The listening skill in Linguistics !!

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“The Listening Skill” “The most basic and powerful way to connect to another person is to listen. Just listen. Perhaps the most important thing we ever give each other is our attention” __Rachel Naomi Remen

description

The listening skill DEFINITION AND EXAMPLES Why we listen? The skill of listening Sounds , Vowels and Consonants Word stress? Sentence stress? Intonation? Some exercises for the development of listening skill Graded practice exercises Types of classroom listening performance Some principles of teaching listening comprehension Graphical Description Conclusion

Transcript of The listening skill in Linguistics !!

Page 1: The listening skill in Linguistics !!

“The Listening Skill”“The most basic and

powerful way to connect to another person is to listen.

 Just listen.  Perhaps the most important thing we

ever give each other is our attention”

__Rachel Naomi Remen

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1.MADIHA SHAUKAT(O1)2.ALIZEH IMRAN(O2)3.MASHAL HAYAT (O4)4.AYESHA KINZUL EMAN(O5)5.SARA TAHIR(O6)

“ISLAMIA UNIVERSITY OF BAHAWALPUR”The Department of English

B.A (Hons.) English5th Semester!

6.Madiha Ahsan (o7)7.Ishrat Fatima(o8)8.Taliya Ayaz(o9)9.Arifa Abid(10)

GROUP #1 Group Leader:

Shajia Shoaib(11)Group Members:

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CONTENTS The listening skill DEFINITION AND EXAMPLES Why we listen? The skill of listening Sounds , Vowels and Consonants Word stress? Sentence stress? Intonation? Some exercises for

the development of listening skill Graded practice exercises Types of classroom listening performance Some principles of

teaching listening comprehension Graphical Description Conclusion

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The Listening Skill

”Background Knowledge” All these years it has been assumed that listening competence will come naturally

while learning a foreign language. So all the focus is given to teaching and reading skill. But when we encounter the native language speakers ,we face difficulty in understanding the language. Because they speak in natural

and informal style which has now become ordinary conversational style.

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DEFINITION AND EXAMPLES

Listening is the ability to accurately receive and interpret messages in the communication process. 

Listening is key to all effective communication, without the ability to listen effectively, messages are easily misunderstood – communication breaks down and the sender of the message can easily become frustrated or irritated.

Effective listening involves observing body language and noticing inconsistencies between verbal and non-verbal messages.

For example, if someone tells you that they are happy with their life but through gritted teeth or with tears filling their eyes, you should consider that the verbal and non-verbal messages are in conflict, they maybe don't mean what they say.

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Listening is Not the Same as Hearing

We Spend a lot of Time Listening.

“Adults spend an average of 70% of their time engaged in some

sort of communication, of this an average of 45% is spent listening compared to 30% speaking, 16%

reading and 9% writing.” (Adler, R. et al. 2001).

Hearing refers to the sounds that you hear, whereas Listening requires more than that: it requires focus. It means paying attention not only to the story, but how it is told, the use of language and voice, and

how the other person uses his or her body.

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WHY WE LISTEN?

Listening is one of the most important skills you can have. How well you listen has a major impact on your job

effectiveness, and on the quality of your relationships with others.

When we are listening, we do it because,We want to find out information about person or eventWe listen to serious lecture , seminars or discussions in

order to understand them. We listen for enjoyment.We listen to learn.To become a good listener we need to have,Knowledge of phonology or sound systemKnowledge of topic or world between speaker and listener.

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The skill of Listening

A person who understands spoken English can Recognize English speech sounds Understand the meanings Grammatical meanings of structure Understand the meaning of sentences by

“intonation patterns”Get the theme of the speaker and theme of the

discussionBecome master in guessing meaningsPredict words to match up with the conversational

speed

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Sounds , Vowels and Consonants

The process of combination: When we speak, the listener hears a smooth continuity of combined sounds.

Flow of speech can be controlled by the teacher in the classroom but speech heard outside is normally uncontrolled.

The difference in vowel sound leads to a difference in meaning and may result in misunderstanding and confusion.

Combination of consonants make difficult clusters This occurs in Initial, Medial and Final position.

Vowels and Consonants (technically called, Segmental phonemes) , Stress and Intonation make up speech.

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Word Stress?

Word stress is your magic key to understanding spoken English. Let's take 3 words:

photograph, photographer and photographic. Do they sound the same when spoken? No. Because we accentuate (stress) ONE syllable in each word. And it is not always the same syllable. So the shape of each word is different.

There are two very important rules about word stress: One word, one stress.  The stress is always on a vowel.

The syllables that are not stressed are weak or small or quiet.

words Syllables Stressed Syllable

PHO TO GRAPH 3 #1

PHO TO GRAPH ER 4 #2

PHO TO GRAPH IC 4 #3

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Sentence Stress?Sentence stress is the music of spoken English.Sentence stress is accent on certain words within

a sentence.Most sentences have two types of words:Content words are the key words of a sentence.They

are the important words that carry the meaning or sense.

Structure words are not very important words. They are small, simple words that make the sentence correct grammatically. 

