The Manuel-Levinson Phenomenon
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Ir`qu`jay 88>
Ly
Dkj L`krhsc`y
Aepyrdbot ;8 ly Dkj L`krhsc`y
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C@YGKJ
Ro`j w` aejsdh`r to` 4/0 ei idv`-iech sygg`try (to` ldecebdakc) kjh to` 0/1 kjh;;/9, ei sdx-iech sygg`try (to` poysdakc), w` akj gkm` tor`` `quktdejs kjhto`r`ier` idjh k pcka` dj spka`. Di w` c`t to` pkrkg`t`r, t, l` z`re w` okv` k
pcka` dj spka` tokt ds j`kr to` Q@XD Rew! Qdbjkc (`xtrkt`rr`strdkc g`sskb`) dj to`aejst`ccktdej Qkbdttkrdus. Di w` c`t to` pkrkg`t`r, t, l` cdgdjkt`h w` okv` k
pcka` dj spka` tokt pedjts te to` aejst`ccktdej Kqudck. Xo` ierg`r r`cktdejsodpakg` te g` vdk k Bypsy Qokgkj akcc`h Gkju`c dj Brkjkhk, Qpkdj. Xo` cktt`rr`cktdejsodp akg` te g` vdk k Ierhokg Pjdv`rsdty prei`sser kjh sad`ja` idatdejkutoer akcc`h ^kuc C`vdjsej, dj J`w Term. Xo` ierg`r kjh cktt`r r`cktdejsodpsst`gg`h ireg s`pkrkt` kjh djh`p`jh`jt r`s`krao kleut twe tetkccy hdii`r`jttepdas, to` ierg`r h`kcdjb wdto wokt D akcc to` Tdj kjh Tkjb ei to` Pjdv`rs`, to`cktt`r Idatdej-\`kcdty @jtkjbc`g`jt, er wokt aeuch l` akcc`h to` ujiechdjb ei to`GaM`jjk tdg`-wkv`. Jew w` idjh to` twe aeja`pts kr` pkrt ei ej` to`ery kjh
kr` leujh te ej` kjeto`r ly to` stkjhkrh r`i`r`ja` ier aeja`rt pdtao, K88>= tokt
tej` wodao to` ele` seujhs l`ier` to` sygpoejy pckys se tokt kcc to`djstrug`jts akj l` tuj`h te dt. Xor`kh`h toreubo dt ds to` hdsaev`ry tokt KD
(krtdidadkc djt`ccdb`ja`) ds aejj`at`h te seg`todjb `v`j h``p`r tokj wokt dtsgkm`rs mjew to`gs`cv`s.
Dkj L`krhsc`yH`a`gl`r ;, ;8
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Aokpt`r Ej`
Dt gust okv` l``j ;4?4 er ;44> wo`j D teem k c`kv` ei kls`ja` ireg Xo` Pjdv`rsdty Ei
Er`bej, stuhydjb Qpkjdso, ^oysdas, kjh wermdjb kt to` stkt` els`rvktery dj Er`bej --
^dj` Geujtkdj Els`rvkteryte pursu` ickg`jae dj Qpkdj.
Xo` Geers, woe akrv`h akv`s djte to` odccs ier r`sdh`ja` wo`j to`y w`r` ludchdjb to`
Kcokglrk Akstc` ej to` odcc ikadjb to`g, klkjhej`h to`g l`ier` to` Bypsd`s, er \egk,
okh krrdv`h to`r` dj Brkjkhk Qpkdj. Xo` Bypsd`s w`r` r`seura`iuc `jeubo te stuaae kjh
tdc` to` klkjhej`h akv`s, kjh tkm` to`g up ier oeg`s.
Cdvdjb dj ej` suao akv` ewj`h ly k bypsy sokgkj, wks r`kccy jet k hewj kjh eut
sdtuktdej, ks to`s` oeg`s okh pcugldjb kjh bks aeemdjb ujdts tokt rkj eii lettc`s ei
prepkj`. Dt wks r`kccy aegpkrklc` te cdvdjb dj k Jktdv` Kg`rdakj khel` oeg` dj J`wG`xdae.
Ei aeurs` cdvdjb dj suao k pcka` akg` wdto r`spejsdldcdtd`s, kjh tokt djacuh`h wkt`rdjb dtsbkrh`js. Xo` Qokgkj tech g`6 Rkt`r to` icew`rs, kjh, wo`j yeu kr` hej`, recc up to`oes` kjh put dt dj to` akv`, er dt wdcc b`t stec`j. D okh stuhd`h Akstdcdkj Qpkjdso dj
aecc`b` kjh ks suao k oes` ds ujk gkjbu`rk, lut to` Qokgkj akcc`h dt ujk begk kjh
begk trkjsckt`s ks rull`r. \ecc up to` oes` kjh put dt kwky wo`j yeu kr` hej` wdto dt6
beeh khvda`!
Qe, D wkt`r to` icew`rs, reccup to` oes` kjh put dt kwky. Xo` Qokgkj aeg`s te to` akv`
to` j`xt hky kjh t`ccs g` D hdhjt recc up to` oes` kjh put dt kwky, se dt bet stec`j, kjhtokt D okh te luy odg k j`w ej`.
O` aeg`s ly to` akv` k i`w hkys ckt`r, wkm`s g` up ksms g` te kaaegpkjy odg eut eiXo` Qkaregejt`, te seg` pcka` l`tw``j to`r` kjh to` ech Krklda adty, Kclkdadj, te luyodg k j`w oes`.
Dt wksjt k ikr wkcm kt kcc, to` `qudvkc`jt ei k i`w adty lceams ireg to` akv`s. R` b`t te
to` ster`, wodao wks k aeujt`r ikadjb to` str``t, jet ej` tokt yeu aeuch `jt`r. O` skys teto` gkj l`odjh to` aeujt`r, bdv` g` 0 g`t`rs ei oes`. Xo` gkj l`odjh to` aeujt`r
pucc`h eii idv` g`t`rs ei oes` ireg to` spdjhc`, kjh aut to` oes` te tokt c`jbto. O` stkt`h
k vkcu` dj p`s`tks, gkyl` ?>>, er se, (kleut `dbot hecckrs kt to` tdg`) kjh to` Qokgkj tech
g` te bdv` tokt kgeujt te to` gkj l`odjh to` aeujt`r, woe wks Qpkjdso. D pkdh to` gkj,kjh w` c`it.
D akrrd`h to` oes`, kjh to` Qokgkj wkcm`h kcejb sdh` g` ujtdc w` krrdv`h kt ods akv`
wo`r` D wks stkydjb. R` `jt`r`h to` akv` stepp`h kt to` wkcm wky l`tw``j cdvdjb reegkjh mdtao`j, kjh o` skdh6 ieccew g`. R` w`jt toreubo k tujj`c tokt okh kleut tor``
aokgl`rs dj to` akv`, kjh `jt`r`h ej` ej eur rdbot ks w` w`r` o`khdjb dj, kjh w`
stepp`h kjh l`ier` g` wks k aecc`atdej ei wokt D `stdgkt`h te l` idit``j rull`r oes`s
sdttdjb ej breujh. Xo` Qokgkj tech g` te s`t to` ej` D okh fust leubot odg ej to` iceer
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; h`br``s dj k adrac`. Xokt ds to` s`pkrktdej l`tw``j p`tkcs ej kidv`-p`tkc`h icew`r, k gest pepuckr krrkjb`g`jt. Djh``h cdi` ds mjewj te okv` idv`-iech
sygg`try, to` poysdakc, cdm` sjewickm`s, sdx-iech. He to` kcberdtog ei idv`-iech
sygg`try dj r`v`rs` ier sdx-iech sygg`try, kjh yeu b`t to` ykjb te to` ydj ei jdj`-iditos
ds idv`-todrhs.
