied The device does not generate electromagnetic noise and does not malfunction due to extraneous noise
EMI (Electro-Magnetic Interference) The device does not generate electromagnetic noise beyond established levels EMS (Electro-Magnetic Susceptibility)The device does not abnormally malfunction due to extraneous noise within the environment the device will be used
EMC EMC -CONTINUED--CONTINUED-
ImmunityImmunityAKAAKA
SusceptibilitySusceptibility
helliphellipa condition that exists when equipment continues to a condition that exists when equipment continues to operate within operate within acceptable limits of performanceacceptable limits of performance when when exposed to interference in which the environment where exposed to interference in which the environment where it is usedit is used
gtgtgtgtFor ExampleltltltltgtgtgtgtFor Exampleltltltlt
Equipment may work fine in the home but may fail if it is Equipment may work fine in the home but may fail if it is placed inside a machine shop Why Equipment is placed inside a machine shop Why Equipment is immune to the immune to the low levellow level residential disturbances but not residential disturbances but not immune to immune to high levelhigh level industrial-strength disturbances industrial-strength disturbances
Emissions AKA
Noise Leaking Radio Frequency
A condition that exists when your equipment suffers from unacceptable degradation of performance as a result of electromagnetic interference gtgt For Example ltltgtgt For Example ltlt
Hospitals equipment have failed to operate or had false alarms due to electronic devices emitting EMI
An example you all can relate to - Cell Phones are now prohibited from use many hospitals locations
BASIC CONCEPTBASIC CONCEPT
Electromagnetic Fields Exist Everywhere
It is NORMAL
There are two paths
Radiated Airborne
amp
Conducted Wires
TYPICAL TYPICAL EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibility Testsompatibility Tests
- Radiated Immunity - Harmonics - Conducted Immunity - Flicker - Surge - Radiated Emissions - ESD - Conducted Emissions - EFT - Voltage Dips amp Interrupts
IMMUNITY TESTS EMISSIONS TESTS
Radiated Immunity
Evaluated by controlling a signal source and power levels to generate field levels over a defined set of frequencies
Radiated Immunity
Simulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated ImmunityDesign Tips
Conducted Immunity
Evaluates the productrsquos ability to resist electrical signals that may be generated by the switching of inductive loads or contactors
Conducted ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
Conducted ImmunityDesign Tips
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Are there IO line filters Use ferrites on cabling if needed Use multi-layer PCBs where possible Are you using a power line filter
Surge Immunity
This tests the equipmentrsquos level of resistance or immunity to surges caused by over voltages from switching and lightning transients
Surge ImmunitySimulation
ControlledPulse
Source
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Pulse injection
Use pre-approved power supplies Are there surge suppressors installed
Surge ImmunityDesign Tips
ESD Immunity
Electrostatic Discharges are applied to all relevant points while the apparatus is in operation These are appliedeither by air or by touch (contact)
ESD ImmunitySimulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Electro-static discharge
ESD ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground planeMake sure the AC mains has the 3rd wire Ground and is used If a plastic enclosure consider conductive coatings With keyboards consider using a ldquoback-planerdquo ground sheet
EFT(Electrical Fast Transients)
Immunity
EFT is a test process to demonstratethe equipmentrsquos resistance to line transients through the connecting leads simulating relay and contact bounce
EFT ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
EFT ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground plane Does your unit have a power line filter Are there transient suppression components employed on the PCBA Use shielded cables Employ multi-layer PCBs Use shielded cables
Voltage Dips amp Interrupts Immunity
Simulates voltage variations and interruptions caused by short circuits or rapid changes in power This may cause a sudden and extreme increase in current and a reduction in voltage
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Simulation
ControlledVoltageSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Voltage injection
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
HarmonicEmissions
Harmonics is a distortion of a normal sine wave When a product produces distortion it does this at multiples of the power line frequency are generated
Harmonic EmissionsSimulation
Signal Monitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Harmonics Emissions Design Tips
Use power factor correction circuits The current and voltage wave forms need to be sinusoidal
FlickerEmissions
The term ldquoflickerrdquo applies touncontrolled intermittent Emissions It is also knownas surge emission ie light flicker
Flicker Emission Simulation
CurrentMonitoring
Device
Current monitoring
Coming from the device
Flicker Emissions Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
Intentional RadiatorsIntentional Radiators are subject to are subject to rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing interference and maximizing the interference and maximizing the available spectrumavailable spectrum
All other electrical products areAll other electrical products are non- non-intentional Radiatorsintentional Radiators such as such as electrical circuits are not designed to electrical circuits are not designed to generate RF energy but do As a result generate RF energy but do As a result they they couldcould interfere with other devices interfere with other devices
RADIATED RADIATED EMISSIONSEMISSIONS
RadiatedEmissions
Verifies that the products RF emissions do not exceed a level that will interfere with the operation of other electrical devices in the operating environment
Radiated EmissionsSimulation
Evaluation of Radiated Emissions at Your
Location ndash Clearance Requirements
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated EmissionsDesign Tips
ConductedEmissions
This is energy that is transmitted from an electrical device through the power cord and back into the electrical system
Conducted EmissionsSimulation
SignalMonitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
EMCEMC is a is a natural conditionnatural condition that exists when that exists when electrical equipment is performing its designed electrical equipment is performing its designed functions functions
without without
ldquoldquoCausing tordquoCausing tordquo (Emissions) or ldquo (Emissions) or ldquosuffering fromsuffering fromrdquo rdquo (Immunity)(Immunity)
unacceptableunacceptable degradation due to electromagnetic degradation due to electromagnetic interference interference toto or or fromfrom other equipment other equipment
BASIC BASIC EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibilityompatibility
EMC (Electro-Magnetic Compatibility)2 conditions must be satisfied The device does not generate electromagnetic noise and does not malfunction due to extraneous noise
EMI (Electro-Magnetic Interference) The device does not generate electromagnetic noise beyond established levels EMS (Electro-Magnetic Susceptibility)The device does not abnormally malfunction due to extraneous noise within the environment the device will be used
EMC EMC -CONTINUED--CONTINUED-
ImmunityImmunityAKAAKA
SusceptibilitySusceptibility
helliphellipa condition that exists when equipment continues to a condition that exists when equipment continues to operate within operate within acceptable limits of performanceacceptable limits of performance when when exposed to interference in which the environment where exposed to interference in which the environment where it is usedit is used
gtgtgtgtFor ExampleltltltltgtgtgtgtFor Exampleltltltlt
Equipment may work fine in the home but may fail if it is Equipment may work fine in the home but may fail if it is placed inside a machine shop Why Equipment is placed inside a machine shop Why Equipment is immune to the immune to the low levellow level residential disturbances but not residential disturbances but not immune to immune to high levelhigh level industrial-strength disturbances industrial-strength disturbances
Emissions AKA
Noise Leaking Radio Frequency
A condition that exists when your equipment suffers from unacceptable degradation of performance as a result of electromagnetic interference gtgt For Example ltltgtgt For Example ltlt
Hospitals equipment have failed to operate or had false alarms due to electronic devices emitting EMI
An example you all can relate to - Cell Phones are now prohibited from use many hospitals locations
BASIC CONCEPTBASIC CONCEPT
Electromagnetic Fields Exist Everywhere
It is NORMAL
There are two paths
Radiated Airborne
amp
Conducted Wires
TYPICAL TYPICAL EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibility Testsompatibility Tests
- Radiated Immunity - Harmonics - Conducted Immunity - Flicker - Surge - Radiated Emissions - ESD - Conducted Emissions - EFT - Voltage Dips amp Interrupts
IMMUNITY TESTS EMISSIONS TESTS
Radiated Immunity
Evaluated by controlling a signal source and power levels to generate field levels over a defined set of frequencies
Radiated Immunity
Simulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated ImmunityDesign Tips
Conducted Immunity
Evaluates the productrsquos ability to resist electrical signals that may be generated by the switching of inductive loads or contactors
Conducted ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
Conducted ImmunityDesign Tips
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Are there IO line filters Use ferrites on cabling if needed Use multi-layer PCBs where possible Are you using a power line filter
Surge Immunity
This tests the equipmentrsquos level of resistance or immunity to surges caused by over voltages from switching and lightning transients
Surge ImmunitySimulation
ControlledPulse
Source
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Pulse injection
Use pre-approved power supplies Are there surge suppressors installed
Surge ImmunityDesign Tips
ESD Immunity
Electrostatic Discharges are applied to all relevant points while the apparatus is in operation These are appliedeither by air or by touch (contact)
ESD ImmunitySimulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Electro-static discharge
ESD ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground planeMake sure the AC mains has the 3rd wire Ground and is used If a plastic enclosure consider conductive coatings With keyboards consider using a ldquoback-planerdquo ground sheet
EFT(Electrical Fast Transients)
Immunity
EFT is a test process to demonstratethe equipmentrsquos resistance to line transients through the connecting leads simulating relay and contact bounce
EFT ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
EFT ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground plane Does your unit have a power line filter Are there transient suppression components employed on the PCBA Use shielded cables Employ multi-layer PCBs Use shielded cables
Voltage Dips amp Interrupts Immunity
Simulates voltage variations and interruptions caused by short circuits or rapid changes in power This may cause a sudden and extreme increase in current and a reduction in voltage
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Simulation
ControlledVoltageSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Voltage injection
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
HarmonicEmissions
Harmonics is a distortion of a normal sine wave When a product produces distortion it does this at multiples of the power line frequency are generated
Harmonic EmissionsSimulation
Signal Monitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Harmonics Emissions Design Tips
Use power factor correction circuits The current and voltage wave forms need to be sinusoidal
FlickerEmissions
The term ldquoflickerrdquo applies touncontrolled intermittent Emissions It is also knownas surge emission ie light flicker
Flicker Emission Simulation
CurrentMonitoring
Device
Current monitoring
Coming from the device
Flicker Emissions Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
Intentional RadiatorsIntentional Radiators are subject to are subject to rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing interference and maximizing the interference and maximizing the available spectrumavailable spectrum
All other electrical products areAll other electrical products are non- non-intentional Radiatorsintentional Radiators such as such as electrical circuits are not designed to electrical circuits are not designed to generate RF energy but do As a result generate RF energy but do As a result they they couldcould interfere with other devices interfere with other devices
RADIATED RADIATED EMISSIONSEMISSIONS
RadiatedEmissions
Verifies that the products RF emissions do not exceed a level that will interfere with the operation of other electrical devices in the operating environment
Radiated EmissionsSimulation
Evaluation of Radiated Emissions at Your
Location ndash Clearance Requirements
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated EmissionsDesign Tips
ConductedEmissions
This is energy that is transmitted from an electrical device through the power cord and back into the electrical system
Conducted EmissionsSimulation
SignalMonitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
EMC (Electro-Magnetic Compatibility)2 conditions must be satisfied The device does not generate electromagnetic noise and does not malfunction due to extraneous noise
EMI (Electro-Magnetic Interference) The device does not generate electromagnetic noise beyond established levels EMS (Electro-Magnetic Susceptibility)The device does not abnormally malfunction due to extraneous noise within the environment the device will be used
EMC EMC -CONTINUED--CONTINUED-
ImmunityImmunityAKAAKA
SusceptibilitySusceptibility
helliphellipa condition that exists when equipment continues to a condition that exists when equipment continues to operate within operate within acceptable limits of performanceacceptable limits of performance when when exposed to interference in which the environment where exposed to interference in which the environment where it is usedit is used
gtgtgtgtFor ExampleltltltltgtgtgtgtFor Exampleltltltlt
Equipment may work fine in the home but may fail if it is Equipment may work fine in the home but may fail if it is placed inside a machine shop Why Equipment is placed inside a machine shop Why Equipment is immune to the immune to the low levellow level residential disturbances but not residential disturbances but not immune to immune to high levelhigh level industrial-strength disturbances industrial-strength disturbances
Emissions AKA
Noise Leaking Radio Frequency
