The M icrobial W orld
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Transcript of The M icrobial W orld
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The Microbial World
Chapter 5
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Prokaryotic Metabolism
• Autotrophs• Heterotrophs
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Autotrophs
• Some bacteria and archaea make their own organic compounds – Primary producers – If they do photosynthesis it takes place in on folded
membranes in the bacteria cell• Photosynthetic bacteria account for much of
the primary production of open ocean• Other bacterial autotrophs- chemosynthetic
bacteria
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Heterotrophs
• Most marine bacteria are heterotrophs• Heterotrophs obtain energy from organic
matter by respiration• Respiration in aerobic bacteria and archaea
use oxygen• In Anoxic sediments bacteria use anaerobic
respiration
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Nitrogen Fixation
• Bottom dwelling and planktonic cyanobacteria carry out nitrogen fixation
• Nitrogen fixation N2 NH4 (covert nitrogen to ammonium)
• Ammonium is then transferred into NO3- (nitrate) and other N compounds– These N sources can be used by primary producers
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Unicellular Algae
• Algae – very diverse group (mostly aquatic, mostly photosynthetic)
• Eukaryotic- cells have a nucleus, organelles• Photosynthesis- Chloroplast• Lack true leaves, stems, roots
• Have plant and animal characteristics- Protista
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Diatoms
• Unicellular but they can be colonial or form groups or chains
• In a shell made of silica frustule (2 halves) • The perforations allow dissolved gases and
nutrients to enter and exit• Coloration- carotenoid pigments (few are
colorless) • Photosynthetic factories• Some are toxic
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Diatom Reproduction
• Asexual reproduction• Auxospores- resistant stages that eventually
give rise to larger cells that display the frustule characteristic of the species **get smaller each division**
• Favorable conditions- bloom• Diatomaceous ooze- dead diatoms sink and
form thick deposits of siliceous material
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Dinoflagellates
• Large group of planktonic unicellular organisms
• 2 flagella, cell wall, plates• Photosynthesize and ingest • Reproduction is almost exclusively by cell
division• Bioluminescence • Toxic
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Protozoans (animal like protists)
• Eukaryotic • Structure is simple• Animal like• Protozoans comprise several groups of
unrelated origins• Heterotrophs and some photosynthesize
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Foraminiferans
• Type of marine protozoan• Have a shell (test) made of CaCO3• Pseudopodia- extensions of the cytoplasm• Live on the bottom either free or attached– Shells of bottom forams are important
contributors to calcarious material• White cliffs of Dover
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Radiolarians
• Planktonic marine protozoans• Secrete shells of glass and other materials • Typical shells are spherical with radiating
spines • Sausage shaped colonies• When they die and sink to the bottom they
become silicious ooze – Resistant to dissolving under pressure
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Ciliates
• Protozoans • Lots of hair like extentions– Locomotion and feeding
• Found all over seaweeds and in bottom sediments
• Live in gills of clams, urchin intestines,skin of fish
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Fungi
• Eukaryotic and mostly multicellular– Molds, yeasts are unicellular
• They are heterotrophs that lack chloroplasts• 500 species of marine fungi (most are microscopic)• Decompose detritus• Some are parasites• Some form symbiotic relationships with algae – lichens
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Microbial world
Prokaryotes• Bacteria
– Cyanobacteria (stromatolites)• Archaea
– Extremophiles
Eukaryotes• Diatoms• Dinoflagellates• Protozoans (animal like)
– Foraminierans– Radiolarians
• Fungi
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Presentation
• Table 1 –Diatoms• Table 2- Dinoflagellates• Table 3- Foraminiferans• Table 4- Radiolarians• Table 5- Ciliates• Table 6- Fungi
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Poster Rubric• Image• Definition• At least 5 facts • Importance to marine environment/role in marine
environment
• ** this will be a graded assignment**
• If you finish early complete your sponge reading and question sheet until we start presenting