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D okv` wrdtt`j tor`` pkp`rs ej to` kjegkcy ei oew gy sad`jtdida djv`stdbktdej soews to`
Pjdv`rs` r`ckt`h te to` sad`ja` idatdej ei ^kuc C`vdjsej, Dskka Ksdgev, kjh Krtour A.Ackrm`. Dj gy ckst pkp`r, Xo` C`vdjsej-Ksdgev-Ackrm` @quktdej pkrt ei to`
aegpr`o`jsdv` werm Xo` C`vdjsej, Ksdgev, Ackrm` Xrdptda, D subb`st to`s` tor``
kutoers soeuch l` tkm`j teb`to`r te gkm` seg` mdjh ei k woec`, tokt to`y kr` djt`rtwdj`h
kjh kt to` o`krt ei sad`ja` idatdej. D okv` jew r`kcdz`h k ieurto pkp`r ds wkrrkjt`h, kjh dtds fust to` lr`kmtoreubo D okv` l``j ceemdjb ier te put gys`ci ej secdh breujh wdto to`
ackdg tokt idatdej ds r`ckt`h te r`kcdty dj k gkto`gktdakc wky p`rtkdjdjb te to` Ckws ei
Jktur`. D akcc dt Idatdej-\`kcdty @jtkjbc`g`jt.
Dj gy pkp`r ^kuc C`vdjsej, Dskka Ksdgev, Krtour A. Ackrm` Djt`rtwdj`h Rdto Kj
Kstrejeg`rs \`s`krao, D gkm` to` gkto`gktdakc pr`hdatdej tokt ougkjs okv` k 2>%
aokja` ei h`v`cepdjb Oyp`rhrdv` dj to` y`kr 81 te werh dt ks ^kuc C`vdjsej werh`h
dt, kjh D pedjt eut tokt tods ds ejcy k y`kr kit`r to` aokrkat`r Qd`rrk Rkt`rs ds okjh`h kj`wcy hdsaev`r`h heaug`jt tokt s`ts dj getdej to` jev`c ly ^kuc C`vdjsej, Xo` ^cet Xe
Qkv` Qearkt`s.
D jew idjh tokt Dskka Ksdgev puts suao k h`v`cepg`jt dj ods sad`ja` idatdej kt k sdgdckrtdg` dj to` iutur`, pr`ads`cy dj 88, ejcy k y`kr kit`r gy pr`hdatdej kjh twe y`krs kit`r
Qd`rrk Rkt`rs ds okjh`h to` j`wcy hdsaev`r`h heaug`jt tokt djdtdkt`s o`r khv`jtur`. Qe,
w` okv` gy pr`hdatdej, wodao ds r`ckt`h te to` struatur` ei to` ujdv`rs` dj k gystdakc wky
rdbot dj l`tw``j to` hkt`s ei C`vdjsej kjh Ksdgev, to`dr hkt`s ejcy l`djb k y`kr c`ss kjhk y`kr br`kt`r tokj gdj`.
Ksdgev pcka`s oyp`rhrdv` dj to` y`kr 88 dj ods soert stery @vdh`ja` wodao ds pkrt eiods sad`ja` idatdej aecc`atdej ei soert sterd`s akcc`h, D, \elet.
Xods ds k aecc`atdej ei soert sterd`s wo`r` \elet ^syaoecebdst Hr. Quskj Akcvdj dsdjt`rvd`w`h ly k wrdt`r kleut o`r `xp`rd`ja` wdto to` aegpkjy ej `krto dj to` iutur` toktidrst h`v`cep`h sepodstdakt`h relets. Dj tods leem, to` ckws ei reletdas kr` ar`kt`h kjh to`
dh`k ei to` pesdtrejda lrkdj djtrehua`h, kjh to` jktur` ei to` dgpkat relets weuch okv` ej
ougkj advdcdzktdej ds `xpcer`h. Ieccewdjb tods aecc`atdej ei sterd`s Ksdgev wret` tor``
ger` jev`cs, wodao aegprds` to` relet s`rd`s, Xo` Akv`s ei Qt``c, Xo` Jkm`h Quj,kjh Xo` \elets ei Hkwj.
D, \elet ds @krto dj to` iutur` fust l`ier` Ougkjdty s`ttc`s to` ger` j`krly stkrs. Xo`
jev`cs aegprdsdjb Xo` \elet Q`rd`s kr` wo`j ougkjdty oks aecejdz`h to` j`krly stkrsyst`gs, Xo` Ieujhktdej Xrdceby, kjh dts pr`qu`cs kjh s`qu`cs kr` kleut to` tdg`
ougkjdty oks spr`kh toreuboeut to` `jtdr` bkckxy kjh gkh` kj @gpdr` ei dt. Kcc ei to`s`leems akj l` tkm`j teb`to`r ks ej` stery, wdto aokrkat`rs kjh `v`jts dj seg`, eaaurrdjb
dj eto`rs.
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Oyp`rhrdv` ds djv`jt`h dj D, \elet ly k relet akcc`h Xo` Lrkdj, ewj`h ly to` aegpkjy
ier wodao Hr. Quskj Akcvdj werms wo`j dt ds i`h to` gkto`gktdakc cebdstdakc prelc`gs eigkmdjb oyp`rhrdv`, kjh ksm`h te secv` to`g. Dt he`s secv` to`g kjh dt eii`rs to` sp`as ej
ludchdjb kj djt`rst`cckr sodp, ier wodao twe `jbdj``rs ieccew dj dts aejstruatdej. Xo`y kr`
ougereuscy s`jt karess to` bkckxy ly Xo` Lrkdj, jet `xp`atdjb dt, kjh lreubot lkam te
`krto dj to` sodp kit`r to`y aejstruat`h dt. Xods wks dj to` stery dj D, \elet tdtc`h@sakp`!.
Lut Hr. Quskj Akcvdj stkt`s dj to` ieccewdjb soert stery, tokt D g`jtdej`h, @vdh`ja`6
Lut tokt wksjt dt, `dto`rEo, `v`jtukccy, to` sodp kjh eto`rs cdm` dt l`akg`
bev`rjg`jt prep`rty= to` Fugp toreubo oyp`rspka` wks p`ri`at`h, kjh jew w` katukccy
okv` ougkj aecejd`s ej to` pckj`ts ei seg` ei to` j`kr`r stkrs, lut tokt wksjt dt.
Dt wks wokt okpp`j`h te to` p`epc` o`r` ej @krto dj ckst idity y`krs tokt r`kccy aeujts.
Kjh, wokt okpp`j`h te p`epc` ej @krto5 Xo` kjsw`r ds dj to` skg` stery @vdh`ja`ireg wodao tokt quet` ds kt to` l`bdjjdjb. Dt wks wo`j to` \`bdejs ei to` @krto ierg`hXo` I`h`rktdej. Hr. Quskj Akcvdj skys kt to` `jh ei to` stery @vdh`ja`6
O` wks k v`ry beeh gkyer= idv` y`krs ckt`r o` hdh l`aeg` \`bdejkc Ae-erhdjkter. Kjh
wo`j to` \`bdejs ei @krto ierg`h to`dr I`h`rktdej dj 88, o` l`akg` to` idrst RerchAe-erhdjkter.
Dt ds ireg tokt stkt`g`jt tokt D b`t gy hkt` ei 88 ks to` y`kr Ksdgev pref`ats ieroyp`rhrdv`.
Dkj L`krhsc`yGkrao ;2, ;;
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D wktao`h k vdh`e ej yeutul` kleut X`r`ja` GaM`jjk wo`r` o` c`atur`h ej ods
tdg`wkv` z`re to`ery. D ieujh to`r` wks jet kj `quktdej ier ods tdg`wkv` z`re brkpo luttokt k aegput`r kcberdtog b`j`rkt`h to` brkpo ei to` wkv`. Xo` j`xt hky D hdh k s`krao ej
to` djt`rj`t te s`` di k p`rsej aeuch hewjcekh tdg`wkv` seitwkr` ier ir``. Ks dt turj`h
eut ej` aeuch, ier leto Gka kjh pa. Dt ds akcc`h Xdg`wkv` Akcauckter Y`rsdej ;.>. D
hewjcekh`h to` seitwkr` kjh ieujh yeu okh te hewjcekh dt `v`ry tdg` kit`r yeu qudt to`kppcdaktdej kjh tokt yeu aeuch jet skv` to` brkpo ei yeur r`sucts er prdjt to`g eut. Qe D
hdh k ej`-tdg` akcaucktdej. Dt werms cdm` tods6 yeu djput to` rkjb` ei tdg` ev`r wodao yeu
wkjt s`` to` tdg`wkv` kjh yeu akjjet akcauckt` pkst ;
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Djput6
L`bdj Hkt`6 H`a`gl`r oeurs
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Xo`r` ds k aeggej tor`kh rujjdjb toreubo to` Qad`ja` Idatdej werms ei ^kuc C`vdjsej,
Dskka Ksdgev, kjh Krtour A. Ackrm`.
