The Logic of Violence in Drug Wars Cartel-State Conflict in Mexico, Brazil and Colombia
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Transcript of The Logic of Violence in Drug Wars Cartel-State Conflict in Mexico, Brazil and Colombia
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CDDRL WORKING PAPERS
Number 145
October 2013
The Logic of Violence in Drug Wars: Cartel-State Conflict in Mexico, Brazil and Colombia
Benjamin Lessing Stanford University
Center on Democracy, Development, and The Rule of Law Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies
Additional working papers appear on CDDRL’s website: http://cddrl.stanford.edu.
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Center on Democracy, Development, and The Rule of Law Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies Stanford University Encina Hall Stanford, CA 94305 Phone: 650-724-7197 Fax: 650-724-2996 http://cddrl.stanford.edu/ About the Center on Democracy, Development and the Rule of Law (CDDRL) CDDRL was founded by a generous grant from the Bill and Flora Hewlett Foundation in October in 2002 as part of the Stanford Institute for International Studies at Stanford University. The Center supports analytic studies, policy relevant research, training and outreach activities to assist developing countries in the design and implementation of policies to foster growth, democracy, and the rule of law.
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D P
S D
a D −ay y [y , y] D
y P D a y P
b D B H F
D H F P s
c S sO
O ∈ H,F D
P sF = s sH = s (1− c ) ≤ sF c ∈ [0,1)c → 0 D
sH → sF
D h(·) ∈ [0,1] f (·) ∈ [0,1]h (sH ) > 0 f (sF ) > 0 sH = s (1 − c )
D h (c ) < 0 f (c ) = 0 D
D P
P P
O ∈ H,F D o ∈ h, f
c = 1
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h (a) = 0
f (a) > 0 P D 0 P
−φ(·) φ(a) > 0 φ(s ) < 0
h f φ sH sF a
D y b a P b
λ
λ < y λ s c
λ λ
λ
s c
D
D
∃ a > 0 : a ≥ a⇒ f (a, sF , ·) ≤ h(sH , ·) Ca
λ b λb = 0
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Ca
y h f φ
D b y D a
b D
a ≥ a
D a ∈ (0, a)
a∗h = 0;
H y ∈ [y , bh(·) )
B y ∈ [ bh(·) , y]
a∗f ≥ a;
F y ∈ [y , bf (·) )
B y ∈ [ bf (·) , y]
a∗ = a
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P
b ∗(a, ·) =
b ∗h a < a
b ∗f a ≥ a
P
D a∗h = 0 a∗f ≥ aa∗ ∈ a∗h , a∗f
D
D
D
a∗h a∗f
o ∈ h, f b ∗o
O ∈ H,F
PrO =b∗
o(·) − yy − y
b ∗h b ∗f P
b ∗h = argmaxb
1−
bh(·) − yy − y
(b − λ) +
bh(·) − yy − y · 0 = λ+ h(·)y
2
b ∗f = argmaxb
1−
bf (·) − yy − y
(b − λ)−
bf (·) − yy − y φ(·) = λ+ f (·)y −φ(·)
2
D P φ
φ
2