Will you SELL my CAR because I've GONE to FRANCE

SELL CAR GONE FRANCE

SELL,CAR,GONE and FRANCE are the CONTENT WORDS while others are STRUCTURE WORDS.

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INTONATION?

In linguistics, the use of changing vocal pitch to convey grammatical information or personal attitude. 

For example if the word 'right' is said with the pitch of the voice rising, it is likely to be heard as a question or as an invitation to a speaker to continue, while falling pitch is more likely to be heard as confirmation or agreement.“

"Intonation is the melody or music of a language.  It's raining, isn't it It's raining, isn't it? Some of this intonational meaning is shown in writing,

through the use of punctuation, but most of it is not. This is why spoken English, as spoken by native speakers, is richer in information content than written English.

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SOME EXERCISES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF LISTENING SKILL

INFORMATION TRANSFER EXERCISES

Information transfer exercises are very useful here. These involve receiving information in one form and transferring it to another.

For Example: Verbal & transferring the information,

or selected pieces of it, to another form that are diagrams, graphs, lines on maps, labels etc.

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ADVANTAGES

1.Straight forward non-verbal responses such as, the drawing of lines on a diagram, recognizing or writing short labels involves an absolute minimum of linguistic production.

2. As the task are carried out while the student is listening, there is no great burden on LTM. Any assessment of comprehension will be uncontaminated by memory factors.

3.The fact that the student has to do two things at once…LISTEN & PERFORM a simple task.

4. To perform the task, the student has to select the relevant information & filter out the rest.

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GRADED PRACTICE EXERCISES

Short Completion Exercises:

Have to provide a likely ending to the unfinished sentence.

Note-taking Exercises:

It is a complex and useful activity.

It combines listening, selecting, summarizing and writing skills.

Follow-up Exercise:

Students have to re-manage the summary of the story that is given in wrong order.

Close Exercises:

The exercise in which tenth item is regularly left blank to be filled in by students.

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OTHER EXERCISES

Picture Identification Sheet Picture can be used to great advantage in listening comprehension. Just by listening the direction student can draw a picture without looking to other's drawing. The teacher should make it clear to students that they are try to draw the picture.

Question/Answer Exercises The most easy way of listening comprehension can be practiced but asking the student to answer the suitable questions. It keeps the children alert in the class.

A Simple Check List Some words and/or phrases are written at random on practice sheet. You read the passage before writing on note book. Then number the words (e.g. 1,2,3...) while listening in the order they appear in the passage.

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Types of Classroom Listening Performance

INTENSIVE LISTENING☻ Techniques whose only focus is to focus on

components (phonemes, words, intonation, discourse markers, etc.) of discourse

>Include bottom-up skills

☻refers to using the incoming input as the basis for understanding the message

Examples of intensive listening performance:1.Students listen for cues in certain choral or individual drills 2.The teacher repeats a word or sentence several times to “imprint” it in the student’s mind

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Types of Classroom Listening Performance

EXTENSIVE LISTENING☻could range from listening to lengthy lectures to

listening to a conversation and deriving a comprehensive message or purpose☻aims to develop a top-down, global understanding of

spoken language

☻refers to the use of backgroundknowledge in understanding the meaning of a messageExamples of extensive listening performance:

may require the student to invoke other interactive skills (e.g., note taking, discussion) for full comprehension

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SOME PRINCIPLES OF TEACHING LISTENING

COMPREHENSION

Christina Bratt and Mary Newton Burder in their book gave some principles in teaching listening comprehension: These

are:

Listening comprehension (LC)lessons must have definite goals, carefully stated. These goals should fit into the overall curriculum and both teacher and students should be clear about their objectives.

Listening comprehension lessons should be constructed carefully step by step planning. The student should know exactly what the task is and he is given directions as to “what to listen”.

LC lesson’s structure should demand active student participation involves a written response to the listening material, and that immediate feedback on performance helps keep interest and motivation at high levels.

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Other Principles Students should be given writing assignment before they listen

to the material. “Listening is receiving, receiving requires thinking and thinking requires memory; there is no way to separate listening, thinking, remembering.”

Listening comprehension should be “teach and not test”. There should be no pass/fail attitude associated with the correction of the exercises.

Maximize the use of material that is relevant to students' real life.

Maximize the use of authentic language. Vary the materials in terms of speakers' gender, age, accent,

topic, speed. Always ask students to listen with a purpose and allow them to

show their comprehension in a task. Language material intended to be used for training listening

comprehension should never be presented visually first

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Graphical Description

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CONCLUSION “If we were supposed to talk more than we listen,

we would have two tongues and one ear.” Mark Twain

The four language skills are:

In our own language, listening is usually the first language skill that we learn.

“ To become a fluent speaker in English, you need to develop strong listening skills. Listening not only helps you understand

what people are saying to you. It also helps you to speak clearly to other people. It helps you learn how to pronounce words properly, how to use intonation, and where to place

stress in words and sentences. This makes your speech easier for other people listening to you to understand! “

Listening Reading

Speaking Writing

“THANKYOU FOR LISTENING ;)”