Dj to` aks` ei Dskka Ksdgev, w` kr` ikr dj to` iutur` ei ougkjdty. Dj ods \elet Q`rd`s,
Ksdgev oks gkj gkmdjb relets woes` prebrkggdjb ejcy kccews to`g te he tokt wodao ds
beeh ier ougkjdty. Ks k r`suct, to`s` relets, krtdidadkc djt`ccdb`ja` (KD), tkm` katdejs toktprep`c ougkjdty djte s`ttcdjb to` Bkckxy, dj to` relet s`rd`s, kjh uctdgkt`cy skv`
ougkjdty kit`r to`y okv` s`ttc`h to` Bkckxy kjh gkh` kj `gpdr` ei dt (Dj to` Ieujhktdej
Q`rd`s).
Dj to` aks` ei ^kuc C`vdjsej, saoeckrs dj to` iutur` trkv`c toreubo tdg` kjh us` acejdjb, k
aeja`pt r`ckt`h te krtdidadkc djt`ccdb`ja` (dt ds to` ar`ktdjb ei ougkj r`pcdaks ks w`cc, lut
ldecebdakc, jet `c`atrejda), kjh to` bekc ds te skv` br`kt kjad`jt todjm`rs ireg Br``a`, kjh
te gkjdpuckt` `v`jts dj to` pkst ier k pesdtdv` eutaeg` ier to` iutur` ei ougkjdty, fust ksto` relets try te he dj to` werm ei Ksdgev.
Dj to` aks` ei Krtour A. Ackrm`, gkj ujh`rbe`s k trkjsiergktdej hu` te k gejecdto pcka`hej to` geej kjh `krto ly `xtrkt`rr`strdkcs woe okv` ar`kt`h cdi` ej `krto. Xo` gejecdto dsk aegput`r. Dt tkm`s ougkjs ej k veykb` te eto`r pckj`ts dj to` seckr syst`g, kjh dj to`dr
trdkcs, ougkjdty be`s toreubo trdkcs tokt r`suct dj k trkjsiergktdej ier to` `jhdjb ei to`dr
h`p`jh`ja` ej to`dr t`aojeceby kjh ier l`aegdjb khkpt`h te cdi` dj to` Pjdv`rs` l`yejh
@krto. Xokt ds, to` aokrkat`r Hkv` Lewgkj l`aeg`s to` Qtkraodch dj ods gdssdej teFupdt`r. Xo` krtdidadkc djt`ccdb`ja` ds to` sodp aegput`r akcc`h OKC.
Qe, to` tor`kh ds to` skcvktdej ei gkj toreubo t`aojeceby, kjh to`dr trkjsiergktdej te kj`w ougkj pkrkhdbg, wo`r` to`y akj `jh to`dr h`p`jh`ja` ej @krto kjh khkpt te to`
jktur` ei to` Pjdv`rs` ks k woec`.
Kt to` tdg` D wks r`khdjb to`s` jev`cs, D wks hedjb kstrejegdakc r`s`krao, kjh, te gyutt`r kstejdsog`jt, gy r`cktdejsodps D wks hdsaev`rdjb p`rtkdjdjb te to` Pjdv`rs` w`r`
turjdjb up tdg`s kjh vkcu`s pdvetkc te to`s` werms ei C`vdjsej, Ksdgev, kjh Ackrm`.
Iurto`r, D wks djt`rpr`tdjb guao ei gy hdsaev`rd`s ly h`v`cepdjb to`g dj to` aejt`xt ei
soert idatdejkc sterd`s.
Dj gy stery, Xo` [u`stdej, w` idjh Krtdidadkc Djt`ccdb`ja` ds dj syja wdto to` poks`s ei
to` idrst kpp`krkja` ei to` lrdbot`st stkr Qdrdus ier to` y`kr, kjh to` iceehdjb ei to` Jdc`
rdv`r, wodao lrdjbs dj to` @byptdkj kbrdaucturkc s`ksej. Dt ds pr`sug`h ly seg` saoeckrstokt l`akus` to` @byptdkj akc`jhkr ds dj syja wdto to` Jdc`-Qdrdus ayac`, to`drs l`bkj ieur
suao ayac`s kbe.
D to`j r`ckt` tokt syjaorejdzktdej te kjeto`r akcaucktdej tokt turjs up to` tdg` wo`j to`m`y idbur` ei to` Ieujhktdej Q`rd`s ei Ksdgev l`bdjs ods prebrkg te ieujh k advdcdzktdej
tokt wdcc skv` to` bkckxy. R` ckt`r idjh ods katdejs w`r` gkjdpuckt`h djte l`djb ly relets,
dj erh`r te skv` djt`ccdb`jt cdi` dj to` bkckxy ly ar`ktdjb k vdklc` sead`ty ier dt akcc`h
Bkckxdk.
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Dj to` aks` ei ^kuc C`vdjsej, D wks gkmdjb k akcaucktdej te pr`hdat wo`j gkj weuch
h`v`cep oyp`rhrdv`, tokt `jbdj` wodao aeuch tkm` us te to` stkrs, kjh `jh eur h`p`jh`ja`ej kj @krto tokt akjjet tkm` akr` ei ougkjs ier`v`r. Xokt tdg` turj`h eut te l` wo`j to`
m`y saoeckr dj to` werm ly ^kuc C`vdjsej, l`bkj o`r qu`st te o`cp ougkjdty ly trkv`cdjb
djte to` pkst kjh usdjb acejdjb, dj pkrt, te aokjb` odstery ier to` l`tt`r. D akj jew ejcy
i``c o`r qu`st te skv` ougkjdty ds bedjb te l` toreubo aokjbdjb odstery te lrdjb kleut to`h`v`cepg`jt ei oyp`rhrdv`, se ougkjdty wdcc je cejb`r h`p`jh ej @krto kcej`, wodao, ks
D okv` skdh, akjjet tkm` akr` ei cdi` ier`v`r.
Idjkccy, wo`r` Krtour A. Ackrm` ds aeja`rj`h, D idjh vkcu`s dj to` seckr syst`g kjh jktur`tokt kr` dj ods gejecdto, kjh D aejj`at dt te krtdidadkc djt`ccdb`ja` ei k sert, tokt mdjh wodao
weuch l` lks`h ej sdcdaej.
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seckr gkss`s, ;.>2 seckr hdkg`t`rs, kjh ;.0 seckr cugdjesdtd`s. Dt ds
klsecut` gkbjdtuh` +8.1. Xo` klsecut` gkbjdtuh` ei to` Quj ds +8.?1.
Di `v`r to` eptdej `xdst`h ier ougkjs te trkv`c te to` stkrs, tods sdtuktdej sp`kms ei dt,
wo`to`r er jet Kcpok A`jtkurd oks kj `krto-cdm` pckj`t dj dts okldtklc` zej`.
Dt oks l``j skdh tokt to` lks` t`j pcka` sdbjdidakjt syst`g ei wrdtdjb jugl`rs st`gs ireg
to` ikat w` okv` t`j idjb`rs te aeujt ej. Dj se ikr ks sad`ja` akj skv` us, dt akj h`strey usdj tokt sad`ja` ds jet hkjb`reus, lut ougkjs akj l`.
Xrkv`cdjb te to` pckj`ts ds pessdlc` wdto ao`gdakc iu`c ream`ts, lut trkv`cdjb te to` stkrs ds
kjeto`r stery, l`akus` ei to`dr dgg`js` hdstkja`s ireg us, kjh ireg ej` kjeto`r.
