The ligaments of the vertebra, the proximal ends of the ribs and of the pelvis from their ventral (anterior or volar) surface.Translated by: Ronald A. Bergman, PhD and Adel K. Afifi, MD, MSPeer Review Status: Internally Peer Reviewed

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a) Sphenoid bone, body.b) Temporal bone.c) Atlas, first cervical vertebra.d) Atlas, transverse process.e) Axis (epistropheus), second cervical vertebra.f) Seventh cervical vertebra.g) First thoracic vertebra.h) Twelfth thoracic vertebra.i) First rib.k) Twelfth rib.l) First lumbar vertebra.m) Fifth lumbar vertebra.n) Sacral bone.o) Coccygeal bones.p) Iliac bone.q) Iliac crest.r) Anterior superor iliac spine.s) Anterior inferior iliac spine.t) Pubic bone, horizontal ramus.u) Pubic bone, descending ramus.v) Pubic symphysis.w) Ischium bone, ascending ramus.x) Ischium bone, tuberosities.y Ischium bone, descending ramus.z) Femoral bone (femur).

SeePlate 3 for details of the bones of the pelvis

1. anterior longitudinal ligament. 2. anterior atlantooccipital membrane and atlantooccipital articular membrane. 3. ligaments and intervertebral disks. 4. intertransverse ligaments. 5. capsular ligaments, heads of ribs. 6. medial ligament at neck of the ribs. 7. lateral ligament at neck of the ribs. 8. posterior intercostals ligaments. 9. lumbocostal ligaments. 10. superior iliolumbar ligaments. 11. inferior iliolumbar ligaments. 12. sacroiliac ligaments. 13. sacrospinous ligaments. 14. anterior sacrococcygeal ligament. 15. ligaments of the obturator foramen. 16. femoral capsular ligament. 17. zone of orbicular ligament. 18. iliofemoral ligament.

19. bursa for m internal iliac. 20. pubic bone, arcuate bone. 21. pubic bone, annular ligament.

The outer ligament of the right temporomandibular joint.Translated by: Ronald A. Bergman, PhD and Adel K. Afifi, MD, MSPeer Review Status: Internally Peer Reviewed

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a) Temporal bone.b) External auditory meatus.c) Zygomatic arch.d) Mandibular ramus.

e) Mandibular condylar process.f) Mandibular coronoid process.g) Mandibular angle.h) Styloid process.

1. capsular ligament. 2. lateral ligament. 3. stylomandibular ligament. 4. stylohyoid ligament.

The medial ligament of the right mandible.Translated by: Ronald A. Bergman, PhD and Adel K. Afifi, MD, MSPeer Review Status: Internally Peer Reviewed

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a) Temporal bone.b) Sphenoid bone.c) Pterygoid process.d) Mandibular ramus.e) Mandibular condyle.f) Mandibular angle.

1. articular ligament. 2. pterygomandibular ligament.

The medial ligaments of the joint of the skull; through a wedge opening at the back of the skull and the first and second cervical vertebra, seen from behind (dorsally).Translated by: Ronald A. Bergman, PhD and Adel K. Afifi, MD, MSPeer Review Status: Internally Peer Reviewed

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a) Occipital bone.b) Atlas.c) Second cervical vertebra.d) Odontoid process.

1. posterior longitudinal ligament. 2. tectorial membrane. 3. cruciform ligament. 4. transverse ligament. 5. cruciform ligament, superior vertical. 6. cruciform ligament, inferior horizontal. 7. inferior lateral ligament of odontoid process. 8. superior lateral ligaments of odontoid process (s. alar s. Maucharti, s. check

ligament). 9. capsular ligament of the head with atlas. 10. ligament transversali.

11. accessory band of the atlantoaxial capsule. 12. apical dental ligament.

The ligaments of the thorax seen from the outer or ventral surface (Figure 6) and from the inner or dorsal surface (Figure 7).Translated by: Ronald A. Bergman, PhD and Adel K. Afifi, MD, MSPeer Review Status: Internally Peer Reviewed

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a) Sternoclavicular portion.b) Manubrium sterni.c) Corpus sterni or body.

d) Ensiform (xiphoid) process.e) First rib.f) Seventh rib.g) Eighth rib, first false rib.