A condition that exists when your equipment suffers from unacceptable degradation of performance as a result of electromagnetic interference gtgt For Example ltltgtgt For Example ltlt
Hospitals equipment have failed to operate or had false alarms due to electronic devices emitting EMI
An example you all can relate to - Cell Phones are now prohibited from use many hospitals locations
BASIC CONCEPTBASIC CONCEPT
Electromagnetic Fields Exist Everywhere
It is NORMAL
There are two paths
Radiated Airborne
amp
Conducted Wires
TYPICAL TYPICAL EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibility Testsompatibility Tests
- Radiated Immunity - Harmonics - Conducted Immunity - Flicker - Surge - Radiated Emissions - ESD - Conducted Emissions - EFT - Voltage Dips amp Interrupts
IMMUNITY TESTS EMISSIONS TESTS
Radiated Immunity
Evaluated by controlling a signal source and power levels to generate field levels over a defined set of frequencies
Radiated Immunity
Simulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated ImmunityDesign Tips
Conducted Immunity
Evaluates the productrsquos ability to resist electrical signals that may be generated by the switching of inductive loads or contactors
Conducted ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
Conducted ImmunityDesign Tips
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Are there IO line filters Use ferrites on cabling if needed Use multi-layer PCBs where possible Are you using a power line filter
Surge Immunity
This tests the equipmentrsquos level of resistance or immunity to surges caused by over voltages from switching and lightning transients
Surge ImmunitySimulation
ControlledPulse
Source
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Pulse injection
Use pre-approved power supplies Are there surge suppressors installed
Surge ImmunityDesign Tips
ESD Immunity
Electrostatic Discharges are applied to all relevant points while the apparatus is in operation These are appliedeither by air or by touch (contact)
ESD ImmunitySimulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Electro-static discharge
ESD ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground planeMake sure the AC mains has the 3rd wire Ground and is used If a plastic enclosure consider conductive coatings With keyboards consider using a ldquoback-planerdquo ground sheet
EFT(Electrical Fast Transients)
Immunity
EFT is a test process to demonstratethe equipmentrsquos resistance to line transients through the connecting leads simulating relay and contact bounce
EFT ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
EFT ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground plane Does your unit have a power line filter Are there transient suppression components employed on the PCBA Use shielded cables Employ multi-layer PCBs Use shielded cables
Voltage Dips amp Interrupts Immunity
Simulates voltage variations and interruptions caused by short circuits or rapid changes in power This may cause a sudden and extreme increase in current and a reduction in voltage
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Simulation
ControlledVoltageSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Voltage injection
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
HarmonicEmissions
Harmonics is a distortion of a normal sine wave When a product produces distortion it does this at multiples of the power line frequency are generated
Harmonic EmissionsSimulation
Signal Monitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Harmonics Emissions Design Tips
Use power factor correction circuits The current and voltage wave forms need to be sinusoidal
FlickerEmissions
The term ldquoflickerrdquo applies touncontrolled intermittent Emissions It is also knownas surge emission ie light flicker
Flicker Emission Simulation
CurrentMonitoring
Device
Current monitoring
Coming from the device
Flicker Emissions Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
Intentional RadiatorsIntentional Radiators are subject to are subject to rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing interference and maximizing the interference and maximizing the available spectrumavailable spectrum
All other electrical products areAll other electrical products are non- non-intentional Radiatorsintentional Radiators such as such as electrical circuits are not designed to electrical circuits are not designed to generate RF energy but do As a result generate RF energy but do As a result they they couldcould interfere with other devices interfere with other devices
RADIATED RADIATED EMISSIONSEMISSIONS
RadiatedEmissions
Verifies that the products RF emissions do not exceed a level that will interfere with the operation of other electrical devices in the operating environment
Radiated EmissionsSimulation
Evaluation of Radiated Emissions at Your
Location ndash Clearance Requirements
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated EmissionsDesign Tips
ConductedEmissions
This is energy that is transmitted from an electrical device through the power cord and back into the electrical system
Conducted EmissionsSimulation
SignalMonitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
ImmunityImmunityAKAAKA
SusceptibilitySusceptibility
helliphellipa condition that exists when equipment continues to a condition that exists when equipment continues to operate within operate within acceptable limits of performanceacceptable limits of performance when when exposed to interference in which the environment where exposed to interference in which the environment where it is usedit is used
gtgtgtgtFor ExampleltltltltgtgtgtgtFor Exampleltltltlt
Equipment may work fine in the home but may fail if it is Equipment may work fine in the home but may fail if it is placed inside a machine shop Why Equipment is placed inside a machine shop Why Equipment is immune to the immune to the low levellow level residential disturbances but not residential disturbances but not immune to immune to high levelhigh level industrial-strength disturbances industrial-strength disturbances
Emissions AKA
Noise Leaking Radio Frequency
A condition that exists when your equipment suffers from unacceptable degradation of performance as a result of electromagnetic interference gtgt For Example ltltgtgt For Example ltlt
Hospitals equipment have failed to operate or had false alarms due to electronic devices emitting EMI
An example you all can relate to - Cell Phones are now prohibited from use many hospitals locations
BASIC CONCEPTBASIC CONCEPT
Electromagnetic Fields Exist Everywhere
It is NORMAL
There are two paths
Radiated Airborne
amp
Conducted Wires
TYPICAL TYPICAL EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibility Testsompatibility Tests
- Radiated Immunity - Harmonics - Conducted Immunity - Flicker - Surge - Radiated Emissions - ESD - Conducted Emissions - EFT - Voltage Dips amp Interrupts
IMMUNITY TESTS EMISSIONS TESTS
Radiated Immunity
Evaluated by controlling a signal source and power levels to generate field levels over a defined set of frequencies
Radiated Immunity
Simulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated ImmunityDesign Tips
Conducted Immunity
Evaluates the productrsquos ability to resist electrical signals that may be generated by the switching of inductive loads or contactors
Conducted ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
Conducted ImmunityDesign Tips
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Are there IO line filters Use ferrites on cabling if needed Use multi-layer PCBs where possible Are you using a power line filter
Surge Immunity
This tests the equipmentrsquos level of resistance or immunity to surges caused by over voltages from switching and lightning transients
Surge ImmunitySimulation
ControlledPulse
Source
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Pulse injection
Use pre-approved power supplies Are there surge suppressors installed
Surge ImmunityDesign Tips
ESD Immunity
Electrostatic Discharges are applied to all relevant points while the apparatus is in operation These are appliedeither by air or by touch (contact)
ESD ImmunitySimulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Electro-static discharge
ESD ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground planeMake sure the AC mains has the 3rd wire Ground and is used If a plastic enclosure consider conductive coatings With keyboards consider using a ldquoback-planerdquo ground sheet
EFT(Electrical Fast Transients)
Immunity
EFT is a test process to demonstratethe equipmentrsquos resistance to line transients through the connecting leads simulating relay and contact bounce
EFT ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
EFT ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground plane Does your unit have a power line filter Are there transient suppression components employed on the PCBA Use shielded cables Employ multi-layer PCBs Use shielded cables
Voltage Dips amp Interrupts Immunity
Simulates voltage variations and interruptions caused by short circuits or rapid changes in power This may cause a sudden and extreme increase in current and a reduction in voltage
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Simulation
ControlledVoltageSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Voltage injection
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
HarmonicEmissions
Harmonics is a distortion of a normal sine wave When a product produces distortion it does this at multiples of the power line frequency are generated
Harmonic EmissionsSimulation
Signal Monitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Harmonics Emissions Design Tips
Use power factor correction circuits The current and voltage wave forms need to be sinusoidal
FlickerEmissions
The term ldquoflickerrdquo applies touncontrolled intermittent Emissions It is also knownas surge emission ie light flicker
Flicker Emission Simulation
CurrentMonitoring
Device
Current monitoring
Coming from the device
Flicker Emissions Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
Intentional RadiatorsIntentional Radiators are subject to are subject to rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing interference and maximizing the interference and maximizing the available spectrumavailable spectrum
All other electrical products areAll other electrical products are non- non-intentional Radiatorsintentional Radiators such as such as electrical circuits are not designed to electrical circuits are not designed to generate RF energy but do As a result generate RF energy but do As a result they they couldcould interfere with other devices interfere with other devices
RADIATED RADIATED EMISSIONSEMISSIONS
RadiatedEmissions
Verifies that the products RF emissions do not exceed a level that will interfere with the operation of other electrical devices in the operating environment
Radiated EmissionsSimulation
Evaluation of Radiated Emissions at Your
Location ndash Clearance Requirements
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated EmissionsDesign Tips
ConductedEmissions
This is energy that is transmitted from an electrical device through the power cord and back into the electrical system
Conducted EmissionsSimulation
SignalMonitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
Emissions AKA
Noise Leaking Radio Frequency
A condition that exists when your equipment suffers from unacceptable degradation of performance as a result of electromagnetic interference gtgt For Example ltltgtgt For Example ltlt
Hospitals equipment have failed to operate or had false alarms due to electronic devices emitting EMI
An example you all can relate to - Cell Phones are now prohibited from use many hospitals locations
BASIC CONCEPTBASIC CONCEPT
Electromagnetic Fields Exist Everywhere
It is NORMAL
There are two paths
Radiated Airborne
amp
Conducted Wires
TYPICAL TYPICAL EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibility Testsompatibility Tests
- Radiated Immunity - Harmonics - Conducted Immunity - Flicker - Surge - Radiated Emissions - ESD - Conducted Emissions - EFT - Voltage Dips amp Interrupts
IMMUNITY TESTS EMISSIONS TESTS
Radiated Immunity
Evaluated by controlling a signal source and power levels to generate field levels over a defined set of frequencies
Radiated Immunity
Simulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated ImmunityDesign Tips
Conducted Immunity
Evaluates the productrsquos ability to resist electrical signals that may be generated by the switching of inductive loads or contactors
Conducted ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
Conducted ImmunityDesign Tips
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Are there IO line filters Use ferrites on cabling if needed Use multi-layer PCBs where possible Are you using a power line filter
Surge Immunity
This tests the equipmentrsquos level of resistance or immunity to surges caused by over voltages from switching and lightning transients
Surge ImmunitySimulation
ControlledPulse
Source
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Pulse injection
Use pre-approved power supplies Are there surge suppressors installed
Surge ImmunityDesign Tips
ESD Immunity
Electrostatic Discharges are applied to all relevant points while the apparatus is in operation These are appliedeither by air or by touch (contact)
ESD ImmunitySimulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Electro-static discharge
ESD ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground planeMake sure the AC mains has the 3rd wire Ground and is used If a plastic enclosure consider conductive coatings With keyboards consider using a ldquoback-planerdquo ground sheet
EFT(Electrical Fast Transients)
Immunity
EFT is a test process to demonstratethe equipmentrsquos resistance to line transients through the connecting leads simulating relay and contact bounce
EFT ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
EFT ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground plane Does your unit have a power line filter Are there transient suppression components employed on the PCBA Use shielded cables Employ multi-layer PCBs Use shielded cables
Voltage Dips amp Interrupts Immunity
Simulates voltage variations and interruptions caused by short circuits or rapid changes in power This may cause a sudden and extreme increase in current and a reduction in voltage
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Simulation
ControlledVoltageSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Voltage injection
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
HarmonicEmissions
Harmonics is a distortion of a normal sine wave When a product produces distortion it does this at multiples of the power line frequency are generated
Harmonic EmissionsSimulation
Signal Monitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Harmonics Emissions Design Tips
Use power factor correction circuits The current and voltage wave forms need to be sinusoidal
FlickerEmissions
The term ldquoflickerrdquo applies touncontrolled intermittent Emissions It is also knownas surge emission ie light flicker
Flicker Emission Simulation