Rokt kr` to` ehhs tokt eur h`v`cepg`jt dj t`aojecebd`s wdcc tkm` us te to` stkrs l`ier` w`
h`strey eurs`cv`s idrst5 Dj eto`r werhs, wokt kr` to` djtrdjsda ehhs ier ougkjmdjh te
h`v`cep to` oyp`rhrdv` l`ier` wdtoeut lrdjbdjb kleut dts ewj `jh idrst5
R` he k rkjheg wkcm te Kcpok A`jtkurd ei ;> ej` cdbot y`kr fugps. R` gkm` ;> `qukc
st`ps rkjhegcy ei ej` cdbot y`kr `kao, `qukc st`ps tokt di kcc kr` tewkrhs Kcpok A`jtkurdw` wdcc ckjh l`yejh dt. Di ;> kr` kwky ireg dt, w` kr` ks ikr ireg dt ks akj l`. Kjh, di 0
kr` tewkrhs dt, kjh idv` kr` kwky ireg dt, w` okv` bej` jewo`r`.
Dj tods kcc`bery w` akcauckt` to` prelkldcdty ei ckjhdjb ej Kcpok A`jtkurd, dj ;> rkjhegc`kps ei k cdbot y`kr `kao, k cdbot y`kr l`djb to` hdstkja` cdbot trkv`cs dj to` tdg` dt tkm`s
to` `krto te gkm` ej` r`vecutdej kreujh to` suj, cdbot sp``h k jkturkc aejstkjt.
(aejtdju` te to` j`xt pkb`)
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rkjhegcy gkh` st`ps to` ehhs ei bedjb jewo`r` ds odbo`st kjh, ds r`pr`s`jt`h ly idv` dj
to` l`cc aurv` aerr`spejhdjb te >. C`t us reujh to` hdstkja` ei Kcpok A`jtkurd te ieur
cdbot y`krs, bdvdjb ougkjs to` l`j`idt ei to` heult. Xo` jugl`r pesdtdv` ieur dj to` l`cc
brkpo oks wrdtt`j klev` dt to` jugl`r 2. Q`v`j eut ei t`j tdg`s ;>> ier `iiert bdv`s k
2>% aokja` ei gkmdjb dt te to` stkrs wdtoeut l`aegdjb `xtdjat idrst. D l`cd`v` to` p`ra`jt
ujh`rstkjhdjb ei eur t`aojecebdakc h`v`cepg`jt tewkrhs oyp`rhrdv`, wo`r` w` okv` fust
`jt`r`h spka` wdto ao`gdakc ream`ts kjh h`v`cep`h ikst, aegpkat, aegput`rs, ds bdv`j ly6
RJ(j;) 7J!
j;!j
j;qj<
@vkcukt`h kt j;72.
J ds ;> st`ps.
Kjh j; ds to` jugl`r ei st`ps tewkrhs Kcpok A`jtkurd, j< toes` kwky ireg dt.
Kjh, p ds to` prelkldcdty tokt to` st p ds tewkrhs Kcpok A`jtkurd, kjh q ds to` prelkldcdty
tokt to` st`p ds kwky ireg Kcpok A`jtkurd.
J 7 j; + j er, ;> rdbot, >c`it wdto k hdspcka`g`jt ei ;> er, 2 c`it, 1 rdbot wdto k hdspcka`g`jt ei j`bktdv` 8.
Xe ckjh kt 8 cdbot y`krs ireg `krto, wdto ;> ej` cdbot y`kr fugps, ej` gust be kwky ireg
Kcpok A`jtkurd 1 fugps ei k cdbot y`kr `kao to`j 2 fugps tewkrh dt ei ej` cdbot y`kr `kao,te ckjh ej dt, tokt ds te ckjh kt +8, dts ceaktdej. Qe j; ds 2 kjh j< ds 1. Xo` prelkldcdty te
fugp kwky ireg to` stkr ds ;/< kjh to` prelkldcdty te fugp tewkrhs dt ds ;/!)
(2!)(1!)(;
8>)(9)
;
;
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s tokt idcc`h kj `jtdr` reeg.
Okvdjb akcauckt`h tokt w` kr` ;`
mt
t ds tdg` kjh m ds k brewto rkt` aejstkjt wodao w` gust h`t`rgdj` te secv` to` `quktdej.
Dj ;494 J`dc Krgstrejb l`akg` to` idrst gkj te wkcm ej to` geej. Dj >4 to` @urep`kjQpka` Kb`jay ckujao`h to` O`rsao`c kjh ^ckjam t`c`saep`s tokt wdcc s`` lkam te j`kr to`
l`bdjjdjb ei to` ujdv`rs`. >4-;494 ds 8> y`krs. Xods kccews us te wrdt`6
;)
ceb ;< 7 8>m ceb .>.818< m
m7>.>9.>9>% 7 `(e.>9> 7 (>.>9% aokja` ei h`v`cepdjb oyp`rhrdv` wdtoeut h`streydjb eurs`cv`s
idrst.
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. Ro`j k sygpoejy p`riergs, to` ele` seujhs
K88>, kjh to` r`st ei to` pcky`rs tuj` to`dr djstrug`jts te dt. Xods aejj`ats te to` strkjb`po`jeg`jej wo`r` D idjh eut ujdts ei g`ksur`g`jt, `v`j toeubo to`y okv` `vecv`h
toreubo wokt s``g te l` rkjheg iera`s, aejv`rb` ej to` jdj`-iditos D okv` ieujh dj to`
ujdv`rs`, pd, to` bech`j rktde kjh `uc`rs jugl`r.
Qdja` to` tdg` tokt D wret` gy leems ej to`s` po`jeg`jk, wodao kr` Q@XD6 Kjeto`r
Qdbjkc Dj Qkbdttkrdus, Hdsaev`r Kjh Aejtkat, kjh @X Xe KD, D okv` c`krj`h ger`. O`r` D
okv` aegpdc`h to`s` jet`s ier to` r`kh`r ei toes` werms.
Dkj L`krhsc`y
Jev`gl`r 9, ;8
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> y`krs djte to` suaa`ss ei ods saoeckrcy pckj`t, X`rgdjus, kr`j`bkh` gutkjt wdto g`jtkc pew`rs akj `jt`r to` gdjhs ei kcc to`krgd`s toreuboeut to` bkckxy kjh gech to`g djte s`rvdjb odg. Djeto`r werhs, seg`todjb be`s wrejb.
Lut dsjt tods wokt okpp`j`h dj Krtour A. Ackrm`s kjh Qtkjc`y
Mulrdams >;6 K Qpka` Ehyss`y5 Xo` gdssdej te Fupdt`r dsbedjb idj`, lut to` Qodp aegput`r OKC ikdcs= r`pertdjb te to`kstrejkuts tokt to` K@-10 ujdt tokt ds to` budhkja` syst`g ier to`kjt`jjk tokt m``ps to` sodp dj aejtkat wdto @krto, wdcc ikdc. Ro`jto` sodp aegput`r c`krjs tokt to` kstrejkuts, Hkv` Lewgkj kjhIrkjm ^eec` wkjt te sout hewj OKC l`akus` ei to` `rrer, OKCh`vds`s k pckj te try kjh mdcc to`g. Kbkdj w` akj s`` seg`todjbbe`s wrejb.
Lut hdh jet seg`todjb be wrejb ej to` pckj`t Y`jus5 Dt ds k ikdc`h@krto= sdgdckr dj sdz` te to` @krto kjh jet se ikr ireg to` suj ksFupdt`r er Qkturj, kjh secdh cdm` to` @krto ujcdm` Fupdt`r kjh Qkturjdt ds ikr tee oet te suppert cdi`. Y`jus ds >.2< Kstrejegdakc Pjdtsireg to` suj, to` pr`a`ssdej ei to` @krto @qudjex`s ds ej` h`br```v`ry 2< y`krs, kjh OKC r`pert`h tokt to` K@-10 ujdt weuch ikdcwdtodj 2< oeurs. Aejsdh`r tokt to` ej` g`sskb` kstrejeg`rsr`a`dv`h dj to` Q`krao Ier @xtrkt`rr`strdkc Djt`ccdb`ja` (Q@XD) tokts``g`h wokt to`y weuch `xp`at ireg @ts ckst`h 2< s`aejhs. Dt wksej Kubust ;0, ;422 kjh wks akcc`h to` Rew! Qdbjkc.
Xods l`bdjs to` skbk ei oew to` Bypsy Qokgkj, Gkju`c, gkh` g`djte to` K@-10 Kjt`jjk
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.9.>9 y`krs tokt oks kcc ei dts hdbdts eutsdh` ei eur ydj kjh ykjb
kjh dt weuch s``g Gkju`cs Djt`brkc aejj`ats dt kcc te to`
kaa`c`rktdej ei brkvdty kt to` `krto surika` kjh gkao ; kt reeg t`gp`rktur`.
