The Life Cycle
description
Transcript of The Life Cycle
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The Life Cycle
P
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Neuroptera
Coleoptera
Hymenoptera
Lepidoptera
Mecoptera
SiphonopteraStrepsiptera
Diptera
~250 Mya
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Nematocera
BrachyceraMuscomorpha
CyclorrhaphaSchizophora
CalyptrataAcalyptrata
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Camillidae
Steganinae
Cladocheata etc
Zaprionus etc
s.g. Drosophila
Chymomyza etc
s.g. Sophopora
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Drosophila melanogaster subgroup
Drosophila melanogaster - cosmopolitan - 1830Drosophila simulans - cosmopolitan - 1919
Drosophila mauritiana - Mauritius - 1974Drosophila sechellia - Seychelles -1981
Drosophila yakuba - Equatorial Africa - 1954Drosophila santomea - Sao Tome - 2000
Drosophila teissieri - Equatorial Africa - 1979
Drosophila erecta - Central West Africa - 1974Drosophila orena - Cameroons - 1978
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mel f x sim m sim f x mel m
Viable, sterile f Viable, sterile m
Larval lethal m Embryo lethal f
aabb
AAbb x aaBB
AaBb
Hmr allele of melanogaster (transcription factor)Lhr allele of simulans (chromatin binding protein)
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“Eventually, the story of the chromosomal mechanisms and itsevolution will have to be entirely rewritten in molecular terms.”
Michael White, 1973, Animal Cytology & Evolution, 2nd edition.
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QuickTime™ and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
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Paracentric inversions are the most common rearrangement
Segregating in 106 out 183 species. - 57% - (Powell 1997).
22000-56000 inversions have become fixed during the evolution of the genus (Clayton & Guest 1986).
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a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t
a b j i h g f e d c k l m n o p q r s t
a b j l o n m l k c d e f h i p q r s t
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t
a b c d e f g h i o n m l k j p q r s t
a b k l m n o i h g f e d c j p q r s t
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12 genomes have been sequenced in the genus 12 genomes have been sequenced in the genus DrosophilaDrosophila
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( Cáceres et al. Science 1999 )
Ectopic recombination between homologous fragments of DNA
1.
2.
3.
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centromere telomere3R of D. melanogaster
centromere telomere
3R of D. simulans
BACs
84F1 93F6-7
BACR07M14BACR45A07
BACR16N15BACR42I20BACR08K01
~280 Kb~450 Kb
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Inversion-mediated duplications can result from Inversion-mediated duplications can result from staggered isochromatid breaks & repair.staggered isochromatid breaks & repair.
5'
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A B C D E
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5'5' 3'
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F G H I J K
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A B C D I J KEFG BCDI H
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Lemeunier & Ashburner, 1976
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BLAST-N of D. mel 3R transcripts against D. yak 3R
J. Ranz, C. Bergman & M. Ashburner
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Flanking duplications are a common by-productFlanking duplications are a common by-product
of the genome reorganization betweenof the genome reorganization between
D. melanogasterD. melanogaster and and D. yakuba.D. yakuba.
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withwith withoutwithout
2020 99
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outgroup speciesD. yakubaD. melanogaster
Most inversions occurred in the Most inversions occurred in the D. yakuba D. yakuba lineagelineage
A-B A-B
A]-----[B A-B A-B
A]-----[B
28 ( 96.6 % )1 ( 3.4 % )
1:
2:
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Large-scale comparison of the gene order betweenLarge-scale comparison of the gene order between
D. melanogasterD. melanogaster and and D. yakuba.D. yakuba.
0
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0.015
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X 2L+2R 3L 3R
BreakpointsBreakpoints Mb MyrMb Myr
1212 2222 99 121255 breakpoints =55 breakpoints = ++ ++ ++ 29 inversions29 inversions
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Comparison of total number of breakpoints that correspond to small and gross inversions between D. melanogaster and other flies' genomes
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Num
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akpo
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Cluster gram based on the number of breakpoints that correspond to inversions
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Comparison of total number of breakpoints that correspond to small and gross inversions divided by the square of evolutionary distance
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Distribution of breakpoints from X chromosome to 3L
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1 1001 2001 3001 4001 5001 6001 7001 8001 9001 10001
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Genes within genes within genes
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Number of antisense/sense overlapping pairs of genes in D. melanogaster
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ov
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pin
g p
air
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mb
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of
no
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ve
rla
pp
ing
pa
irs
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D. melanogaster is different from H. sapiens.
RIKEN Group and FANTOM Consortium, Antisense transcription in the mammalian transcriptome. Science 2005 309(5740)
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D. M
ela
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r
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H. S
ap
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30
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Mela
noga
ster
Simul
ans
Seche
llia
Yakub
a
Erecta
Anana
ssae
Pseud
oobs
cura
Persim
ilis
Willi
stoni
Moja
vens
isViril
is
Grimsh
awi
Per
cen
tag
e o
f co
nse
rved
pai
rs
3'-3' Antisense overlap
5'-5' Antisense overlap
5'-3' Sense overlap
3'-3' Nonoverlapping pair
5'-5' Nonoverlapping pair
5'-3' Nonoverlapping pair
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Thanks to:
Jose Ranz (Cambridge).Casey Bergman (Manchester).
Marcin von Grotthuss (Cambridge).Karen Eilbeck & Suzi Lewis (Berkeley).
Lincoln Stein (CSGL) & Richard Durbin (WTGC)Hadi Quesneville (Paris).
The MRC for 25 years of continuous funding.The BBSRC for a grant to Jose.
EMBO for support to Marcin.The Royal Society for a Fellowship to Casey.
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Annotated genome
AnnotationD
epth
of
know
ledge
Breadth of knowledge
Detailed analysis (typically biological)
of single genes
Large-scale analysis (typically
computational) of entire genome
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Assemblies from the 12 ongoing Drosophila sequencing projects are available right now
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Comparison of number of annotated proteins
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GLEANR BlastN/TblastN/PSI(NR70)-TBlastN All Blasts + Syntenic Info
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Comparison of total number of breakpoints that correspond to small and gross inversions divided by evolutionary distance
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Distribution of breakpoints along the chromosome X (Muller's element A)
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Distribution of breakpoints along the chromosome 3R (first 1283 pairs)
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