CurrentMonitoring
Device
Current monitoring
Coming from the device
Flicker Emissions Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
Intentional RadiatorsIntentional Radiators are subject to are subject to rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing interference and maximizing the interference and maximizing the available spectrumavailable spectrum
All other electrical products areAll other electrical products are non- non-intentional Radiatorsintentional Radiators such as such as electrical circuits are not designed to electrical circuits are not designed to generate RF energy but do As a result generate RF energy but do As a result they they couldcould interfere with other devices interfere with other devices
RADIATED RADIATED EMISSIONSEMISSIONS
RadiatedEmissions
Verifies that the products RF emissions do not exceed a level that will interfere with the operation of other electrical devices in the operating environment
Radiated EmissionsSimulation
Evaluation of Radiated Emissions at Your
Location ndash Clearance Requirements
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated EmissionsDesign Tips
ConductedEmissions
This is energy that is transmitted from an electrical device through the power cord and back into the electrical system
Conducted EmissionsSimulation
SignalMonitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
BASIC CONCEPTBASIC CONCEPT
Electromagnetic Fields Exist Everywhere
It is NORMAL
There are two paths
Radiated Airborne
amp
Conducted Wires
TYPICAL TYPICAL EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibility Testsompatibility Tests
- Radiated Immunity - Harmonics - Conducted Immunity - Flicker - Surge - Radiated Emissions - ESD - Conducted Emissions - EFT - Voltage Dips amp Interrupts
IMMUNITY TESTS EMISSIONS TESTS
Radiated Immunity
Evaluated by controlling a signal source and power levels to generate field levels over a defined set of frequencies
Radiated Immunity
Simulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated ImmunityDesign Tips
Conducted Immunity
Evaluates the productrsquos ability to resist electrical signals that may be generated by the switching of inductive loads or contactors
Conducted ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
Conducted ImmunityDesign Tips
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Are there IO line filters Use ferrites on cabling if needed Use multi-layer PCBs where possible Are you using a power line filter
Surge Immunity
This tests the equipmentrsquos level of resistance or immunity to surges caused by over voltages from switching and lightning transients
Surge ImmunitySimulation
ControlledPulse
Source
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Pulse injection
Use pre-approved power supplies Are there surge suppressors installed
Surge ImmunityDesign Tips
ESD Immunity
Electrostatic Discharges are applied to all relevant points while the apparatus is in operation These are appliedeither by air or by touch (contact)
ESD ImmunitySimulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Electro-static discharge
ESD ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground planeMake sure the AC mains has the 3rd wire Ground and is used If a plastic enclosure consider conductive coatings With keyboards consider using a ldquoback-planerdquo ground sheet
EFT(Electrical Fast Transients)
Immunity
EFT is a test process to demonstratethe equipmentrsquos resistance to line transients through the connecting leads simulating relay and contact bounce
EFT ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
EFT ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground plane Does your unit have a power line filter Are there transient suppression components employed on the PCBA Use shielded cables Employ multi-layer PCBs Use shielded cables
Voltage Dips amp Interrupts Immunity
Simulates voltage variations and interruptions caused by short circuits or rapid changes in power This may cause a sudden and extreme increase in current and a reduction in voltage
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Simulation
ControlledVoltageSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Voltage injection
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
HarmonicEmissions
Harmonics is a distortion of a normal sine wave When a product produces distortion it does this at multiples of the power line frequency are generated
Harmonic EmissionsSimulation
Signal Monitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Harmonics Emissions Design Tips
Use power factor correction circuits The current and voltage wave forms need to be sinusoidal
FlickerEmissions
The term ldquoflickerrdquo applies touncontrolled intermittent Emissions It is also knownas surge emission ie light flicker
Flicker Emission Simulation
CurrentMonitoring
Device
Current monitoring
Coming from the device
Flicker Emissions Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
Intentional RadiatorsIntentional Radiators are subject to are subject to rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing interference and maximizing the interference and maximizing the available spectrumavailable spectrum
All other electrical products areAll other electrical products are non- non-intentional Radiatorsintentional Radiators such as such as electrical circuits are not designed to electrical circuits are not designed to generate RF energy but do As a result generate RF energy but do As a result they they couldcould interfere with other devices interfere with other devices
RADIATED RADIATED EMISSIONSEMISSIONS
RadiatedEmissions
Verifies that the products RF emissions do not exceed a level that will interfere with the operation of other electrical devices in the operating environment
Radiated EmissionsSimulation
Evaluation of Radiated Emissions at Your
Location ndash Clearance Requirements
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated EmissionsDesign Tips
ConductedEmissions
This is energy that is transmitted from an electrical device through the power cord and back into the electrical system
Conducted EmissionsSimulation
SignalMonitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
TYPICAL TYPICAL EElectro-lectro-MMagneticagnetic
CCompatibility Testsompatibility Tests
- Radiated Immunity - Harmonics - Conducted Immunity - Flicker - Surge - Radiated Emissions - ESD - Conducted Emissions - EFT - Voltage Dips amp Interrupts
IMMUNITY TESTS EMISSIONS TESTS
Radiated Immunity
Evaluated by controlling a signal source and power levels to generate field levels over a defined set of frequencies
Radiated Immunity
Simulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated ImmunityDesign Tips
Conducted Immunity
Evaluates the productrsquos ability to resist electrical signals that may be generated by the switching of inductive loads or contactors
Conducted ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
Conducted ImmunityDesign Tips
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Are there IO line filters Use ferrites on cabling if needed Use multi-layer PCBs where possible Are you using a power line filter
Surge Immunity
This tests the equipmentrsquos level of resistance or immunity to surges caused by over voltages from switching and lightning transients
Surge ImmunitySimulation
ControlledPulse
Source
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Pulse injection
Use pre-approved power supplies Are there surge suppressors installed
Surge ImmunityDesign Tips
ESD Immunity
Electrostatic Discharges are applied to all relevant points while the apparatus is in operation These are appliedeither by air or by touch (contact)
ESD ImmunitySimulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Electro-static discharge
ESD ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground planeMake sure the AC mains has the 3rd wire Ground and is used If a plastic enclosure consider conductive coatings With keyboards consider using a ldquoback-planerdquo ground sheet
EFT(Electrical Fast Transients)
Immunity
EFT is a test process to demonstratethe equipmentrsquos resistance to line transients through the connecting leads simulating relay and contact bounce
EFT ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
EFT ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground plane Does your unit have a power line filter Are there transient suppression components employed on the PCBA Use shielded cables Employ multi-layer PCBs Use shielded cables
Voltage Dips amp Interrupts Immunity
Simulates voltage variations and interruptions caused by short circuits or rapid changes in power This may cause a sudden and extreme increase in current and a reduction in voltage
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Simulation
ControlledVoltageSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Voltage injection
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
HarmonicEmissions
Harmonics is a distortion of a normal sine wave When a product produces distortion it does this at multiples of the power line frequency are generated
Harmonic EmissionsSimulation
Signal Monitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Harmonics Emissions Design Tips
Use power factor correction circuits The current and voltage wave forms need to be sinusoidal
FlickerEmissions
The term ldquoflickerrdquo applies touncontrolled intermittent Emissions It is also knownas surge emission ie light flicker
Flicker Emission Simulation
CurrentMonitoring
Device
Current monitoring
Coming from the device
Flicker Emissions Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
Intentional RadiatorsIntentional Radiators are subject to are subject to rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing interference and maximizing the interference and maximizing the available spectrumavailable spectrum
All other electrical products areAll other electrical products are non- non-intentional Radiatorsintentional Radiators such as such as electrical circuits are not designed to electrical circuits are not designed to generate RF energy but do As a result generate RF energy but do As a result they they couldcould interfere with other devices interfere with other devices
RADIATED RADIATED EMISSIONSEMISSIONS
RadiatedEmissions
Verifies that the products RF emissions do not exceed a level that will interfere with the operation of other electrical devices in the operating environment
Radiated EmissionsSimulation
Evaluation of Radiated Emissions at Your
Location ndash Clearance Requirements
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated EmissionsDesign Tips
ConductedEmissions
This is energy that is transmitted from an electrical device through the power cord and back into the electrical system
Conducted EmissionsSimulation
SignalMonitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
Radiated Immunity
Evaluated by controlling a signal source and power levels to generate field levels over a defined set of frequencies
Radiated Immunity
Simulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated ImmunityDesign Tips
Conducted Immunity
Evaluates the productrsquos ability to resist electrical signals that may be generated by the switching of inductive loads or contactors
Conducted ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
Conducted ImmunityDesign Tips
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Are there IO line filters Use ferrites on cabling if needed Use multi-layer PCBs where possible Are you using a power line filter
Surge Immunity
This tests the equipmentrsquos level of resistance or immunity to surges caused by over voltages from switching and lightning transients
Surge ImmunitySimulation
ControlledPulse
Source
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Pulse injection
Use pre-approved power supplies Are there surge suppressors installed
Surge ImmunityDesign Tips
ESD Immunity
Electrostatic Discharges are applied to all relevant points while the apparatus is in operation These are appliedeither by air or by touch (contact)
ESD ImmunitySimulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Electro-static discharge
ESD ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground planeMake sure the AC mains has the 3rd wire Ground and is used If a plastic enclosure consider conductive coatings With keyboards consider using a ldquoback-planerdquo ground sheet
EFT(Electrical Fast Transients)
Immunity
EFT is a test process to demonstratethe equipmentrsquos resistance to line transients through the connecting leads simulating relay and contact bounce
EFT ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
EFT ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground plane Does your unit have a power line filter Are there transient suppression components employed on the PCBA Use shielded cables Employ multi-layer PCBs Use shielded cables
Voltage Dips amp Interrupts Immunity
Simulates voltage variations and interruptions caused by short circuits or rapid changes in power This may cause a sudden and extreme increase in current and a reduction in voltage
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Simulation
ControlledVoltageSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Voltage injection
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
HarmonicEmissions
Harmonics is a distortion of a normal sine wave When a product produces distortion it does this at multiples of the power line frequency are generated
Harmonic EmissionsSimulation
Signal Monitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Harmonics Emissions Design Tips
Use power factor correction circuits The current and voltage wave forms need to be sinusoidal
FlickerEmissions
The term ldquoflickerrdquo applies touncontrolled intermittent Emissions It is also knownas surge emission ie light flicker
Flicker Emission Simulation
CurrentMonitoring
Device
Current monitoring
Coming from the device
Flicker Emissions Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
Intentional RadiatorsIntentional Radiators are subject to are subject to rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing interference and maximizing the interference and maximizing the available spectrumavailable spectrum
All other electrical products areAll other electrical products are non- non-intentional Radiatorsintentional Radiators such as such as electrical circuits are not designed to electrical circuits are not designed to generate RF energy but do As a result generate RF energy but do As a result they they couldcould interfere with other devices interfere with other devices
RADIATED RADIATED EMISSIONSEMISSIONS
RadiatedEmissions
Verifies that the products RF emissions do not exceed a level that will interfere with the operation of other electrical devices in the operating environment
Radiated EmissionsSimulation
Evaluation of Radiated Emissions at Your
Location ndash Clearance Requirements
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated EmissionsDesign Tips
ConductedEmissions
This is energy that is transmitted from an electrical device through the power cord and back into the electrical system
Conducted EmissionsSimulation
SignalMonitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
Radiated Immunity
Simulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated ImmunityDesign Tips
Conducted Immunity
Evaluates the productrsquos ability to resist electrical signals that may be generated by the switching of inductive loads or contactors
Conducted ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
Conducted ImmunityDesign Tips
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Are there IO line filters Use ferrites on cabling if needed Use multi-layer PCBs where possible Are you using a power line filter
Surge Immunity
This tests the equipmentrsquos level of resistance or immunity to surges caused by over voltages from switching and lightning transients
Surge ImmunitySimulation
ControlledPulse
Source
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Pulse injection
Use pre-approved power supplies Are there surge suppressors installed
Surge ImmunityDesign Tips
ESD Immunity
Electrostatic Discharges are applied to all relevant points while the apparatus is in operation These are appliedeither by air or by touch (contact)
ESD ImmunitySimulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Electro-static discharge
ESD ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground planeMake sure the AC mains has the 3rd wire Ground and is used If a plastic enclosure consider conductive coatings With keyboards consider using a ldquoback-planerdquo ground sheet
EFT(Electrical Fast Transients)
Immunity
EFT is a test process to demonstratethe equipmentrsquos resistance to line transients through the connecting leads simulating relay and contact bounce
EFT ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
EFT ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground plane Does your unit have a power line filter Are there transient suppression components employed on the PCBA Use shielded cables Employ multi-layer PCBs Use shielded cables
Voltage Dips amp Interrupts Immunity
Simulates voltage variations and interruptions caused by short circuits or rapid changes in power This may cause a sudden and extreme increase in current and a reduction in voltage
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Simulation
ControlledVoltageSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Voltage injection
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
HarmonicEmissions
Harmonics is a distortion of a normal sine wave When a product produces distortion it does this at multiples of the power line frequency are generated
Harmonic EmissionsSimulation
Signal Monitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Harmonics Emissions Design Tips
Use power factor correction circuits The current and voltage wave forms need to be sinusoidal
FlickerEmissions
The term ldquoflickerrdquo applies touncontrolled intermittent Emissions It is also knownas surge emission ie light flicker
Flicker Emission Simulation
CurrentMonitoring
Device
Current monitoring
Coming from the device
Flicker Emissions Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
Intentional RadiatorsIntentional Radiators are subject to are subject to rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing interference and maximizing the interference and maximizing the available spectrumavailable spectrum
All other electrical products areAll other electrical products are non- non-intentional Radiatorsintentional Radiators such as such as electrical circuits are not designed to electrical circuits are not designed to generate RF energy but do As a result generate RF energy but do As a result they they couldcould interfere with other devices interfere with other devices
RADIATED RADIATED EMISSIONSEMISSIONS
RadiatedEmissions
Verifies that the products RF emissions do not exceed a level that will interfere with the operation of other electrical devices in the operating environment
Radiated EmissionsSimulation
Evaluation of Radiated Emissions at Your
Location ndash Clearance Requirements
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated EmissionsDesign Tips
ConductedEmissions
This is energy that is transmitted from an electrical device through the power cord and back into the electrical system
Conducted EmissionsSimulation
SignalMonitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated ImmunityDesign Tips
Conducted Immunity
Evaluates the productrsquos ability to resist electrical signals that may be generated by the switching of inductive loads or contactors
Conducted ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
Conducted ImmunityDesign Tips
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Are there IO line filters Use ferrites on cabling if needed Use multi-layer PCBs where possible Are you using a power line filter
Surge Immunity
This tests the equipmentrsquos level of resistance or immunity to surges caused by over voltages from switching and lightning transients
Surge ImmunitySimulation
ControlledPulse
Source
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Pulse injection
Use pre-approved power supplies Are there surge suppressors installed
Surge ImmunityDesign Tips
ESD Immunity
Electrostatic Discharges are applied to all relevant points while the apparatus is in operation These are appliedeither by air or by touch (contact)
ESD ImmunitySimulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Electro-static discharge
ESD ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground planeMake sure the AC mains has the 3rd wire Ground and is used If a plastic enclosure consider conductive coatings With keyboards consider using a ldquoback-planerdquo ground sheet
EFT(Electrical Fast Transients)
Immunity
EFT is a test process to demonstratethe equipmentrsquos resistance to line transients through the connecting leads simulating relay and contact bounce
EFT ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
EFT ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground plane Does your unit have a power line filter Are there transient suppression components employed on the PCBA Use shielded cables Employ multi-layer PCBs Use shielded cables
Voltage Dips amp Interrupts Immunity
Simulates voltage variations and interruptions caused by short circuits or rapid changes in power This may cause a sudden and extreme increase in current and a reduction in voltage
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Simulation
ControlledVoltageSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Voltage injection
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
HarmonicEmissions
Harmonics is a distortion of a normal sine wave When a product produces distortion it does this at multiples of the power line frequency are generated
Harmonic EmissionsSimulation
Signal Monitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Harmonics Emissions Design Tips
Use power factor correction circuits The current and voltage wave forms need to be sinusoidal
FlickerEmissions
The term ldquoflickerrdquo applies touncontrolled intermittent Emissions It is also knownas surge emission ie light flicker
Flicker Emission Simulation
CurrentMonitoring
Device
Current monitoring
Coming from the device
Flicker Emissions Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
Intentional RadiatorsIntentional Radiators are subject to are subject to rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing interference and maximizing the interference and maximizing the available spectrumavailable spectrum
All other electrical products areAll other electrical products are non- non-intentional Radiatorsintentional Radiators such as such as electrical circuits are not designed to electrical circuits are not designed to generate RF energy but do As a result generate RF energy but do As a result they they couldcould interfere with other devices interfere with other devices
RADIATED RADIATED EMISSIONSEMISSIONS
RadiatedEmissions
Verifies that the products RF emissions do not exceed a level that will interfere with the operation of other electrical devices in the operating environment
Radiated EmissionsSimulation
Evaluation of Radiated Emissions at Your
Location ndash Clearance Requirements
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated EmissionsDesign Tips
ConductedEmissions
This is energy that is transmitted from an electrical device through the power cord and back into the electrical system
Conducted EmissionsSimulation
SignalMonitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
Conducted Immunity
Evaluates the productrsquos ability to resist electrical signals that may be generated by the switching of inductive loads or contactors
Conducted ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
Conducted ImmunityDesign Tips
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Are there IO line filters Use ferrites on cabling if needed Use multi-layer PCBs where possible Are you using a power line filter
Surge Immunity
This tests the equipmentrsquos level of resistance or immunity to surges caused by over voltages from switching and lightning transients
Surge ImmunitySimulation
ControlledPulse
Source
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Pulse injection
Use pre-approved power supplies Are there surge suppressors installed
Surge ImmunityDesign Tips
ESD Immunity
Electrostatic Discharges are applied to all relevant points while the apparatus is in operation These are appliedeither by air or by touch (contact)
ESD ImmunitySimulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Electro-static discharge
ESD ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground planeMake sure the AC mains has the 3rd wire Ground and is used If a plastic enclosure consider conductive coatings With keyboards consider using a ldquoback-planerdquo ground sheet
EFT(Electrical Fast Transients)
Immunity
EFT is a test process to demonstratethe equipmentrsquos resistance to line transients through the connecting leads simulating relay and contact bounce
EFT ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
EFT ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground plane Does your unit have a power line filter Are there transient suppression components employed on the PCBA Use shielded cables Employ multi-layer PCBs Use shielded cables
Voltage Dips amp Interrupts Immunity
Simulates voltage variations and interruptions caused by short circuits or rapid changes in power This may cause a sudden and extreme increase in current and a reduction in voltage
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Simulation
ControlledVoltageSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Voltage injection
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
HarmonicEmissions
Harmonics is a distortion of a normal sine wave When a product produces distortion it does this at multiples of the power line frequency are generated
Harmonic EmissionsSimulation
Signal Monitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Harmonics Emissions Design Tips
Use power factor correction circuits The current and voltage wave forms need to be sinusoidal
FlickerEmissions
The term ldquoflickerrdquo applies touncontrolled intermittent Emissions It is also knownas surge emission ie light flicker
Flicker Emission Simulation
CurrentMonitoring
Device
Current monitoring
Coming from the device
Flicker Emissions Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
Intentional RadiatorsIntentional Radiators are subject to are subject to rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing interference and maximizing the interference and maximizing the available spectrumavailable spectrum
All other electrical products areAll other electrical products are non- non-intentional Radiatorsintentional Radiators such as such as electrical circuits are not designed to electrical circuits are not designed to generate RF energy but do As a result generate RF energy but do As a result they they couldcould interfere with other devices interfere with other devices
RADIATED RADIATED EMISSIONSEMISSIONS
RadiatedEmissions
Verifies that the products RF emissions do not exceed a level that will interfere with the operation of other electrical devices in the operating environment
Radiated EmissionsSimulation
Evaluation of Radiated Emissions at Your
Location ndash Clearance Requirements
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated EmissionsDesign Tips
ConductedEmissions
This is energy that is transmitted from an electrical device through the power cord and back into the electrical system
Conducted EmissionsSimulation
SignalMonitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
Conducted ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
Conducted ImmunityDesign Tips
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Are there IO line filters Use ferrites on cabling if needed Use multi-layer PCBs where possible Are you using a power line filter
Surge Immunity
This tests the equipmentrsquos level of resistance or immunity to surges caused by over voltages from switching and lightning transients
Surge ImmunitySimulation
ControlledPulse
Source
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Pulse injection
Use pre-approved power supplies Are there surge suppressors installed
Surge ImmunityDesign Tips
ESD Immunity
Electrostatic Discharges are applied to all relevant points while the apparatus is in operation These are appliedeither by air or by touch (contact)
ESD ImmunitySimulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Electro-static discharge
ESD ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground planeMake sure the AC mains has the 3rd wire Ground and is used If a plastic enclosure consider conductive coatings With keyboards consider using a ldquoback-planerdquo ground sheet
EFT(Electrical Fast Transients)
Immunity
EFT is a test process to demonstratethe equipmentrsquos resistance to line transients through the connecting leads simulating relay and contact bounce
EFT ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
EFT ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground plane Does your unit have a power line filter Are there transient suppression components employed on the PCBA Use shielded cables Employ multi-layer PCBs Use shielded cables
Voltage Dips amp Interrupts Immunity
Simulates voltage variations and interruptions caused by short circuits or rapid changes in power This may cause a sudden and extreme increase in current and a reduction in voltage
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Simulation
ControlledVoltageSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Voltage injection
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
HarmonicEmissions
Harmonics is a distortion of a normal sine wave When a product produces distortion it does this at multiples of the power line frequency are generated
Harmonic EmissionsSimulation
Signal Monitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Harmonics Emissions Design Tips
Use power factor correction circuits The current and voltage wave forms need to be sinusoidal
FlickerEmissions
The term ldquoflickerrdquo applies touncontrolled intermittent Emissions It is also knownas surge emission ie light flicker