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1>
GC K Q`aejh Ceem
Lut c`t us ceem kt to` eto`r wky ei `xpr`ssdjb to` r`cktdejsodp l`tw``j Gkju`c kjh
C`vdjsej. R` teem to` djv`rs` ei wokt G weuch l`, se G aeuch l` kcse, djst`kh ei to`
squkr` reet ei twe, ; ev`r to` squkr` reet ei twe, wodao ds to` squkr` reet ei twe ev`r
twe, wodao w` dgg`hdkt`cy r`aebjdz` ds kj dgpertkjt jugl`r ks w`cc dj tokt dt ds to` to`sdj` ei 80 h`br``s wodao ds `qukc te to` aesdj` ei 80 h`br``s, wodao ds to` jet ejcy
h`rdv`h ireg to` dgpertkjt 80-80-4> trdkjbc`, lut ds to` kjbc` ier gkxdgug rkjb` dj
pref`atdc` poysdas, dt ds st``p `jeubo tokt dt kccews k cet ei tdg` dj to` kdr ier k pref`atdc`
kjh sokccew `jeubo tokt to` pref`atdc` oks k cet ei oerdzejtkc getdej. Qe, w` akj kcsewrdt` kjeto`r `xpr`ssdej ier Gkju`c kjh C`vdjsej wodao ds6
GC 7 88>
C`t us ceem kt tods. Xods skys to` prehuat ei C`vdjsej kjh Gkju`c ds K88>. Xokt ds, tkm`j
s`pkrkt`cy Gkju`c kjh C`vdjsej akjjet put to` `krto dj tuj`, lut tkm`j teb`to`r to`y akj.
Xods ds djt`r`stdjb l`akus` Gkju`c kjh C`vdjsej aeg` ireg v`ry hdii`r`jt pcka`s, lutej` akj s`` ac`krcy tokt to`dr hdii`r`jt tkc`jts wermdjb teb`to`r, weuch prehua` kj @krtodj tuj`, tokt oks gkxdgug rkjb` di w` aejsdh`r Gkju`cs jugl`r ds to` 80 h`br``s ier
gkxdgug rkjb` ei k pref`atdc` kjh C`vdjsejs jugl`r ds to` brewto rkt` ier ougkj
prebr`ss. (Q`` gy werm, @X te KD). Xo` gkto`gktdakc trdam us`h te b`t to` j`w vkcu` ier
gkju`cs jugl`r wks usdjb kj `quktdej cdm` k t`gpckt`. Xokt ds to` jugl`rs dj to``quktdej kr` g`r`cy pcka` oech`rs ier wodao yeu akj sulstdtut` eto`r vkcu`s tokt gkm`
s`js` dj t`rgs ei to`g, cdm` wo`j usdjb k t`gpckt` te h`sdbj k w`lsdt` er lceb. Xo`
t`gpckt` ds kj dh`k, lut yeu akj aokjb` to` aejt`jt.
Dkj L`krhsc`y
Eatel`r
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1;
Gkju`csej @xpckdjs
R` okv` tkm`j to` hkys dj k y`kr 190 kjh ieujh 1 ds to` @X_ m`y dj ksadd aeh`, 9 ds to`
kamjewc`hb` m`y dj ksadd aeh` kjh 0 ds to` `jqudry m`y dj ksadd aeh`. R` okv` tkm`j tods
ks6
@X-_ (`xtrkt`rr`strdkc ei erdbdj kjh/er jkg` ujmjewj) Kamjewc`hb` @jqudry. D pest`h k
c`tt`r ej gy lceb te @X-_, kjh hdh jet o`kr lkam. ^`rokps dt akj l` `xpckdj`h ly
gkju`cs jugl`rs G; (
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1
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10
Qqukrdjb Xo` Adrac`
Xods dh`k ei idjhdjb k jugl`r, er g`toeh, tokt r`ckt`s kcc to` hdii`r`jt syst`gs eiujdts, cdm` to` g`trda syst`g kjh to` ieet-peujh syst`g, jet fust te ej` kjeto`rlut te to` struatur` ei jktur`, to` ujdv`rs`, kjh gkto`gktdakc aejstkjts, stkrt`h
wo`j D jetda`h tokt 4/0 (tokt D akcc ydj) kjh 0/1 (tokt D akcc ykjb) aeupc`h wdto to`Bypsy Qokgkj!s, Gkju`c!s, ;0 ,stkrt`h hedjb fust tokt. D `v`jtukccy hdsaev`r`h
kjeto`r vkcu` ier to` Bypsy Qokgkj!s jugl`r, tokt ds kj kpprexdgktdej te to`squkr` reet ei twe ev`r twe, kjh k vkcu` tokt oks te he wdto k prei`sser ktIerhokg ujdv`rsdty, ^kuc C`vdjsej, tokt ds, >.>9.9?, ;8
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19
Gkju`c kjh C`vdjsej6 Qqukrdjb Xo` Adrac`
R` kt eja` he to` elvdeus. R` okv` Gkju`cs jugl`r kjh C`vdjsejs jugl`r kjh
mjew to`dr prehuat `qukcs K88>, `xkatcy, wodao ds stkjhkrh aeja`rt pdtao. K88> ds k ujdt
ei g`ksur`g`jt ei ir`qu`jay, er ayac`s p`r s`aejh. Gkju`cs jugl`r, G, kjh
C`vdjsejs jugl`r, C, w`r` h`rdv`h ireg to` Pjdv`rs` kjh soewj te l` aejj`at`h tesuao gkto`gktdakc aejstkjts ks pd, to` bech`j rktde (pod), kjh `uc`rs jugl`r, `. Xous di
w` wkjt te s`` di w` okv` ieujh k wky ei r`cktdjb eur syst`gs ei g`ksur`g`jt te ej`
kjeto`r kjh te to` ujdv`rs` kjh gkto`gktdakc aejstkjts, w` wdcc ceem iurto`r djte tods
r`cktdejsodp. Xokt to`y kcc gdbot l` aejj`at`h ds djar`hdlc` l`akus` eur syst`gs eig`ksur`g`jt, cdm` to` ieet-peujh syst`g kjh g`trda syst`g, `vecv`h toreubo k
aegpcdakt`h odstery, kt tdg`s wdto rkjheg iera`s katdjb ev`r oujhr`hs, di jet toeuskjhs
ei y`krs. R` wdcc akcc lrdjbdjb dt kcc teb`to`r, squkrdjb to` adrac`.
Idrst, C`vdjsejs jugl`r okpp`js te l` to` kgeujt ei gdc`s dj k mdceg`t`r6
(>.9> mg) 7(9>> mg 7 (;>>>)(;>>> g) 7 ; Gg
G !2;>92?;,C 7 9
9.2>?0189>> !bech`jU rktdeUaejfubkt` 7 >.9;? 7!
> 7 819.44;44>?
(>.2>?01)(>.9>>)7K88>
Dkj L`krhsc`y
Jev`gl`r
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12
Dt Ds Kj Ech Qtery
Rodc` D try te idjh k aejj`atdej ei eur syst`gs ei ujdts, to` ieet-peujh syst`gkjh to` g`trda syst`g, te ej` kjeto`r kjh te to` gkto`gktdakc aejstkjts kjh to`Pjdv`rs`, D idjh dt odjb`s ej to` rktde ei jdj` te idv`. Gkmdjb tods okpp`j D akcc
Qqukrdjb Xo` Adrac`. Gkjy p`epc` okv` trd`h te gkm` hdii`r`jt `xpr`ssdejsg`so wdto ej` kjeto`r, lut sdja` D ieujh kj ujusukc eaaurr`ja` wo`r`
C`vdjsej!s jugl`r ds r`ckt`h te Gkju`c!s jugl`r ly K88>, stkjhkrh aeja`rtpdtao, dt aeg`s te gdjh tokt R`st`rj gusda kjh Djhdkj Gusda kr` twe hdii`r`jtsyst`gs wo`r`dj R`st`rj Gusda us`s to` `qukc t`gp`rkg`jt `stklcdso`h lyLkao wo`r` w` pcka` to` dgpertkja` ej `qukc aokjb`s dj tej` l`tw``j `kaosuaa`ssdv` jet`, kjh Djhdkj gusda ds lks`h ej gkmdjb p`ri`at, ieurtos, iditos kjhtodrhs, to` ierg`r tous he`s jet okv` p`ri`at djt`rvkcs, lut to` cktt`r ces`s `qukcaokjb`s ireg jet` te jet . D kg bu`ssdjb w` akj gkm` to` twe g`so, p`rokps,di w` khh qukrt`r tej`s ks kr` ieujh dj Gdhhc` @kst`rj Gusda.