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D o ∈ h, f bmo = o(·)y bM
o = o(·)y P
o ∈ h, f b ∗o > bMo P bM
o b
b < bMhb ∗o < bm
o P bmo b
P b > bMo
b = bMo o ∈ h, f P b ∗o = max[min[b ∗o , bM
o ], b mo ]
λ
b ∗h =
h(·)y λ > h(·)yh(·)y λ < h(·)
y − (y − y )
λ+h(·)y2
b ∗f =
f (·)y λ−φ(·) > f (·)yf (·)y λ−φ(·) < f (·)
y − (y − y )
λ+ f (·)y−φ(·)2
P
D −φ(·) P
P
D P
P
a∗h = 0
a < a b ∗h
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λ s c λ s
c
b ∗h
λ
s
D b
c
P D
∃ cNB ∈ (0,1) : c > cNB =⇒ b ∗h ≥ bMh a = 0
D y < y = b∗ff (·) D
a∗f = argmaxa
minmaxy ,y, y
yy (1− f (·)) 1
y − y d y + yminmaxy ,y, y(y − b ∗f )
1y − y d y − a
f φ b ∗f a
a∗f
s a
f φ
f (·) ≡ sa+s
f ∈ [0,1] D y (1− f )
y ∗ fP S
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P
D −φ(·) ≡ −ϕ aa+s
ϕ P
h(·) ≡ sHη+sH
η
η
sH ≡ s (1− c ) < s Ca a > η sFsH= η
1−c ≡ a⇒ f > h
y
y ∼U12µ, 3
2µ
y
µ > ϕ4
a∗f
s ∈ (s , s ) a∗f > 0 s > s a∗f < 0 s ≤ s a∗f
a∗f ≥ a a∗f = max[a∗f , a]a∗f a
∃ sI > 0 s > sI
b ∗f
λ s 1 − PrF λ
s ϕ > λ ϕ < λ
ϕ = λ
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ϕ > λ P D
λ
D U Df
a = a∗f U Dh a = a∗b = 0
s c
D
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D a U Dh
a = 0 U Df
a∗fD
a D a = 0 P D
a = a∗f D b ∗
D s 1 b D
a = a∗f
D a b
µ(.44− .28) = 2.3
s c U Df > U D
h
PrF
s a b
U Df +U
Pf <U
Dh +U
Ph
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s s
s
b x D
s ∗ D
c = 0
∃ s ∗ ∈+ s > s ∗ ⇒U Dh >U
Df
s
s b x
c s
z D s
D s ∗
s ∗ D
∃ c ∈ (0,1) c > c D a∗ = 0 P
b ≥ bMh D
s
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λ
D s c P
D P s
c
y µ
y
µ
µ
U Dh U D
f µ
µ µ
∃ µ∗ ∈+ µ > µ∗ ⇒U Df >U
Dh
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s
µ
µ
µ
y PrH = 1 s
c P
a
am aM am aM D a ≥ am a ≥ aM
P bmf bM
f PrF = 0 PrF = 1 am aM am
ϕ > λ
a∗f >maxam, aM
s ∈ [0, sI ] P
ϕ λ
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s < sI s > sI
am a∗f D
Pr f > 0
λ > ϕ D
η c
D
s
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aω P D
aν P D a = aν+aω
−aνaω
aω < a∗f D
a∗f
a ∗ν = a∗f −aω Pr F
D aωU D
f =U Df + aω
U Dh >
U Df
aω a∗ω ≡ U Dh −U D
f D aν = 0
aν = a∗f − aω
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λ µ
s c
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s c
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D a ∈ (0, a)
a∗h = 0;
H y ∈ [y , bh(·) )
B y ∈ [ bh(·) , y]
a∗f ≥ a;
F y ∈ [y , bf (·) )
B y ∈ [ bf (·) , y]
P
b ∗(a, ·) =
b ∗h a < a
b ∗f a ≥ a
D a ∈ (0, a) D
ao ∈ (0, a) a < a D a P D
P b ∗o a ∈ [0, a) D
a D ao a = 0
a∗ a < a D h(·)y > y−by = b
h(·) a > a b ∗ P b
