The Large Hadron Collider

by Lyndon Evans

Philosophical Transactions AVolume 370(1961):831-858

February 28, 2012

©2012 by The Royal Society

The history of colliders.

Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858

©2012 by The Royal Society

The Large Hadron Collider.

Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858

©2012 by The Royal Society

A cross section of the two-in-one LHC bending magnet.

Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858

©2012 by The Royal Society

LHC superconductor and cable.

Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858

©2012 by The Royal Society

The regular lattice.

Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858

©2012 by The Royal Society

(a) Cross-sectional model of the LHC dipole without the cryostat.

Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858

©2012 by The Royal Society

Schematic of the LHC magnet cooling system.

Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858

©2012 by The Royal Society

Excavation of ATLAS. The cavern is the largest ever built in the type of rock encountered in the Geneva basin.

Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858

©2012 by The Royal Society

Aerial view of point 5 in 1998.

Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858

©2012 by The Royal Society

Roman coins found during archaeological excavations at point 5.

Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858

©2012 by The Royal Society

An underground river made the excavation of the shaft of the CMS cavern very difficult.

Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858

©2012 by The Royal Society

Schematic of the machine layout.

Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858

©2012 by The Royal Society

The superconducting radio frequency cavities at point 4.

Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858

©2012 by The Royal Society

The ‘inner triplet’ in the long straight sections left of point 1 (ATLAS).

Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858

©2012 by The Royal Society

Cooling down of the LHC sectors.

Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858

©2012 by The Royal Society

Beam on turns 1 and 2.

Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858

©2012 by The Royal Society

A few hundred turns.

Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858

©2012 by The Royal Society

(a) No RF, de-bunching in approximately 25×10 turns, i.e. approximately 25 ms.

Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858

©2012 by The Royal Society

Corrected closed orbit on B2.

Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858

©2012 by The Royal Society

Equivalent thermal conductivity of He II. (Online version in colour.).

Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858

©2012 by The Royal Society

Effective thermal conductivity of He II.

Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858

©2012 by The Royal Society

Sub-sector magnet cooling scheme.

Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858

©2012 by The Royal Society

Experimental validation: temperature evolution.

Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858

©2012 by The Royal Society

Powering example: 15R1 powering at 5000 A.

Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858

©2012 by The Royal Society

Snapshots in sectors 67 and 78 of all 154 dipoles during a current ramp to 5 kA—B32.R6 with a high (47 nΩ, top trace) joint resistance between the poles of one aperture.

Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858

©2012 by The Royal Society

Loss maps for collimation.

Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858

©2012 by The Royal Society

The electron cloud effect.

Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858

©2012 by The Royal Society

Improvement in vacuum pressure during ‘scrubbing’.

Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858

©2012 by The Royal Society