Flicker Emission Simulation
CurrentMonitoring
Device
Current monitoring
Coming from the device
Flicker Emissions Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
Intentional RadiatorsIntentional Radiators are subject to are subject to rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing interference and maximizing the interference and maximizing the available spectrumavailable spectrum
All other electrical products areAll other electrical products are non- non-intentional Radiatorsintentional Radiators such as such as electrical circuits are not designed to electrical circuits are not designed to generate RF energy but do As a result generate RF energy but do As a result they they couldcould interfere with other devices interfere with other devices
RADIATED RADIATED EMISSIONSEMISSIONS
RadiatedEmissions
Verifies that the products RF emissions do not exceed a level that will interfere with the operation of other electrical devices in the operating environment
Radiated EmissionsSimulation
Evaluation of Radiated Emissions at Your
Location ndash Clearance Requirements
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated EmissionsDesign Tips
ConductedEmissions
This is energy that is transmitted from an electrical device through the power cord and back into the electrical system
Conducted EmissionsSimulation
SignalMonitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
Conducted ImmunityDesign Tips
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Are there IO line filters Use ferrites on cabling if needed Use multi-layer PCBs where possible Are you using a power line filter
Surge Immunity
This tests the equipmentrsquos level of resistance or immunity to surges caused by over voltages from switching and lightning transients
Surge ImmunitySimulation
ControlledPulse
Source
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Pulse injection
Use pre-approved power supplies Are there surge suppressors installed
Surge ImmunityDesign Tips
ESD Immunity
Electrostatic Discharges are applied to all relevant points while the apparatus is in operation These are appliedeither by air or by touch (contact)
ESD ImmunitySimulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Electro-static discharge
ESD ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground planeMake sure the AC mains has the 3rd wire Ground and is used If a plastic enclosure consider conductive coatings With keyboards consider using a ldquoback-planerdquo ground sheet
EFT(Electrical Fast Transients)
Immunity
EFT is a test process to demonstratethe equipmentrsquos resistance to line transients through the connecting leads simulating relay and contact bounce
EFT ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
EFT ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground plane Does your unit have a power line filter Are there transient suppression components employed on the PCBA Use shielded cables Employ multi-layer PCBs Use shielded cables
Voltage Dips amp Interrupts Immunity
Simulates voltage variations and interruptions caused by short circuits or rapid changes in power This may cause a sudden and extreme increase in current and a reduction in voltage
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Simulation
ControlledVoltageSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Voltage injection
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
HarmonicEmissions
Harmonics is a distortion of a normal sine wave When a product produces distortion it does this at multiples of the power line frequency are generated
Harmonic EmissionsSimulation
Signal Monitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Harmonics Emissions Design Tips
Use power factor correction circuits The current and voltage wave forms need to be sinusoidal
FlickerEmissions
The term ldquoflickerrdquo applies touncontrolled intermittent Emissions It is also knownas surge emission ie light flicker
Flicker Emission Simulation
CurrentMonitoring
Device
Current monitoring
Coming from the device
Flicker Emissions Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
Intentional RadiatorsIntentional Radiators are subject to are subject to rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing interference and maximizing the interference and maximizing the available spectrumavailable spectrum
All other electrical products areAll other electrical products are non- non-intentional Radiatorsintentional Radiators such as such as electrical circuits are not designed to electrical circuits are not designed to generate RF energy but do As a result generate RF energy but do As a result they they couldcould interfere with other devices interfere with other devices
RADIATED RADIATED EMISSIONSEMISSIONS
RadiatedEmissions
Verifies that the products RF emissions do not exceed a level that will interfere with the operation of other electrical devices in the operating environment
Radiated EmissionsSimulation
Evaluation of Radiated Emissions at Your
Location ndash Clearance Requirements
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated EmissionsDesign Tips
ConductedEmissions
This is energy that is transmitted from an electrical device through the power cord and back into the electrical system
Conducted EmissionsSimulation
SignalMonitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
Surge Immunity
This tests the equipmentrsquos level of resistance or immunity to surges caused by over voltages from switching and lightning transients
Surge ImmunitySimulation
ControlledPulse
Source
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Pulse injection
Use pre-approved power supplies Are there surge suppressors installed
Surge ImmunityDesign Tips
ESD Immunity
Electrostatic Discharges are applied to all relevant points while the apparatus is in operation These are appliedeither by air or by touch (contact)
ESD ImmunitySimulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Electro-static discharge
ESD ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground planeMake sure the AC mains has the 3rd wire Ground and is used If a plastic enclosure consider conductive coatings With keyboards consider using a ldquoback-planerdquo ground sheet
EFT(Electrical Fast Transients)
Immunity
EFT is a test process to demonstratethe equipmentrsquos resistance to line transients through the connecting leads simulating relay and contact bounce
EFT ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
EFT ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground plane Does your unit have a power line filter Are there transient suppression components employed on the PCBA Use shielded cables Employ multi-layer PCBs Use shielded cables
Voltage Dips amp Interrupts Immunity
Simulates voltage variations and interruptions caused by short circuits or rapid changes in power This may cause a sudden and extreme increase in current and a reduction in voltage
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Simulation
ControlledVoltageSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Voltage injection
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
HarmonicEmissions
Harmonics is a distortion of a normal sine wave When a product produces distortion it does this at multiples of the power line frequency are generated
Harmonic EmissionsSimulation
Signal Monitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Harmonics Emissions Design Tips
Use power factor correction circuits The current and voltage wave forms need to be sinusoidal
FlickerEmissions
The term ldquoflickerrdquo applies touncontrolled intermittent Emissions It is also knownas surge emission ie light flicker
Flicker Emission Simulation
CurrentMonitoring
Device
Current monitoring
Coming from the device
Flicker Emissions Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
Intentional RadiatorsIntentional Radiators are subject to are subject to rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing interference and maximizing the interference and maximizing the available spectrumavailable spectrum
All other electrical products areAll other electrical products are non- non-intentional Radiatorsintentional Radiators such as such as electrical circuits are not designed to electrical circuits are not designed to generate RF energy but do As a result generate RF energy but do As a result they they couldcould interfere with other devices interfere with other devices
RADIATED RADIATED EMISSIONSEMISSIONS
RadiatedEmissions
Verifies that the products RF emissions do not exceed a level that will interfere with the operation of other electrical devices in the operating environment
Radiated EmissionsSimulation
Evaluation of Radiated Emissions at Your
Location ndash Clearance Requirements
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated EmissionsDesign Tips
ConductedEmissions
This is energy that is transmitted from an electrical device through the power cord and back into the electrical system
Conducted EmissionsSimulation
SignalMonitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
Surge ImmunitySimulation
ControlledPulse
Source
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Pulse injection
Use pre-approved power supplies Are there surge suppressors installed
Surge ImmunityDesign Tips
ESD Immunity
Electrostatic Discharges are applied to all relevant points while the apparatus is in operation These are appliedeither by air or by touch (contact)
ESD ImmunitySimulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Electro-static discharge
ESD ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground planeMake sure the AC mains has the 3rd wire Ground and is used If a plastic enclosure consider conductive coatings With keyboards consider using a ldquoback-planerdquo ground sheet
EFT(Electrical Fast Transients)
Immunity
EFT is a test process to demonstratethe equipmentrsquos resistance to line transients through the connecting leads simulating relay and contact bounce
EFT ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
EFT ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground plane Does your unit have a power line filter Are there transient suppression components employed on the PCBA Use shielded cables Employ multi-layer PCBs Use shielded cables
Voltage Dips amp Interrupts Immunity
Simulates voltage variations and interruptions caused by short circuits or rapid changes in power This may cause a sudden and extreme increase in current and a reduction in voltage
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Simulation
ControlledVoltageSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Voltage injection
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
HarmonicEmissions
Harmonics is a distortion of a normal sine wave When a product produces distortion it does this at multiples of the power line frequency are generated
Harmonic EmissionsSimulation
Signal Monitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Harmonics Emissions Design Tips
Use power factor correction circuits The current and voltage wave forms need to be sinusoidal
FlickerEmissions
The term ldquoflickerrdquo applies touncontrolled intermittent Emissions It is also knownas surge emission ie light flicker
Flicker Emission Simulation
CurrentMonitoring
Device
Current monitoring
Coming from the device
Flicker Emissions Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
Intentional RadiatorsIntentional Radiators are subject to are subject to rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing interference and maximizing the interference and maximizing the available spectrumavailable spectrum
All other electrical products areAll other electrical products are non- non-intentional Radiatorsintentional Radiators such as such as electrical circuits are not designed to electrical circuits are not designed to generate RF energy but do As a result generate RF energy but do As a result they they couldcould interfere with other devices interfere with other devices
RADIATED RADIATED EMISSIONSEMISSIONS
RadiatedEmissions
Verifies that the products RF emissions do not exceed a level that will interfere with the operation of other electrical devices in the operating environment
Radiated EmissionsSimulation
Evaluation of Radiated Emissions at Your
Location ndash Clearance Requirements
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated EmissionsDesign Tips
ConductedEmissions
This is energy that is transmitted from an electrical device through the power cord and back into the electrical system
Conducted EmissionsSimulation
SignalMonitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
Use pre-approved power supplies Are there surge suppressors installed
Surge ImmunityDesign Tips
ESD Immunity
Electrostatic Discharges are applied to all relevant points while the apparatus is in operation These are appliedeither by air or by touch (contact)
ESD ImmunitySimulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Electro-static discharge
ESD ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground planeMake sure the AC mains has the 3rd wire Ground and is used If a plastic enclosure consider conductive coatings With keyboards consider using a ldquoback-planerdquo ground sheet
EFT(Electrical Fast Transients)
Immunity
EFT is a test process to demonstratethe equipmentrsquos resistance to line transients through the connecting leads simulating relay and contact bounce
EFT ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
EFT ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground plane Does your unit have a power line filter Are there transient suppression components employed on the PCBA Use shielded cables Employ multi-layer PCBs Use shielded cables
Voltage Dips amp Interrupts Immunity
Simulates voltage variations and interruptions caused by short circuits or rapid changes in power This may cause a sudden and extreme increase in current and a reduction in voltage
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Simulation
ControlledVoltageSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Voltage injection
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
HarmonicEmissions
Harmonics is a distortion of a normal sine wave When a product produces distortion it does this at multiples of the power line frequency are generated
Harmonic EmissionsSimulation
Signal Monitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Harmonics Emissions Design Tips
Use power factor correction circuits The current and voltage wave forms need to be sinusoidal
FlickerEmissions
The term ldquoflickerrdquo applies touncontrolled intermittent Emissions It is also knownas surge emission ie light flicker
Flicker Emission Simulation
CurrentMonitoring
Device
Current monitoring
Coming from the device
Flicker Emissions Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
Intentional RadiatorsIntentional Radiators are subject to are subject to rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing interference and maximizing the interference and maximizing the available spectrumavailable spectrum