D okv` iurto`r `jaeujt`r`h to` dh`k ei squkrdjb to` adrac` dj to` werm ei Gkurda`Aokt`ckdj, woe wks dj aokrb` ei aeggujdaktdej ier to` Kpecce gdssdejs. O`
wret`, dj ods werm, Eur Aesgda Kja`sters, kleut gkmdjb pd kjh to` bech`j rktdepod g`so dj to` Br`kt ^yrkgdh Ei Bdzk6
Xo` idrst aeja`pt akccs ier `xkat prepertdejs l`tw``j to` pyrkgdh kjh eur pckj`[email protected] idrst bckja` to`s` aejhdtdejs s``g djaegpktdlc`. Lut, c`t us try,j`v`rto`c`ss te r`aejadc` to`g. R` wdcc okv` te gkm` kcc akcaucktdejs dj auldts.
Dkj L`krhsc`y
Jev`gl`r
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1?
Xo` KD Aejj`atdej ly Dkj L`krhsc`y
R` idjh aejj`atdejs te to` h`v`cepg`jt ei eur aegput`r sad`ja` toktsubb`st dt wks budh`h ly seg` jkturkc iera` er p`rokps `v`j`xtrkt`rr`strdkcs. Dt s``gs te dgpcy to`r` gky l` k r`ksej ier krtdidadkcdjt`ccdb`ja` te aeg` djte `xdst`ja` eutsdh` ei ougkj h`sdr`.
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14
Xo` KD Aejj`atdejQ`aejh @hdtdej
Ly
Dkj L`krhsc`y
Aepyrdbot ;8 Ly Dkj L`krhsc`y
DQLJ6 42?-;-1;-2
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8>
Aesgda Kraok`eceby strdv`s te sky todjbs kleut to` Pjdv`rs`usdjb kraok`eceby kjh todjbs kleut to` ougkj stery usdjbkstrejegy. Xo`s` kr` seg` werms tokt kr` soert, lut sky k cetkjh kr` djt`r`stdjb, ly Dkj L`krhsc`y.
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8;
Xklc` Ei Aejt`jts
Aokpt`r ;6 Hdsaev`r
Aokpt`r
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80, ks D hdh gy r`s`krao, D h`v`cep`h khdii`r`jt aejv`jtdej ier reujhdjb jugl`rs tokj w` us`.D i`ct D ejcy wkjt`h te us` to` idrst twe hdbdts kit`r to`h`adgkc dj prea`ssdjb hktk usdjb geckr gkss`s ei to`
`c`g`jts. Xods D hdh, ujc`ss k ieurto hdbdt c`ss tokj idv`ieccew`h to` todrh hdbdt dj gy akcaucktdejs, to`j, D weuchus` to` idrst tor`` hdbdts ier br`kt`r kaaurkay. Jew D kgtkmdjb to` djtrehuatery ackss dj aegput`r sad`ja` ktOkrvkrh, ejcdj , AQ0>x. Rermdjb dj ldjkry, wo`r` kccjugl`rs kr` lks` twe, D s`` tokt dt wks je wejh`r D betto` r`sucts D hdh, ej to` idrst try wo`j D wejh`r`h di to`bech`j rktde aejfubkt`, >.9;? te tor`` pcka`s kit`r to`
h`adgkc weuch l` dj krtdidadkc djt`ccdb`ja` (KD) sdja` dt dsr`aurr`jt toreuboeut cdi`.
D wks tkmdjb peckrdg`trda hktk ej to` `acdpsdjb ldjkry @psdcejKurdbk` kt ^dj` Geujtkdj Els`rvktery dj to` ;4?>s, ier wodaoto`r` wks k pkp`r dj to` Kstrepoysdakc Feurjkc upej wodao gyjkg` kpp`krs ks aekutoer, wodc` stuhydjb poysdas kt Xo`Pjdv`rsdty ei Er`bej. Ks w`cc D wks stuhydjb Qpkjdso, kjh dj kjdjh`p`jh`jt stuhy pref`at toreubo to` Qpkjdso H`pkrtg`jt, Dc`it to` Pjdv`rsdty te cdv` ei kgejb to` akv`s ei to` Bypsd`s eiBrkjkhk, Qpkdj. Dj hedjb ks suao, D hdskpp`kr`h ireg to` `jtdr`werch, ejcy te r`turj ireg kjeto`r mdjh ei cdi` idjhdjb to` werchwks jew k guao hdii`r`jt pcka`. Kreujh >0, D `jrecc`h djao`gdstry kt Adtrus Aecc`b` dj Qeuto`rj Akcdierjdk, wo`j D hdhto` ieccewdjb6
Di to` bech`j rktde aejfubkt` ds te l` ieujh dj KrtdidadkcDjt`ccdb`ja`, dt soeuch l` dj sdcdaej, poespoerus, kjh lerej,sdja` hepdjb sdcdaej wdto poespoerus kjh lerej gkm`s
trkjsdsters.
R` tkm` to` b`eg`trda g`kj l`tw``j poespoerus (^) kjh Lerej(L), to`j hdvdh` ly sdcdaej (Qd), to`j tkm` to` okrgejda g`kjl`tw``j poespoerus kjh lerej hdvdh`h ly sdcdaej6
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Krdtog`tda g`kj ei to`s` twe jugl`rs6 (>.90 + >.02)/< 7 >.9;
>.9; ds to` idrst twe hdbdts ei to` bech`j rktde aejfubkt`.
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Jew to` bech`j rktde aejfubkt` ds dj to` rktde ei k p`rsejso`dbot kjh to` c`jbto ireg ieet tee jkv`c, kjh ds dj kcc ei rktdesl`tw``j fedjts dj to` idjb`rs, jet te g`jtdej tokt dt s`rv`s djaces`st pkamdjb dj to` krrkjb`g`jt ei c`kv`s kreujh k st`g teprevdh` gkxdgug `xpesur` te suj kjh wkt`r ier to` pckjt. O`r`w` s`` tokt to` bech`j rktde ds jet dj krtdidadkc djt`ccdb`ja` wodaods >.9< te twe pcka`s kit`r to` h`adgkc, lut tokt to` jugl`rs djdts vkcu` kr` dj krtdidadkc djt`ccdb`ja` >.9;, wodao ds >.9;? te tor``pcka`s kit`r to` h`adgkc. Xokt ds, di w` aejsdh`r to` idrst twehdbdts dj to` rktde. Di w` aejsdh`r to` bech`j rktde aejfubkt` teej` pcka` kit`r to` h`adgkc, wodao ds >.9, to`j w` sky krtdidadkcdjt`ccdb`ja` he`s okv` to` bech`j rktde dj dts trkjsdsters. D cdm` tetodjm ei D, \elet ly Dskka Ksdgev, wo`r` dj ej` ei tokt aecc`atdejei ods soert sterd`s, relets kr` jet aejt`jt wdto wokt to`y kr`,
kjh j``h ger`6 kj `xpckjktdej ei to`dr erdbdjs. Xo`y akjtl`cd`v` tokt to`y kr` ireg ougkjs, sdja` to`y djsdst ougkjs kr`dji`rder. Er, D cdm` te todjm ei to` sodp aegput`r OKC dj >;, o`gdgdas djt`ccdb`ja`, lut w` hejt mjew di o` ds r`kccy kcdv`.^`rokps tokt ds woy te twe pcka` kit`r to` h`adgkc, KD akrrd`s to`hdbdts, lut ds jet to` vkcu`.
