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The LHC: Search for Elementary Building Blocks in Nature Niels Tuning (Nikhef) 13 Nov 2012 Slide 2 Slide 3 Particle Physics Study Nature at distances < 10 -15 m atom nucleus Quantum theory describes measurements down to 10 -18 m (Compare: 10 +18 m = 100 lightyears) 10 -15 m Slide 4 Powers of ten Universe 10 26 m Galaxy 10 21 m Solar system 10 13 m Earth 10 7 m Spider 10 -2 m Atom 10 -10 m Nucleus 10 -15 m Collisions 10 -18 m Slide 5 Particle Physics Questions that were asked for over 2000 years What are the elementary building blocks of matter? What are the forces that act on matter ? Demokritos atom Newton forces Maxwell electromagnetism Einstein All 400 v.Chr. 1687 1864 1905 Slide 6 Why fundamental research? Fundamental research Can lead to surprises, Sometimes even useful Without general relativity, the GPS would be wrong by 10km/day ! Slide 7 Why fundamental research? Fundamental research Leads to useful spin-off Medical Internet Educating scientists for society (Philips, ASML, etc, etc) PET scanwww Slide 8 Slide 9 Our knowledge in 2012 http:// pdg.lbl.gov Slide 10 up down electron Elementary particles Proton up down Neutron down up Slide 11 What can you make out of 3 building blocks? periodiek systeem van Mendeleev Everything! Slide 12 Elementary particles quarks Not 1 generation, but 3! leptons (1956) u d I e e (1895) t b III (1973) (2000) (1978) (1995) c s II (1936) (1963) (1947) (1976) Slide 13 Fundamentele deeltjes en deeltjesversnellers Is this everything? Charge + 2/3 e - 1/3 e - 1 e 0 e quarks Generation: leptons Matter (1956) u d I e e (1895) t b III (1973) (2000) (1978) (1995) c s II (1936) (1963) (1947) (1976) Slide 14 Anti-matter Revolutions early 1900: Theory of relativity Quantum Mechanics Paul Dirac (1928): relativistic quantum theory! For every matter particle there is an anti-matter particle! Anti-matter particle: Same mass Opposite electric charge Slide 15 Elementary particles Charge + 2/3 e - 1/3 e - 1 e 0 e quarks leptons Matter (1956) u d I e e (1895) t b III (1973) (2000) (1978) (1995) c s II (1936) (1963) (1947) (1976) Slide 16 Elementary particles - 2/3 e + 1/3 e + 1 e 0 e u d c s t b e e Anti-matter Lading III I II Lading + 2/3 e - 1/3 e - 1 e 0 e quarks leptons Materie (1956) u d I e e (1895) t b III (1973) (2000) (1978) (1995) c s II (1936) (1963) (1947) (1976) Slide 17 How do you make anti-matter?? e+e+ e-e- Albert Einstein: E=mc 2 Matter + anti-matter= light ! (and vice versa) e+e+ e-e- Slide 18 Anti-matter in hospitals: the PET-scan e+e e+e e+e e+e Slide 19 What are the big questions? Slide 20 I. What are the big questions? Anti-matter Where did the anti-matter disappear? No anti-matter found with satellites No anti-matter galaxies Slide 21 II. What are the big questions? Higgs Mass of particles Neutrinos Electron Muon Tau up,down, strange Top quark bottom charm The Higgs boson: provides the formula to give particles mass! Amazing prediction: Slide 22 We only studied 4% of the universe! Temperature fluctuations structure formation of galaxies Rotation-curves Gravitational lens What is dark materie ? III. What are the big questions ? Dark matter Slide 23 What are the big questions? Anti-matter?? (where did it go??) Dark matter?? (what clustered the galaxies??) Higgs?? (what makes particles heavy?) Slide 24 Waar is de Anti-materie heen?AstronomyParticlePhysicsFundamental (curiosity driven) research Slide 25 The biggest microscope on earth the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN in Genve Slide 26 The LHC accelerator Geneve Slide 27 The Large Hadron Collider GeneveAmsterdam LHC: 27 km A10: 32 km Slide 28 The LHC machine Energy is limited by power of 1232 dipole magnets: B= 8.4 T Slide 29 40 million collisions per second Beam 1 Beam 2 25 ns = 7.5 m 100.000.000.000 protonen Slide 30 Classical collisions Quantum mechanical collissions proton Slide 31 Niels Tuning Open Dag 2008 Colliding protons Slide 32 What do we expect? Since 30 years there are very precise predictions! Slide 33 Our language Standaard Model Lagrangiaan Bladmuziek (J.S. Bach) Slide 34 At the LHC at Cern: 1) Transform energy into matter Create new particles! How do we discover new particles? Slide 35 At the LHC at Cern: 1) Transform energy into matter 2) New particles change accurate predictions How do we discover new particles? Slide 36 ATLAS LHCb ALICECMS Slide 37 ATLAS LHCb 1) Transform energy into matter 2) New particles change accurate predictions Slide 38 Slide 39 23 sep 2010 19:49:24 Run 79646 Event 143858637 The LHCb Detector Slide 40 LHCb: study B decays 1)Find differences between matter and anti-matter 2)Find new particles b s s b b s Slide 41 LHCb: study B decays 2)Find new particles b s B 0 s B 0 s ? Slide 42 LHCb: study B decays b s B 0 s ! Only 3 out of 10 9 B particles decay to two muons Prefect prediction! Do new particles exist? Slide 43 ATLAS: What does a collision look like ? proton quark neutrino elektron quark Simulation top quark production Slide 44 human Biggest camera on earth energy electrons and photons energy of quarks position and momentum of charged particles magnet muon detector magnet Slide 45 80 MegaPixel camera 40.000.000 fotos per seconde The Atlas pixel detector Slide 46 The Atlas Muon Detector mens Nikhef CERN Down stairs in the Nikhef hal Slide 47 Normal How is a discovery made? New ? ? muon Slide 48 proton How many Higgs bosons were produced at the LHC up to now 0 If the Higgs does not exist Slide 49 proton How many Higgs bosons were produced at the LHC up to now If the Higgs does exist m h = 120 GeV: 120.000 m h = 200 GeV: 60.000 Slide 50 Higgs ZZ 4 muons very few 120.000 Higgs bosons Only 1 in 1000 Higgs bosons decays to 4 muons 50% chance that ATLAS detector detects them 60 Higgs 4 lepton events higgs Z Z h ZZ l + l - l + l - l+l+ l-l- l-l- l-l- peak !? Slide 51 peak! Higgs 2 photons higgs foton h verval Slide 52 Presentation CMS en ATLAS experiment: Higgs boson discovery 4 th July 2012 Slide 53 What is dark matter? Where did the anti-matter disappear? What makes particles heavy? Big questions Niels.Tuning@nikhef.nl Search for elementary building blocks of Nature Slide 54 END