All other electrical products areAll other electrical products are non- non-intentional Radiatorsintentional Radiators such as such as electrical circuits are not designed to electrical circuits are not designed to generate RF energy but do As a result generate RF energy but do As a result they they couldcould interfere with other devices interfere with other devices
RADIATED RADIATED EMISSIONSEMISSIONS
RadiatedEmissions
Verifies that the products RF emissions do not exceed a level that will interfere with the operation of other electrical devices in the operating environment
Radiated EmissionsSimulation
Evaluation of Radiated Emissions at Your
Location ndash Clearance Requirements
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated EmissionsDesign Tips
ConductedEmissions
This is energy that is transmitted from an electrical device through the power cord and back into the electrical system
Conducted EmissionsSimulation
SignalMonitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
ESD Immunity
Electrostatic Discharges are applied to all relevant points while the apparatus is in operation These are appliedeither by air or by touch (contact)
ESD ImmunitySimulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Electro-static discharge
ESD ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground planeMake sure the AC mains has the 3rd wire Ground and is used If a plastic enclosure consider conductive coatings With keyboards consider using a ldquoback-planerdquo ground sheet
EFT(Electrical Fast Transients)
Immunity
EFT is a test process to demonstratethe equipmentrsquos resistance to line transients through the connecting leads simulating relay and contact bounce
EFT ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
EFT ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground plane Does your unit have a power line filter Are there transient suppression components employed on the PCBA Use shielded cables Employ multi-layer PCBs Use shielded cables
Voltage Dips amp Interrupts Immunity
Simulates voltage variations and interruptions caused by short circuits or rapid changes in power This may cause a sudden and extreme increase in current and a reduction in voltage
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Simulation
ControlledVoltageSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Voltage injection
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
HarmonicEmissions
Harmonics is a distortion of a normal sine wave When a product produces distortion it does this at multiples of the power line frequency are generated
Harmonic EmissionsSimulation
Signal Monitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Harmonics Emissions Design Tips
Use power factor correction circuits The current and voltage wave forms need to be sinusoidal
FlickerEmissions
The term ldquoflickerrdquo applies touncontrolled intermittent Emissions It is also knownas surge emission ie light flicker
Flicker Emission Simulation
CurrentMonitoring
Device
Current monitoring
Coming from the device
Flicker Emissions Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
Intentional RadiatorsIntentional Radiators are subject to are subject to rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing interference and maximizing the interference and maximizing the available spectrumavailable spectrum
All other electrical products areAll other electrical products are non- non-intentional Radiatorsintentional Radiators such as such as electrical circuits are not designed to electrical circuits are not designed to generate RF energy but do As a result generate RF energy but do As a result they they couldcould interfere with other devices interfere with other devices
RADIATED RADIATED EMISSIONSEMISSIONS
RadiatedEmissions
Verifies that the products RF emissions do not exceed a level that will interfere with the operation of other electrical devices in the operating environment
Radiated EmissionsSimulation
Evaluation of Radiated Emissions at Your
Location ndash Clearance Requirements
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated EmissionsDesign Tips
ConductedEmissions
This is energy that is transmitted from an electrical device through the power cord and back into the electrical system
Conducted EmissionsSimulation
SignalMonitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
ESD ImmunitySimulation
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Electro-static discharge
ESD ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground planeMake sure the AC mains has the 3rd wire Ground and is used If a plastic enclosure consider conductive coatings With keyboards consider using a ldquoback-planerdquo ground sheet
EFT(Electrical Fast Transients)
Immunity
EFT is a test process to demonstratethe equipmentrsquos resistance to line transients through the connecting leads simulating relay and contact bounce
EFT ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
EFT ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground plane Does your unit have a power line filter Are there transient suppression components employed on the PCBA Use shielded cables Employ multi-layer PCBs Use shielded cables
Voltage Dips amp Interrupts Immunity
Simulates voltage variations and interruptions caused by short circuits or rapid changes in power This may cause a sudden and extreme increase in current and a reduction in voltage
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Simulation
ControlledVoltageSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Voltage injection
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
HarmonicEmissions
Harmonics is a distortion of a normal sine wave When a product produces distortion it does this at multiples of the power line frequency are generated
Harmonic EmissionsSimulation
Signal Monitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Harmonics Emissions Design Tips
Use power factor correction circuits The current and voltage wave forms need to be sinusoidal
FlickerEmissions
The term ldquoflickerrdquo applies touncontrolled intermittent Emissions It is also knownas surge emission ie light flicker
Flicker Emission Simulation
CurrentMonitoring
Device
Current monitoring
Coming from the device
Flicker Emissions Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
Intentional RadiatorsIntentional Radiators are subject to are subject to rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing interference and maximizing the interference and maximizing the available spectrumavailable spectrum
All other electrical products areAll other electrical products are non- non-intentional Radiatorsintentional Radiators such as such as electrical circuits are not designed to electrical circuits are not designed to generate RF energy but do As a result generate RF energy but do As a result they they couldcould interfere with other devices interfere with other devices
RADIATED RADIATED EMISSIONSEMISSIONS
RadiatedEmissions
Verifies that the products RF emissions do not exceed a level that will interfere with the operation of other electrical devices in the operating environment
Radiated EmissionsSimulation
Evaluation of Radiated Emissions at Your
Location ndash Clearance Requirements
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated EmissionsDesign Tips
ConductedEmissions
This is energy that is transmitted from an electrical device through the power cord and back into the electrical system
Conducted EmissionsSimulation
SignalMonitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
ESD ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground planeMake sure the AC mains has the 3rd wire Ground and is used If a plastic enclosure consider conductive coatings With keyboards consider using a ldquoback-planerdquo ground sheet
EFT(Electrical Fast Transients)
Immunity
EFT is a test process to demonstratethe equipmentrsquos resistance to line transients through the connecting leads simulating relay and contact bounce
EFT ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
EFT ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground plane Does your unit have a power line filter Are there transient suppression components employed on the PCBA Use shielded cables Employ multi-layer PCBs Use shielded cables
Voltage Dips amp Interrupts Immunity
Simulates voltage variations and interruptions caused by short circuits or rapid changes in power This may cause a sudden and extreme increase in current and a reduction in voltage
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Simulation
ControlledVoltageSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Voltage injection
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
HarmonicEmissions
Harmonics is a distortion of a normal sine wave When a product produces distortion it does this at multiples of the power line frequency are generated
Harmonic EmissionsSimulation
Signal Monitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Harmonics Emissions Design Tips
Use power factor correction circuits The current and voltage wave forms need to be sinusoidal
FlickerEmissions
The term ldquoflickerrdquo applies touncontrolled intermittent Emissions It is also knownas surge emission ie light flicker
Flicker Emission Simulation
CurrentMonitoring
Device
Current monitoring
Coming from the device
Flicker Emissions Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
Intentional RadiatorsIntentional Radiators are subject to are subject to rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing interference and maximizing the interference and maximizing the available spectrumavailable spectrum
All other electrical products areAll other electrical products are non- non-intentional Radiatorsintentional Radiators such as such as electrical circuits are not designed to electrical circuits are not designed to generate RF energy but do As a result generate RF energy but do As a result they they couldcould interfere with other devices interfere with other devices
RADIATED RADIATED EMISSIONSEMISSIONS
RadiatedEmissions
Verifies that the products RF emissions do not exceed a level that will interfere with the operation of other electrical devices in the operating environment
Radiated EmissionsSimulation
Evaluation of Radiated Emissions at Your
Location ndash Clearance Requirements
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated EmissionsDesign Tips
ConductedEmissions
This is energy that is transmitted from an electrical device through the power cord and back into the electrical system
Conducted EmissionsSimulation
SignalMonitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
EFT(Electrical Fast Transients)
Immunity
EFT is a test process to demonstratethe equipmentrsquos resistance to line transients through the connecting leads simulating relay and contact bounce
EFT ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
EFT ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground plane Does your unit have a power line filter Are there transient suppression components employed on the PCBA Use shielded cables Employ multi-layer PCBs Use shielded cables
Voltage Dips amp Interrupts Immunity
Simulates voltage variations and interruptions caused by short circuits or rapid changes in power This may cause a sudden and extreme increase in current and a reduction in voltage
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Simulation
ControlledVoltageSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Voltage injection
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
HarmonicEmissions
Harmonics is a distortion of a normal sine wave When a product produces distortion it does this at multiples of the power line frequency are generated
Harmonic EmissionsSimulation
Signal Monitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Harmonics Emissions Design Tips
Use power factor correction circuits The current and voltage wave forms need to be sinusoidal
FlickerEmissions
The term ldquoflickerrdquo applies touncontrolled intermittent Emissions It is also knownas surge emission ie light flicker
Flicker Emission Simulation
CurrentMonitoring
Device
Current monitoring
Coming from the device
Flicker Emissions Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
Intentional RadiatorsIntentional Radiators are subject to are subject to rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing interference and maximizing the interference and maximizing the available spectrumavailable spectrum
All other electrical products areAll other electrical products are non- non-intentional Radiatorsintentional Radiators such as such as electrical circuits are not designed to electrical circuits are not designed to generate RF energy but do As a result generate RF energy but do As a result they they couldcould interfere with other devices interfere with other devices
RADIATED RADIATED EMISSIONSEMISSIONS
RadiatedEmissions
Verifies that the products RF emissions do not exceed a level that will interfere with the operation of other electrical devices in the operating environment
Radiated EmissionsSimulation
Evaluation of Radiated Emissions at Your
Location ndash Clearance Requirements
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated EmissionsDesign Tips
ConductedEmissions
This is energy that is transmitted from an electrical device through the power cord and back into the electrical system
Conducted EmissionsSimulation
SignalMonitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
EFT ImmunitySimulation
ControlledSignalSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Signal injection
EFT ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground plane Does your unit have a power line filter Are there transient suppression components employed on the PCBA Use shielded cables Employ multi-layer PCBs Use shielded cables
Voltage Dips amp Interrupts Immunity
Simulates voltage variations and interruptions caused by short circuits or rapid changes in power This may cause a sudden and extreme increase in current and a reduction in voltage
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Simulation
ControlledVoltageSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Voltage injection
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
HarmonicEmissions
Harmonics is a distortion of a normal sine wave When a product produces distortion it does this at multiples of the power line frequency are generated
Harmonic EmissionsSimulation
Signal Monitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Harmonics Emissions Design Tips
Use power factor correction circuits The current and voltage wave forms need to be sinusoidal
FlickerEmissions
The term ldquoflickerrdquo applies touncontrolled intermittent Emissions It is also knownas surge emission ie light flicker
Flicker Emission Simulation
CurrentMonitoring
Device
Current monitoring
Coming from the device
Flicker Emissions Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
Intentional RadiatorsIntentional Radiators are subject to are subject to rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing interference and maximizing the interference and maximizing the available spectrumavailable spectrum