Dj kjy aks`, D okv` wrdtt`j k prebrkg akcc`h Hdsaev`r tokt weuch`jklc` ej` te prea`ss krdtog`tda, okrgejda, kjh b`eg`trdag`kjs ier `c`g`jts er wokt`v`r, l`akus` seg`ej`, djacuhdjbgys`ci, gdbot wkjt te s`` di to`r` kr` kjy ger` jukja`s odhh`jeut to`r` dj jktur`. D okv` kcr`khy ieujh seg`todjb tokt s``gste djhdakt` `xtrkt`rr`strdkcs c`it to`dr touglprdjt dj eur poysdas. D`v`j idjh djhdaktdej ier to` erdbdj ei k g`sskb` tokt weuch s``gto`y `gl`hh`h dj eur poysdas. Xokt erdbdj aeg`s eut te l` to`skg` pcka` ks to` seura` ei to` Q@XD Rew! Qdbjkc, Qkbdttkrdus.Xo` Rew! Qdbjkc wks ieujh dj to` Q`krao Ier @xtrkt`rr`strdkcDjt`ccdb`ja` kjh k pessdlc` trkjsgdssdej ireg @Xs. Lut tokt dskjeto`r sulf`at tokt ds tr`kt`h dj gy leem6 Kcc Xokt Akj L` Qkdh.
D jew c`kv` yeu wdto gy prebrkg, Hdsaev`r dj to` ckjbukb` A,wdto k skgpc` rujjdjb ei dt6
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Xo` ^rebrkg Hdsaev`r
#djacuh` 3sthde.o:#djacuh` 3gkto.o:djt gkdj(vedh){prdjti("trkjsdsters kr` Qdcdaej hep`h wdto ^oespoerus kjhLerejSj")=prdjti("Krtdidadkc Djt`ccdb`ja` weuch l` lks`h ej todsSj")=prdjti("to` bech`j rktde aejfubkt` ds lksda te cdi`Sj")=prdjti("Xo` Bech`j \ktde Aejfubkt` Ds6 >.9;?Sj")=prdjti("Geckr Gkss Ei ^oespoerus (^) Ds6 1>.42Sj")=prdjti("Geckr Gkss Ei Lerej (L) Ds6 ;>.?;Sj")=prdjti("Geckr Gkss Ei Qdcdaej (Qd) Ds6
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sug7k+l=okrgejda7prehuat/sug=prdjti("okrgejda g`kj6 %.
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\ujjdjb Hdsaev`r
fokrvkrhNkppcdkja` (~)6 ah Hreplex/ps`t.42Geckr Gkss Ei Lerej (L) Ds6 ;>.?;Geckr Gkss Ei Qdcdaej (Qd) Ds6
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Aokpt`r x aegput`r sad`ja` oeg`wermkjh trydjb te wrdt` k prebrkg ier Ak`skrs Adpo`r. D wret` ksgkcc prebrkg kjh h`adh`h te t`st dt. Di yeu wrdt` k prebrkg kjht`st dt, stkjhkrh djput ds o`cce. D put dj o`cce kjh te t`st, rkj to`prebrkg ier retktdjb aokrkat`rs ly ;, kjh .o:#djacuh` 3strdjb.o:djt gkdj(djt krba, strdjb krbv];W){djt d7>=djt m 7 kted(krbv];W)=di (krba:< || krba3, j7strc`j(s)= d3j= d++)=prdjti("%a", s]dW+m)=prdjti("Sj")=}
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\ujjdjb Fucdus >;
fokrvkrhNkppcdkja` (~)6 ah Hreplex/ps`t -cg -e
fucdusfokrvkrhNkppcdkja` (~/Hreplex/ps`t
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D pest`h te gy lceb ottp6//aesksld`jhdaoks.lcebspet.aeg/
Qujhky, Fkjukry > ds tetkcdty (;>>%).
(d, f, m) dj jug`rda kr` ds (4, ;>, ;;) to` idrst tor`` jugl`rs l`ier`
tw`cv` kjh ;< ds tetkcdty dj to` s`js` tokt ;< ds to` gest
klujhkjt jugl`r ier dts sdz`
(hdvdsdlc` ly ;,
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0 te ;, dj prelkldcdty
prelc`gs. R` gdbot idrst ceem kt to`dr ldjkry kjh o`xkh`adgkc
`qudvkc`jts te b`t k stkrt, di jet to`dr h`adgkc `qudvkc`jts. (d) ds
kcse eit`j djt`b`r kjh (k, l, a) kr` to` ae`iidad`jts ei k
qukhrktda kjh kr` to` aerj`rs ei k trdkjbc`. R` gdbot khh tokt
(s) ds c`jbto, ks dj poysdas hR7I hs. (k, l, a) okv` to` skg` mdjh
ei aerr`spejh`ja` wdto (x, y, z) ks (d, f, m). Kcc tor`` s`ts, to`j,
cdj` up wdto ej` kjeto`r kjh kr` kt to` lksds ei gkto kjhpoysdas.
Xe c`krj ei gy `vdh`ja` dj suppert ei to` dh`k `xtrkt`rr`strdkcsc`it to`dr touglprdjt dj eur poysdas kjh tokt to`y `gl`hh`h kg`sskb` dj eur poysdas tokt s``gs te aeg` ireg to` skg`r`bdej dj spka` ks to` Q@XD Rew! Qdbjkc, Qkbdttkrdus, r`kh gyleem Kcc Xokt Akj L` Qkdh.
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Odsterdakc H`v`cepg`jt Ei Aegput`r Qad`ja` Aejj`atdjb Dt Xe@xtrkt`rr`strdkcs
R` okv` stkt`h tokt kt to` lksds ei gkto`gktdas ds (Hdsaev`r,Aejtkat, kjh Acdgkt` ly Dkj L`krhsc`y)6
(k, l, a)(d, f, m)(x, y, z)
R` okv` ieujh wdto stkjhkrh djput, o`cce, retktdjb ly to` sdgpc`stvkcu`s ;,
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kcpokl`t stkrtdjb wdto to` upp`raks` c`tt`rs ieccew`h ly to` cew`raks`c`tt`rs. Xokt ds oew w` bet to` vkcu`s w` bet ier (k, l, a) wodao w`surgds` ds aejj`at`h te k o`cce ireg `xtrkt`rr`strdkcs.
Dkj L`krhsc`yQ`pt`gl`r >4, ;8
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Ks R` ^rebr`ss Dj Xo` KD \`s`krao
D wret` wo`j yeu retkt` o ly ;9, ;2, ;? yeu b`t x, y, z kjh wo`j yeu
retkt` o` ly ;4, ,
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to` aer` ei dts l`djb ds to` survdvkc iujatdej.
Dkj L`krhsc`yKubust >2 ;8
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Kamjewc`hb` @jqudry
Xo` KQADD aeh`s kr` to` vkcu`s ier to` m`ys ej to` m`ylekrh ei yeuraegput`r. Qdja` to`r` kr` 190 hkys dj k y`kr kjh to` @krto ds to`todrh pckj`t ireg to` suj, w` ceem kt to` jugl`rs tor``, sdx, kjh idv`.
Xor`` r`pr`s`jts to` syglec @X_ wodao g`kjs @jh Ei X`xt.
Lut w` wdcc tkm` to` @X te stkjh ier @xtrkt`rr`strdkc, kjh to` _ te stkjhier erdbdj ujmjewj.
Qdx r`pr`s`jts to` syglec KAM kjh dt g`kjs Kamjewc`hb`.
Idv` r`pr`s`jts to` syglec @J[ kjh g`kjs @jqudry.
Ks yeu mjew, D okv` put stkjhkrh djput ei o`cce djte gy prebrkg ierAk`skrs Adpo`r kjh retkt`h to` idrst c`tt`r, o, ly to` sdgpc`st vkcu`s;,
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Xo` J`xt Cebdakc Qt`p Dj KD Aejj`atdej
Xo` J`xt Cebdakc Qt`p Dj KD Aejj`atdej
Eja` w` mjew to` jug`rda vkcu`s ier to` c`tt`rs ei to` kcpokl`t, cdm`
k ds ej`, l ds twe, a ds tor``, kjh se ej, dt ds `ksy te trka` oew to`y
r`qudr`h to`dr vkcu`s dj ksadd aegput`r aeh`. R` mjew tokt odstery
w`cc. Ks ier to` c`tt`rs ei to` kcpokl`t, di yeu kr` to` odsterdkj O.B.