D F H a
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o ∈ h, f b ∗o > bMo P bM
o b
b < bMhb ∗o < bm
o P bmo b
b ∗o > bMo D b ≥ bM
o P b
b ≤ bMo bM
o !−EU P
f (bMf )= λ−φ(·)− f (·)y
f (·)(y−y )
λ−φ(·) > f (·)y P b < bMf
b ∗o < bmo : P b > bm
o D
b ≤ bmo P b < bm
o
a < a b ∗h
λ s c λ s
c
b ∗h =λ+h(·)y
2λ h(·)
s c
1 − PrH = 1 − λ+h(·)(y−2y )2h(·)(y−y ) λ
0− ! PrH!h(·) =
λ
2(y − y )h(·)2 > 0
h(·) s c
∃ cNB ∈ (0,1) : c > cNB =⇒ b ∗h ≥ bMh a = 0
h(·)|sH=0 = 0 sH = s (1− c ) limc→1b ∗h = λ2 > lim
c→1bMh = 0
s ∈ (s , s ) a∗f > 0 s > s a∗f < 0 s ≤ s a∗f
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b ∗f (a) =s32µ+λ−a(ϕ−λ)
2(a+s )
D
a∗f = argmaxa
s 32µ+λ−a(ϕ−λ)
2s
µ2
y
aa + s
1µd y + 3µ
2
s 32µ+λ−a(ϕ−λ)
2s
y −
s ( 32µ+ λ) + a(λ−ϕ)
2(a + s )
1µd y − a
a∗f = s
8sµ− (λ−ϕ)2 23µ2 + 12µϕ − 4ϕ2
28sµ− (λ−ϕ)2 − 1
Ω ≡ 8sµ − (λ − ϕ)2 Υ ≡ 23µ2 + 12µϕ − 4ϕ2
µ > ϕ4
Υ > 0 Ω s > s ≡ (λ−ϕ)28µ
Ω s
Ω s ∈ [0, s ). a∗f ∈ s > s a∗f s s > s
lims→s+a∗f = +∞ lim
s→∞a∗f = −∞ a∗f = 0 s = 0 s = s ≡ Υ
32µ+ s
s a∗f > 0 (s , s ) s > s
∃ sI > 0 s > sI
b ∗fa∗f > a b ∗f
a∗f= λ−ϕ
2+32µ+ϕ Ω·ΥΥ
!b∗f! s= 2µ(3µ+2ϕ)
Ω·Υ
a∗f < a b ∗f (a) = − 2η(ϕ−λ)−s (1−c )(2λ+3µ)
4(s (1−c )+η)!b∗f! s= η(3µ+2ϕ)(1−c )
4(s (1−c )+η)2
s ϕ > λ ϕ < λ
a∗f > a
PrF (a∗f ) = 14+ ϕ
2µ+ (λ−ϕ)
4µ
Ω·ΥΩ
! PrF! s= (ϕ − λ)
Ω·ΥΩ2
a∗fΩ·ΥΩ> 1 ! PrF
! s(φ− λ)
a∗f < a
PrF (a) =14+ λ
2µ+ (λ−ϕ)
2µη
s (1−c )! PrF! s= (ϕ − λ) η
2µs (1−c )
(φ− λ)
∃ s ∗ ∈+ s > s ∗ ⇒U Dh >U
Df
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s ≥ s ⇒U Dh >U
Df s ∗
s D a = a∗f ( s ) = 0 a∗f < a
η > 0⇒ b ∗fa=0> b ∗h D a = a
D
a = a∗F = 0 s = s U Dh >U
Df s > s
∃ c ∈ (0,1) c > c D a∗ = 0 P
b ≥ bMh D
limc→1
U Dh = µ
c > cNB P D
U Dh
c∈cNB ,1 = µ η
η+(1−c ) c → 1 µ
U Df = PrF (µ
aa+s) + (1− PrF )(µ− b )− a µ a > 0 U D
f
c c : c > c =⇒U Dh >U
Df
∃ µ∗ ∈+ µ > µ∗ ⇒U Df >U
Dh
µ→ +∞ µ > 2λ3
s (1−c )+ηs (1−c )
a∗f µ
µ a∗f a∗f
U Df
a∗f= s +µ+
3(ϕ − λ)8− ϕ(ϕ − λ)
4µ−Ω ·Υ8µ
U Dh =
18µ· λ
2(s (1− c ) + η)s (1− c ) +µ
932s (1− c ) + ηs (1− c ) + η −
3λ8
limµ→∞
U D
f
a∗f−U D
h
= +∞
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am aM am aM D a ≥ am a ≥ aM
P bmf bM
f PrF = 0 PrF = 1 am aM am
ϕ > λ
b ∗f b mf bM
f a
am ≡sλ+ 1
2µ
ϕ − λ ; aM ≡sλ− 3
2µ
ϕ − λ .
λ < y = 32µ aM am ϕ > λ
b ∗f b mf a d
d a(b ∗f − bm
f ) < 0 am
a ≥ am ⇒b ∗f ≤ bmf b ∗f = bm
f a < am b ∗f > bmf am b ∗f > bm
f
a dd a(b ∗f − bM
f ) > 0 a > aM ⇒ b ∗f = bMf aM < 0⇒b ∗f < bM
f a
sI ≡ s a∗f ≤maxam, aM=
(ϕ−λ)2(3µ+2ϕ)(µ+2ϕ)2
ϕ > λ
4µ(λ−ϕ)2(3µ−2ϕ)2 ϕ < λ
sI
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