All other electrical products areAll other electrical products are non- non-intentional Radiatorsintentional Radiators such as such as electrical circuits are not designed to electrical circuits are not designed to generate RF energy but do As a result generate RF energy but do As a result they they couldcould interfere with other devices interfere with other devices
RADIATED RADIATED EMISSIONSEMISSIONS
RadiatedEmissions
Verifies that the products RF emissions do not exceed a level that will interfere with the operation of other electrical devices in the operating environment
Radiated EmissionsSimulation
Evaluation of Radiated Emissions at Your
Location ndash Clearance Requirements
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated EmissionsDesign Tips
ConductedEmissions
This is energy that is transmitted from an electrical device through the power cord and back into the electrical system
Conducted EmissionsSimulation
SignalMonitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
EFT ImmunityDesign Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common ground plane Does your unit have a power line filter Are there transient suppression components employed on the PCBA Use shielded cables Employ multi-layer PCBs Use shielded cables
Voltage Dips amp Interrupts Immunity
Simulates voltage variations and interruptions caused by short circuits or rapid changes in power This may cause a sudden and extreme increase in current and a reduction in voltage
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Simulation
ControlledVoltageSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Voltage injection
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
HarmonicEmissions
Harmonics is a distortion of a normal sine wave When a product produces distortion it does this at multiples of the power line frequency are generated
Harmonic EmissionsSimulation
Signal Monitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Harmonics Emissions Design Tips
Use power factor correction circuits The current and voltage wave forms need to be sinusoidal
FlickerEmissions
The term ldquoflickerrdquo applies touncontrolled intermittent Emissions It is also knownas surge emission ie light flicker
Flicker Emission Simulation
CurrentMonitoring
Device
Current monitoring
Coming from the device
Flicker Emissions Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
Intentional RadiatorsIntentional Radiators are subject to are subject to rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing interference and maximizing the interference and maximizing the available spectrumavailable spectrum
All other electrical products areAll other electrical products are non- non-intentional Radiatorsintentional Radiators such as such as electrical circuits are not designed to electrical circuits are not designed to generate RF energy but do As a result generate RF energy but do As a result they they couldcould interfere with other devices interfere with other devices
RADIATED RADIATED EMISSIONSEMISSIONS
RadiatedEmissions
Verifies that the products RF emissions do not exceed a level that will interfere with the operation of other electrical devices in the operating environment
Radiated EmissionsSimulation
Evaluation of Radiated Emissions at Your
Location ndash Clearance Requirements
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated EmissionsDesign Tips
ConductedEmissions
This is energy that is transmitted from an electrical device through the power cord and back into the electrical system
Conducted EmissionsSimulation
SignalMonitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
Voltage Dips amp Interrupts Immunity
Simulates voltage variations and interruptions caused by short circuits or rapid changes in power This may cause a sudden and extreme increase in current and a reduction in voltage
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Simulation
ControlledVoltageSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Voltage injection
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
HarmonicEmissions
Harmonics is a distortion of a normal sine wave When a product produces distortion it does this at multiples of the power line frequency are generated
Harmonic EmissionsSimulation
Signal Monitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Harmonics Emissions Design Tips
Use power factor correction circuits The current and voltage wave forms need to be sinusoidal
FlickerEmissions
The term ldquoflickerrdquo applies touncontrolled intermittent Emissions It is also knownas surge emission ie light flicker
Flicker Emission Simulation
CurrentMonitoring
Device
Current monitoring
Coming from the device
Flicker Emissions Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
Intentional RadiatorsIntentional Radiators are subject to are subject to rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing interference and maximizing the interference and maximizing the available spectrumavailable spectrum
All other electrical products areAll other electrical products are non- non-intentional Radiatorsintentional Radiators such as such as electrical circuits are not designed to electrical circuits are not designed to generate RF energy but do As a result generate RF energy but do As a result they they couldcould interfere with other devices interfere with other devices
RADIATED RADIATED EMISSIONSEMISSIONS
RadiatedEmissions
Verifies that the products RF emissions do not exceed a level that will interfere with the operation of other electrical devices in the operating environment
Radiated EmissionsSimulation
Evaluation of Radiated Emissions at Your
Location ndash Clearance Requirements
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated EmissionsDesign Tips
ConductedEmissions
This is energy that is transmitted from an electrical device through the power cord and back into the electrical system
Conducted EmissionsSimulation
SignalMonitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Simulation
ControlledVoltageSource
Consider the acceptable limits of performance for your devicewithin the application of use
Voltage injection
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
HarmonicEmissions
Harmonics is a distortion of a normal sine wave When a product produces distortion it does this at multiples of the power line frequency are generated
Harmonic EmissionsSimulation
Signal Monitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Harmonics Emissions Design Tips
Use power factor correction circuits The current and voltage wave forms need to be sinusoidal
FlickerEmissions
The term ldquoflickerrdquo applies touncontrolled intermittent Emissions It is also knownas surge emission ie light flicker
Flicker Emission Simulation
CurrentMonitoring
Device
Current monitoring
Coming from the device
Flicker Emissions Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
Intentional RadiatorsIntentional Radiators are subject to are subject to rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing interference and maximizing the interference and maximizing the available spectrumavailable spectrum
All other electrical products areAll other electrical products are non- non-intentional Radiatorsintentional Radiators such as such as electrical circuits are not designed to electrical circuits are not designed to generate RF energy but do As a result generate RF energy but do As a result they they couldcould interfere with other devices interfere with other devices
RADIATED RADIATED EMISSIONSEMISSIONS
RadiatedEmissions
Verifies that the products RF emissions do not exceed a level that will interfere with the operation of other electrical devices in the operating environment
Radiated EmissionsSimulation
Evaluation of Radiated Emissions at Your
Location ndash Clearance Requirements
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated EmissionsDesign Tips
ConductedEmissions
This is energy that is transmitted from an electrical device through the power cord and back into the electrical system
Conducted EmissionsSimulation
SignalMonitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
Voltage Dipsinterrupts Immunity
Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
HarmonicEmissions
Harmonics is a distortion of a normal sine wave When a product produces distortion it does this at multiples of the power line frequency are generated
Harmonic EmissionsSimulation
Signal Monitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Harmonics Emissions Design Tips
Use power factor correction circuits The current and voltage wave forms need to be sinusoidal
FlickerEmissions
The term ldquoflickerrdquo applies touncontrolled intermittent Emissions It is also knownas surge emission ie light flicker
Flicker Emission Simulation
CurrentMonitoring
Device
Current monitoring
Coming from the device
Flicker Emissions Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
Intentional RadiatorsIntentional Radiators are subject to are subject to rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing interference and maximizing the interference and maximizing the available spectrumavailable spectrum
All other electrical products areAll other electrical products are non- non-intentional Radiatorsintentional Radiators such as such as electrical circuits are not designed to electrical circuits are not designed to generate RF energy but do As a result generate RF energy but do As a result they they couldcould interfere with other devices interfere with other devices
RADIATED RADIATED EMISSIONSEMISSIONS
RadiatedEmissions
Verifies that the products RF emissions do not exceed a level that will interfere with the operation of other electrical devices in the operating environment
Radiated EmissionsSimulation
Evaluation of Radiated Emissions at Your
Location ndash Clearance Requirements
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated EmissionsDesign Tips
ConductedEmissions
This is energy that is transmitted from an electrical device through the power cord and back into the electrical system
Conducted EmissionsSimulation
SignalMonitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
HarmonicEmissions
Harmonics is a distortion of a normal sine wave When a product produces distortion it does this at multiples of the power line frequency are generated
Harmonic EmissionsSimulation
Signal Monitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Harmonics Emissions Design Tips
Use power factor correction circuits The current and voltage wave forms need to be sinusoidal
FlickerEmissions
The term ldquoflickerrdquo applies touncontrolled intermittent Emissions It is also knownas surge emission ie light flicker
Flicker Emission Simulation
CurrentMonitoring
Device
Current monitoring
Coming from the device
Flicker Emissions Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
Intentional RadiatorsIntentional Radiators are subject to are subject to rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing interference and maximizing the interference and maximizing the available spectrumavailable spectrum
All other electrical products areAll other electrical products are non- non-intentional Radiatorsintentional Radiators such as such as electrical circuits are not designed to electrical circuits are not designed to generate RF energy but do As a result generate RF energy but do As a result they they couldcould interfere with other devices interfere with other devices
RADIATED RADIATED EMISSIONSEMISSIONS
RadiatedEmissions
Verifies that the products RF emissions do not exceed a level that will interfere with the operation of other electrical devices in the operating environment
Radiated EmissionsSimulation
Evaluation of Radiated Emissions at Your
Location ndash Clearance Requirements
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated EmissionsDesign Tips
ConductedEmissions
This is energy that is transmitted from an electrical device through the power cord and back into the electrical system
Conducted EmissionsSimulation
SignalMonitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
Harmonic EmissionsSimulation
Signal Monitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Harmonics Emissions Design Tips
Use power factor correction circuits The current and voltage wave forms need to be sinusoidal
FlickerEmissions
The term ldquoflickerrdquo applies touncontrolled intermittent Emissions It is also knownas surge emission ie light flicker
Flicker Emission Simulation
CurrentMonitoring
Device
Current monitoring
Coming from the device
Flicker Emissions Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
Intentional RadiatorsIntentional Radiators are subject to are subject to rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing interference and maximizing the interference and maximizing the available spectrumavailable spectrum
All other electrical products areAll other electrical products are non- non-intentional Radiatorsintentional Radiators such as such as electrical circuits are not designed to electrical circuits are not designed to generate RF energy but do As a result generate RF energy but do As a result they they couldcould interfere with other devices interfere with other devices
RADIATED RADIATED EMISSIONSEMISSIONS
RadiatedEmissions
Verifies that the products RF emissions do not exceed a level that will interfere with the operation of other electrical devices in the operating environment
Radiated EmissionsSimulation
Evaluation of Radiated Emissions at Your
Location ndash Clearance Requirements
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated EmissionsDesign Tips
ConductedEmissions
This is energy that is transmitted from an electrical device through the power cord and back into the electrical system
Conducted EmissionsSimulation
SignalMonitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
Harmonics Emissions Design Tips
Use power factor correction circuits The current and voltage wave forms need to be sinusoidal
FlickerEmissions
The term ldquoflickerrdquo applies touncontrolled intermittent Emissions It is also knownas surge emission ie light flicker
Flicker Emission Simulation
CurrentMonitoring
Device
Current monitoring
Coming from the device
Flicker Emissions Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
Intentional RadiatorsIntentional Radiators are subject to are subject to rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing interference and maximizing the interference and maximizing the available spectrumavailable spectrum
All other electrical products areAll other electrical products are non- non-intentional Radiatorsintentional Radiators such as such as electrical circuits are not designed to electrical circuits are not designed to generate RF energy but do As a result generate RF energy but do As a result they they couldcould interfere with other devices interfere with other devices
RADIATED RADIATED EMISSIONSEMISSIONS
RadiatedEmissions
Verifies that the products RF emissions do not exceed a level that will interfere with the operation of other electrical devices in the operating environment
Radiated EmissionsSimulation
Evaluation of Radiated Emissions at Your
Location ndash Clearance Requirements