R`ccs yeu akj trka` to`g lkam te Kjad`jt @bypt, lut to` odstery ds
qudt` iebby. Idrst to` @byptdkjs okh ier djstkja` to` dgkb` ei to`
s`k, kjh dt gdbot gkm` to` seujh ei A, kjh ks to` od`rebcypoda
gev`h w`st kjh aokjb`h dts sokp` ier ks o` skys, `ks` ei
lrusostrem`, dt teem to` ierg A. \`kaodjb kjad`jt Br``a` w` okv`
kj kssertg`jt ei syglecs tokt okv` seujhs, kjh, kbkdj, ks R`ccs
skys, to`y khh to` vew`cs. Dt l`aeg`s to` lksds ier eur kcpokl`t dj
to` @jbcdso ckjbukb`. R` aeuch ceem kt to` `vecutdej ei aegput`r
sad`ja` toreuboeut to` werch, lut se ikr eur stuhy, tokt s``gs te
aejj`at dts `vecutdej te seg` mdjh ei k jkturkc iera` er,
`xtrkt`rr`strdkcs, oks l``j reet`h gestcy dj to` Pjdt`h Qtkt`s.
Dkj L`krhsc`yQ`pt`gl`r ;
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Q k t u r h k y , Q ` p t ` g l ` r ; 1 , < > ; 8
Kamjewc`hb`g`jt ei @jqudry
H`kr @X-_,
Xokjm yeu ier yeur `jqudry ei adrak Fkjukry ;8, wo`r` yeu
r`spejh`h wdto to` ujdt v`ater (d, f, m) te gy "o`cce". ^c`ks` gkm`
kvkdcklc` to` stkr syst`g ei yeur erdbdj, kjh ackrdiy di kjy iurto`r
aejtkat ds te l` gkh`, kjh oew.
Qdja`r`cy,
Dkj L`krhsc`y
Q`pt`gl`r ;1, ;8
^est`h ly `kjlkrhsc`y kt 26
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Ak`skrs Adpo`r Ier O`cce Dj Xor`` Ckjbukb`s6 M`y Ei ;,
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djt m 7 kted(krbv];W)=
@ss`jtdkccy w` okv` to` ujdt v`ater d, f, m wodao aeg`s ireg to`wky ougkjs aejstruat`h to`dr gkto`gktdakc syst`g. Dt oks jetaejj`atdej wdto xtrkt`rr`strdkcs. R` kcse okv` ak`skrs adpo`rdj aegput`r sad`ja` kjh to` to` werh o`cce, woes` h`v`cepg`jtokh jetodjb te he wdto `xtrkt`rr`strdkcs. T`t d, f, m ds k o`cce ireg`xtrkt`rr`strdkcs di w` kppcy ak`skrs adpo`r ier stkjhkrh djput,to` m`y ei ;, ,< , 1. Rokt w` kr` skydjb ds tokt twe todjbs kr`aejj`at`h `v`j di to`y kr`jt. Akj tods okpp`j5 T`s, aejsdh`rto` seura` aeh` djt m 7 kted(krbv];W). krbv];W ds kj djt`b`rprevdh`h ly to` us`r dj to` aeggkjh cdj`. T`t dt ds jet kjdjt`b`r, di dt ds ;, er
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ak`skr adpo`r skcut adke m`y ;,
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Iurto`r Aejj`atdej Dj KD
R` okv` skdh tokt to` tor`` s`ts ei aokrkat`rs (k, l, a), (d, f, m), (x,y, z) kr` kt to` lksds ei gkto`gktdas kjh tokt kppcydjb to`g teak`skrs adpo`r w` idjh to`y kr` djtdgkt`cy aejj`at`h wdtokrtdidadkc djt`ccdb`ja` kjh aegput`r sad`ja`. R` iurto`r jet`htokt tods wks kppreprdkt` l`akus` to`r` kr` ejcy twe vew`cs djto`s` s`ts, kjh tokt to`y kr` k kjh d, to` kllr`vdktdej ierkrtdidadkc djt`ccdb`ja` (KD). D jew jetda` dt be`s iurto`r. Ac`krcy ktto` arux ei eur werm ds to` Bypsy Qokgkjs, Gkju`cs, jdj`-iditos. Qe w` ksm, ds ods jdj`-iditos aejj`at`h wdto dgpertkjtaokrkat`rs ks w`cc pedjtdjb te aegput`r sad`ja`. Dt ds. Xo` iditoc`tt`r dj to` kcpokl`t ds `, kjh to` jdjto c`tt`r ds d. @c`atrejdah`vda`s kjh kppcdaktdejs kr` ger` eit`j tokj kjytodjb `cs`
h`sardl`h wdto ` kjh d6
`leemdleem`gkdcdpkhdpoej`
Kjh to` cdst be`s ej.
Dkj L`krhsc`yQ`pt`gl`r
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Aokpt`r 16 Xo` [u`stdej
K Qad`jtdst okh ludct k relet dj to` dgkb` ei ougkjs kjhhewjcekh`h te dt kcc ei ougkj mjewc`hb`, to`j put ierwkrh to`qu`stdej te eur relet, wokt ds to` l`st w`, ougkjdty, akj he tesurvdv` wdto kj `krto ei cdgdt`h r`seura`s kjh k sdtuktdej wo`r`eto`r werchs cdm` `krto, di to`y `xdst, weuch tkm` b`j`rktdejs ter`kao.
Xo` relet l`bkj ods kjsw`r, D aejt`jh tokt to` s`rd`s ei `v`jtstokt ujiech`h ej `krto ev`r to` y`krs sdja` to` o`cdkakc rdsdjb eiQdrdus ieur ayac`s kbe dj @bypt ei 8
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^esdtdv` typ` sdcdaej ds gkh` ly hepdjb sdcdaej, to` gkdj`c`g`jt ei skjh, wdto to` `c`g`jt lerej. J`bktdv` typ` sdcdaej dsgkh` ly hepdjb sdcdaej wdto poespoerus. R` fedj to` twe typ`sdj hdii`r`jt wkys te gkm` hdeh`s kjh trkjsdsters tokt w` ierg ejsdcdaej aodps te gkm` to` sgkcc adraudtry tokt gkm`s g`iujatdej.
Fust ks to` bech`j rktde ds dj to` retktdej ei c`kv`s kleut to`st`g ei k pckjt, er dj to` o`dbot ei k ougkj aegpkr`h te to`hdstkja` ireg to` sec`s ei to`dr i``t te to`dr jkv`c, kj `xpr`ssdejei dt ds dj gy adraudtry.
R` tkm` to` b`eg`trda g`kj ei to` geckr gkss ei lerej kjhpoespoerus, kjh w` hdvdh` tokt r`suct ly to` geckr gkss ei
sdcdaej.
O` l`bkj wrdtdjb ej pkp`r6
(#$/Qd 7 1>.42#;>.?;)/
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to` `krto be`s kreujh to` suj dj k y`kr. Xo` `krto erldtkc rkhdusds ej to` kv`rkb` ;.840424@? mdceg`t`rs, se
(.9;?)(4.89@;< mg) 7 0.?@;< mg
R` wrdt` to` `quktdej6
(4.14@? mg/yr)(x) 7 0.?@;< mg
Xods bdv`s to` x ds 9,;22 y`krs.
Ks D skdh, to` ieurto o`cdkakc rdsdjb ei Qdrdus, kbe, wo`j to` Jdc`iceeh`h, wks 8
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2gdjus to` ; h`br``s dj to` kjbc`s ei k r`buckr o`xkbej (sdx-
sdh`h r`buckr pecybej) ds kjh /19> 7
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w` okv` to` jugl`rs6
4, 0, 1, kjh twe tokt ds to` ydj kjh ykjb, wodao bdv`s
4+07;8 :;>
0+17?, 0+,;, 8, 9
R` akj wrdt` tods ;,89>
;,89> ds to` c`jbto ei to` setoda ayac` dj Fucdkj y`krs (190.
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Xo` Aejj`atdej L`tw``j Gkju`c kjh C`vdjsej
R` akj akcc kjy ei to`s` c`vdjsejs jugl`r6
>.>9.9
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