The Louisiana Purchase In 1801, France gained Louisiana from Spain & seemed ready to create an...
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Transcript of The Louisiana Purchase In 1801, France gained Louisiana from Spain & seemed ready to create an...
The Louisiana PurchaseIn 1801, France gained Louisiana
from Spain & seemed ready to create an empire in North America–But, the Haitian revolution & cost
of European wars led Napoleon to lose interest in America
–In 1803, Jefferson negotiated with France to buy New Orleans, but Napoleon offered to sell all of Louisiana for $15 million
The Louisiana PurchaseJeffersonian contradictions:
–The Constitution was vague on which branch had the authority to purchase new lands
–Jefferson abandoned “strict construction” to buy Louisiana
–Jefferson signed the Louisiana Gov’t Act which denied self-rule to Louisiana residents
Republicans feared giving the mostly French & Spanish residents of New
Orleans authority in a territorial assembly
The Louisiana Purchase & the Lewis & Clark Expedition
Left St. Louis in May 1804 & reached the Pacific in Nov 1805
Meriwether Lewis & William Clark were commissioned to explore the Louisiana territory
Goal #1: Determine if the Missouri River flowed to
the Pacific Ocean
Goal #2: Collect data on flora & fauna
The report from the Lewis & Clark expedition reaffirmed faith in the future
economic prosperity of the U.S.
Native American ResistanceThe Louisiana Purchase
increased tensions with Indians:– Americans rejected coexistence
with Indians – Tecumseh swayed the Shawnee
& other tribes to stop selling land & to avoid contact with whites
– Jefferson hoped to “civilize” Indians into yeoman farmers & planned for a vast reservation west of the Mississippi River
The Road to the War of 1812The focus of Madison’s presidency
was foreign policy:–In 1809, the Non-Intercourse Act Non-Intercourse Act
promised the U.S. will resume trade with England & France once U.S. neutrality is respected
–In 1810, Congress replaced this with Macon’s Bill #2Macon’s Bill #2 offering exclusive trade to whichever nation 1st honored U.S. neutrality
Madison eagerly reopened trade with England
…but England continued to seize
U.S. ships
France agreed to end all trade restrictions (but never stopped
seizing ships or impressing sailors)
Which region would have supported a declaration of war the most?
Most calls for war centered on British interference with U.S. trade rights.
"Free Trade & Sailors' Rights" was a popular battle cry
NE Federalists thought war with Britain as a mistake: they feared the U.S. could
not defeat England & a war would bankrupt the country
Americans in the West & South wanted war to gain Canada & Spanish Florida
By 1810, War Hawks in Congress, led by Henry Clay (KY) & John C. Calhoun (SC),
demanded war with England
Madison eventually gave in & asked Congress for a declaration
of war in June 1812
Patriotism surged as War Hawks claimed the War of 1812 the “Second American Revolution”
War of 1812Despite increased patriotism, the
U.S. was unprepared for war:– Congress refused to raise taxes– The army was small & state
militias were inadequate – The government was incapable
of directing a full-scale warThe U.S. goal for the war was to
attack British Canada & force England to respect U.S. rights
The U.S. did not fare well against the better-trained British troops
The U.S. navy was a little more successful but only because the bulk of British navy
was still fighting Napoleon in Europe
The War of 1812
In 1814, the British took the offensive in a
3-pronged attack
British were turned back at Plattsburg on Lake Champlain & gave up their Canadian offensive
The British attacked the undefended Chesapeake & burned Washington, DC
& laid siege to Baltimore
The American army under Andrew Jackson defeated the British at New Orleans (after a peace treaty was drawn up ending the war)
Hartford ConventionFederalists opposed the war by
not paying taxes or sending troopsIn 1814, Federalists met at the
Hartford Convention to discuss altering the U.S. Constitution to:–Restrict Congress’ war powers –Supported a one-term president –Abolish the 3/5 clause
They discussed seceding from the USA if they did not get their way
The War of 1812 is still going on!! In order to reduce southern
control of Congress
In order to break the Virginia presidential dynasty
Treaty of GhentTreaty of GhentTreaty of Ghent did not address
U.S. neutrality but was ratified unanimously by the Senate
Effects of the war:–Ended all Indian-British
alliances in western lands–Scared Spain into signing the
Adams-Onis Treaty in 1819 –The lack of Federalist loyalty
was the fatal blow to the party
Spain ceded Florida to the USA
Effects of the War of 1812 Though the US might not have gained any lands
or major concessions from the war, the War of 1812 did have a number of significant effects on the young nation…– The US gained incredible respect from foreign
nations for fighting the world’s greatest power, England, to two stalemates
– There was an incredible growth in nationalistic feelings across the US, especially in the west
– The idea that the future of the US lay in westward expansion
– The death of the Federalist party