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated EmissionsDesign Tips
ConductedEmissions
This is energy that is transmitted from an electrical device through the power cord and back into the electrical system
Conducted EmissionsSimulation
SignalMonitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
FlickerEmissions
The term ldquoflickerrdquo applies touncontrolled intermittent Emissions It is also knownas surge emission ie light flicker
Flicker Emission Simulation
CurrentMonitoring
Device
Current monitoring
Coming from the device
Flicker Emissions Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
Intentional RadiatorsIntentional Radiators are subject to are subject to rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing interference and maximizing the interference and maximizing the available spectrumavailable spectrum
All other electrical products areAll other electrical products are non- non-intentional Radiatorsintentional Radiators such as such as electrical circuits are not designed to electrical circuits are not designed to generate RF energy but do As a result generate RF energy but do As a result they they couldcould interfere with other devices interfere with other devices
RADIATED RADIATED EMISSIONSEMISSIONS
RadiatedEmissions
Verifies that the products RF emissions do not exceed a level that will interfere with the operation of other electrical devices in the operating environment
Radiated EmissionsSimulation
Evaluation of Radiated Emissions at Your
Location ndash Clearance Requirements
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated EmissionsDesign Tips
ConductedEmissions
This is energy that is transmitted from an electrical device through the power cord and back into the electrical system
Conducted EmissionsSimulation
SignalMonitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
Flicker Emission Simulation
CurrentMonitoring
Device
Current monitoring
Coming from the device
Flicker Emissions Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
Intentional RadiatorsIntentional Radiators are subject to are subject to rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing interference and maximizing the interference and maximizing the available spectrumavailable spectrum
All other electrical products areAll other electrical products are non- non-intentional Radiatorsintentional Radiators such as such as electrical circuits are not designed to electrical circuits are not designed to generate RF energy but do As a result generate RF energy but do As a result they they couldcould interfere with other devices interfere with other devices
RADIATED RADIATED EMISSIONSEMISSIONS
RadiatedEmissions
Verifies that the products RF emissions do not exceed a level that will interfere with the operation of other electrical devices in the operating environment
Radiated EmissionsSimulation
Evaluation of Radiated Emissions at Your
Location ndash Clearance Requirements
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated EmissionsDesign Tips
ConductedEmissions
This is energy that is transmitted from an electrical device through the power cord and back into the electrical system
Conducted EmissionsSimulation
SignalMonitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
Flicker Emissions Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
Intentional RadiatorsIntentional Radiators are subject to are subject to rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing interference and maximizing the interference and maximizing the available spectrumavailable spectrum
All other electrical products areAll other electrical products are non- non-intentional Radiatorsintentional Radiators such as such as electrical circuits are not designed to electrical circuits are not designed to generate RF energy but do As a result generate RF energy but do As a result they they couldcould interfere with other devices interfere with other devices
RADIATED RADIATED EMISSIONSEMISSIONS
RadiatedEmissions
Verifies that the products RF emissions do not exceed a level that will interfere with the operation of other electrical devices in the operating environment
Radiated EmissionsSimulation
Evaluation of Radiated Emissions at Your
Location ndash Clearance Requirements
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated EmissionsDesign Tips
ConductedEmissions
This is energy that is transmitted from an electrical device through the power cord and back into the electrical system
Conducted EmissionsSimulation
SignalMonitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
Intentional RadiatorsIntentional Radiators are subject to are subject to rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing rules (FCC RTTE etc) for preventing interference and maximizing the interference and maximizing the available spectrumavailable spectrum
All other electrical products areAll other electrical products are non- non-intentional Radiatorsintentional Radiators such as such as electrical circuits are not designed to electrical circuits are not designed to generate RF energy but do As a result generate RF energy but do As a result they they couldcould interfere with other devices interfere with other devices
RADIATED RADIATED EMISSIONSEMISSIONS
RadiatedEmissions
Verifies that the products RF emissions do not exceed a level that will interfere with the operation of other electrical devices in the operating environment
Radiated EmissionsSimulation
Evaluation of Radiated Emissions at Your
Location ndash Clearance Requirements
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated EmissionsDesign Tips
ConductedEmissions
This is energy that is transmitted from an electrical device through the power cord and back into the electrical system
Conducted EmissionsSimulation
SignalMonitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
RadiatedEmissions
Verifies that the products RF emissions do not exceed a level that will interfere with the operation of other electrical devices in the operating environment
Radiated EmissionsSimulation
Evaluation of Radiated Emissions at Your
Location ndash Clearance Requirements
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated EmissionsDesign Tips
ConductedEmissions
This is energy that is transmitted from an electrical device through the power cord and back into the electrical system
Conducted EmissionsSimulation
SignalMonitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
Radiated EmissionsSimulation
Evaluation of Radiated Emissions at Your
Location ndash Clearance Requirements
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated EmissionsDesign Tips
ConductedEmissions
This is energy that is transmitted from an electrical device through the power cord and back into the electrical system
Conducted EmissionsSimulation
SignalMonitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
Evaluation of Radiated Emissions at Your
Location ndash Clearance Requirements
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated EmissionsDesign Tips
ConductedEmissions
This is energy that is transmitted from an electrical device through the power cord and back into the electrical system
Conducted EmissionsSimulation
SignalMonitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Radiated EmissionsDesign Tips
ConductedEmissions
This is energy that is transmitted from an electrical device through the power cord and back into the electrical system
Conducted EmissionsSimulation
SignalMonitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
ConductedEmissions
This is energy that is transmitted from an electrical device through the power cord and back into the electrical system
Conducted EmissionsSimulation
SignalMonitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
Conducted EmissionsSimulation
SignalMonitoring
Device
Signal monitoring
Coming from the device
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
Are you using shielded cabling Is your enclosure shielded Limit your ldquoventrdquo openings in the enclosure Use ferrites on cabling if needed Make sure the connectors are grounded the port properly Make sure the enclosure has a continuous ground Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Conducted EmissionsDesign Tips
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
Have you NoticedCommonality in
Design Tips
Shielded cabling Grounding Filtering where necessary Good workmanship practices Using approved power supplies
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
Electrical PortsInputsOutputs
Testing - GuidancePort Identity
3m and less gt3m (98 ft) gt10m (328 ft) gt30m (984 ft)
Input AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im DipsInterrupts Im
Output AC Power Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Input and Output DC Power
Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im (EN61326)
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Signal IO Conducted Im EFT Im
Conducted Im EFT Im Surge Im
Functional Earth Conducted Im Conducted Im EFT Im
Cable length 1 meter = 32808399 feet
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
The product The product must complymust comply with the with the design and testdesign and test requirements of the requirements of the
proper safety standard proper safety standard
Typical Safety Typical Safety RequirementsRequirements
All products placed on the market
must be safe Even if there is no specific Directive or Standard that
appliesGeneral Product Safety Directive 200195EC
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
Primary Focus BeingPrimary Focus BeingHUMAN amp PROPERTY HUMAN amp PROPERTY
SAFETYSAFETY
bull High Energy LevelsHigh Energy Levels
bull Mechanical InjuryMechanical Injury
bull Fire HazardsFire Hazards
bull Electric ShockElectric Shock
There are There are 4 Basic Safety 4 Basic Safety
ConcernsConcerns
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
Power InterfacePower Interface Temperature Monitoring During Temperature Monitoring During TestsTests Leakage CurrentLeakage Current Single Fault ConditionsSingle Fault Conditions Leakage TestLeakage Test Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge Grounding ImpedanceGrounding Impedance Humidity ConditioningHumidity Conditioning Dielectric Withstand testDielectric Withstand test Mechanical TestsMechanical Tests Durability of MarkingsDurability of Markings Stability amp Abnormal TestingStability amp Abnormal Testing
Typical Safety Typical Safety TestsTests
Driven by Driven by thethe Standards Standards
NoteFor certain Directives there is
A mandatory requirement for Risk Assessment to be
performed Known as BS EN 14121-1
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
SafetyDesign Tips For
Product Enclosures
Top openings 4mm dia times 100mm long Bottom openings 2mm dia max times 3mm
spacing or wire mesh or baffle
Fasteners for coversfilters over hazardous live parts and mechanical hazards shall require a tool to
remove Stability 10deg tilt Handles capable of withstanding force of four times
the weight of the equipment
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring
User-accessible conductive parts shall be bonded to the Protective Earth (PE) ground
The integrity of the PE bonding shall be assured Circuitwiring connections shall not cause accessible
parts to become live in normal or single fault condition
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
SafetyDesign Tips For
Grounding Wiring-CONTINUED-
PE soldered connections require mechanical securing in addition to solder
PE shall not be used for other purposes such as fixing constructional parts
Hinges and slides shall not be used for PE path Exterior metal braidsfoils of cables shall not be considered
as PE bonding PE conductors may be bare or insulated clear or
greenyellow for PE insulation color
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
SafetyDesign Tips - General
Circuit breakers for AC supply are not polarized in Europe
Accidental loosen of wiring and screws shall not cause accessible part to become live
Self-tapping screws and screws of insulating material should not be used for electrical connections
Edges corners accessible to users shall be rounded or smoothed
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
Minimum SafetyDesign Tips
Labels amp Markings
Products shall bear voltage current power and frequency ratings model number and company identification markings
Input amp Output ratings Convenience outlets marked with voltage and current
ratings Onoff symbols should be used for disconnect switches Internal markings ndash AC terminals identified PE symbol
adjacent to ground earth symbol
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
SafetyDesign Tips Flammability
Plastics for fire enclosures rated V-1 PCB rated V-1 V-2 for plastics enclosures that have other means to prevent
the spread of fire for example a metal sub-enclosure Plastics in IO connectors with non-hazardous voltages rated
V-2 Connectors and plastic on which components are mounted
rated V-2 Plastic air filters rated V-2 or HF-2 Plastic enclosures and decorative parts outside fire
enclosures rated HB Plastic wire insulation rated FV-1
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
There areOther requirements to
Consider Such as
RoHS WEEE REACH
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
Purpose of the Directive
As from 1 July 2006 Directive 200295EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) restricts the use of lead cadmium hexavalent chromium mercury amppolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) amppolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) for NEW electrical amp electronic products
RoHS
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
bull Small household appliancesbull Large household appliancesbull IT and telecommunications equipmentbull Consumer equipmentbull Lighting equipment (electric light bulbs and luminaries in households bull Electrical and electronics tools with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial toolsbull Toys sports and leisure equipmentbull Automatic dispensers
Product categories within the scope
of the RoHS
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
WEEE
The European Directive 200296EC (WEEE) was adopted on 27 January 2003
1048708 Target
bull Avoiding of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
bull Reduction of Waste by Recycling and other Means
bull Improvement of the environmental with respect to the life cycle of
materialsproducts
bull Collection Treatment and Reuse of old Electrical- and Electronic
materials
bull Responsibility for Treatment Reuse and environmental correct
disposal
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
REACH
REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use EU Directive EC 19072006 amp deals with the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007
The new Regulation aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment
httpeceuropaeuenterprisereachindex_enhtm
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
Ken DeVorekdevoref2labscom
704-918-4609 or
440-832-0775
For a Copy of Todayrsquos PresentationGo to
wwwf2labscom
Thank You