1. interclavicular ligament. 2. medial clavicular capsular ligament. 3. rhomboid ligament. 4. interchondral ligament. 5. anterior sternal membrane. 6. posterior sternal membrane. 7. radiate sternocostal ligament (anterior and posterior). 8. costoxiphoid ligament (anterior and posterior).

The ligaments of the shoulder joint, seen from the front and lateral side.Translated by: Ronald A. Bergman, PhD and Adel K. Afifi, MD, MSPeer Review Status: Internally Peer Reviewed

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a) Acromial part of the clavicle.b) Acromion.c) Scapula.d) Coracoid process.e) Scapular glenoid cavity.f) Scapular spine.

g) Humerus.h) Humeral, head.i) Greater tubercle.

1. acromialclavicular ligament. 2. lateral clavicular capsular ligament. 3. trapezoid ligament (coracoclavicular ligament). 4. conoid ligament (coracoclavicular ligament). 5. coracoacromial ligament. 6. transverse scapular ligament. 7. capsulat ligament of the humerus. 8. tendon of the long head of m biceps brachii. 9. glenoid ligament.

The ligaments of the left elbow joint, seen from the front and from behind.Translated by: Ronald A. Bergman, PhD and Adel K. Afifi, MD, MSPeer Review Status: Internally Peer Reviewed

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a) Humerus.b) Humerus, lateral condyle.c) Humerus, medial condyle.d) Cubital trochlear process.e) Radius.f) Radius, neck.g) Radius, head.h) Radial tuberosity.i) Ulna.k) Olecranon.

1. articular capsule. 2. humeroradial ligament. 3. humeroulnar. 4. annular ligament of the radius. 5. oblique cord. 6. interosseous membrane, cubital end.

Ligaments of the dorsal surface of the left hand.Translated by: Ronald A. Bergman, PhD and Adel K. Afifi, MD, MSPeer Review Status: Internally Peer Reviewed

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a) Distal end of the radius.b) Distal end of the ulna.c) Radial styloid process.d) Ulnar styloid process.e) Scaphoid (carpal) bone.

f) Lunate (carpal) bone.g) Triquetrum (carpal) bone.h) Trapezium (carpal) bone.i) Trapezoideum (carpal) bone.k) Capitate (carpal) bone.l) Hamate (carpal) bone.

1. interosseous membrane. 2. ulnar collateral ligament. 3. radial collateral ligament. 4. dorsal radiocarpal ligament. 5. superficial dorsal ligament. 6. deep dorsal carpal ligament. 7. ulnar carpal or dorsal metacarpal ligaments. 8. proper carpal ligaments. 9. dorsal carpal (metacarpal) ligaments. 10. dorsal metacarpal ligaments. 11. dorsal carpometacarpal ligaments lateralis. 12. dorsal carpometacarpal ligaments medialis.

Ligaments on the volar side of the left hand.Translated by: Ronald A. Bergman, PhD and Adel K. Afifi, MD, MSPeer Review Status: Internally Peer Reviewed

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a) Distal end of the radius.b) Distal end of the ulna.c) Radial styloid process.d) Ulnar styloid process.e) Scaphoid (carpal) bone.

f) Lunate (carpal) bone.g) Triquetrum (carpal) bone.h) Trapezium (carpal) bone.i) Trapezoideum (carpal) bone.k) Capitate (carpal) bone.l) Hamate (carpal) bone.m) Hamulus of the hamate (carpal) bone.n) Pisiform (carpal) bone.

1. interosseous membrane. 2. volar oblique fibrous ligament. 3. volar straight fibrous ligament. 4. palmar radiocarpal ligament. 5. palmar ulnocarpal ligament. 6. ulnartriquetral ligament. 7. volar proper carpal bone ligaments. 8. volar ligaments of carpal and metacarpal bones. 9. palmar carpometacarpal and metacarpal ligaments. 10. capsular ligaments of metacarpal bones. 11. lateral volar metacarpal ligaments. 12. medial volar metacarpal ligaments.