The Language Of Medicine 9 th edition Davi-Ellen Chabner

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1

The Language Of The Language Of MedicineMedicine

99thth edition editionDavi-Ellen ChabnerDavi-Ellen Chabner


Chapter 19Chapter 19Cancer Medicine (Oncology)Cancer Medicine (Oncology)


Chapter GoalsChapter Goals

Identify medical terms that describe the Identify medical terms that describe the growth and spread of tumors.growth and spread of tumors.

Recognize terms related to the causes, Recognize terms related to the causes, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer.diagnosis, and treatment of cancer.

Review how tumors are classified and Review how tumors are classified and described by pathologists.described by pathologists.


Chapter Goals (cont’d)Chapter Goals (cont’d)

Describe x-ray studies, laboratory tests, and other Describe x-ray studies, laboratory tests, and other procedures used by physicians for determining the procedures used by physicians for determining the presence and extent of spread (staging) of tumors.presence and extent of spread (staging) of tumors.

Apply your new knowledge to understanding medical Apply your new knowledge to understanding medical terms in their proper contexts, such as medical terms in their proper contexts, such as medical reports and records.reports and records.


Chapter 19Chapter 19Lesson 19.1Lesson 19.1


IntroductionIntroduction

Cancer:Cancer: characterized by unrestrained and characterized by unrestrained and excessive growth of cellsexcessive growth of cells

Malignant tumors:Malignant tumors: compress, invade and compress, invade and destroy surrounding tissuesdestroy surrounding tissues


CancerCancer

Cancer is responsible for 20% of all deaths in Cancer is responsible for 20% of all deaths in the United States.the United States.

More than half of people who develop cancer More than half of people who develop cancer are cured.are cured.


QUICK QUIZQUICK QUIZ::

1.1. Which cancers are the most Which cancers are the most common causes of cancer death common causes of cancer death for women?for women?

A.A. lung, breast, colorectallung, breast, colorectal

B.B. lung, colorectal, breastlung, colorectal, breast

C.C. breast, lung, colorectalbreast, lung, colorectal

D.D. colorectal, breast, lungcolorectal, breast, lung


QUICK QUIZQUICK QUIZ: (cont’d): (cont’d)

2.2. Which cancers are the most Which cancers are the most common causes of cancer death common causes of cancer death for men?for men?

A.A. lung, prostate, colorectallung, prostate, colorectal

B.B. lung, colorectal, prostatelung, colorectal, prostate

C.C. prostate, lung, colorectalprostate, lung, colorectal

D.D. colorectal, prostate, lungcolorectal, prostate, lung


Neoplasms (Tumors):Neoplasms (Tumors): growths that growths that arise from normal tissuearise from normal tissue

Characteristics of TumorsCharacteristics of Tumors

MalignantMalignant Multiply rapidlyMultiply rapidly Invasive and infiltrativeInvasive and infiltrative UndifferentiatedUndifferentiated MetastasizeMetastasize

Benign Benign Grow slowlyGrow slowly EncapsulatedEncapsulated Differentiated Differentiated Don’t spreadDon’t spread


Characteristics of Tumors (cont’d)Characteristics of Tumors (cont’d)


What Causes Cancer?What Causes Cancer?

Carcinogenesis:Carcinogenesis: transformation of a transformation of a normal cell to a cancerous onenormal cell to a cancerous one

Damage to genetic materialDamage to genetic material

Genes Genes NucleotidesNucleotides MutationMutation ApoptosisApoptosis

DNA functionDNA function MitosisMitosis Protein synthesisProtein synthesis


CarcinogenesisCarcinogenesis

Environmental AgentsEnvironmental Agents Chemical carcinogensChemical carcinogens RadiationRadiation Viruses (RNA and DNA)Viruses (RNA and DNA) Oncogenes (ras/colon cancer, myc/lymphoma, Oncogenes (ras/colon cancer, myc/lymphoma,

and bcr-abl/chronic myelogenous leukemia)and bcr-abl/chronic myelogenous leukemia) Heredity Heredity

Retinoblastoma, polyposis coliRetinoblastoma, polyposis coli


Genes Implicated in Hereditary Genes Implicated in Hereditary CancersCancers


Classification of Cancerous Classification of Cancerous TumorsTumors

Carcinomas:Carcinomas: epithelial cell origin, 90% of all epithelial cell origin, 90% of all malignancies are carcinomasmalignancies are carcinomas


Carcinomas and the Epithelial Carcinomas and the Epithelial Tissues from Which They DeriveTissues from Which They Derive


Carcinomas and the Epithelial Tissues Carcinomas and the Epithelial Tissues from Which They Derive (cont’d)from Which They Derive (cont’d)



Sarcomas:Sarcomas: connective tissue origin, 5% of all connective tissue origin, 5% of all malignanciesmalignancies


Sarcomas and the Connective Sarcomas and the Connective Tissues from Which They DeriveTissues from Which They Derive


Sarcomas and the Connective Tissues Sarcomas and the Connective Tissues from Which They Derive (cont’d)from Which They Derive (cont’d)



Mixed Tissue Tumors:Mixed Tissue Tumors: tissues capable of tissues capable of differentiating into epithelial and connective differentiating into epithelial and connective tissuetissue


Pathological DescriptionsPathological DescriptionsGrossGross

CysticCystic FungatingFungating InflammatoryInflammatory MedullaryMedullary

NecroticNecrotic PolypoidPolypoid Ulcerating Ulcerating VerrucousVerrucous


Pathological DescriptionsPathological DescriptionsMicroscopicMicroscopic

AlveolarAlveolar Carcinoma in situCarcinoma in situ DiffuseDiffuse DysplasticDysplastic EpidermoidEpidermoid FollicularFollicular

NodularNodular PapillaryPapillary PleomorphicPleomorphic ScirrhousScirrhous UndifferentiatedUndifferentiated


Grading and Staging of TumorsGrading and Staging of Tumors

Grade:Grade: degree of maturity or differentiation degree of maturity or differentiation under the microscopeunder the microscope

Stage:Stage: extent of spread in the body extent of spread in the body


International TNM Staging International TNM Staging System for Lung CancerSystem for Lung Cancer


International TNM Staging International TNM Staging System for Lung Cancer (cont’d)System for Lung Cancer (cont’d)


Cancer Treatment: SurgeryCancer Treatment: Surgery

CauterizationCauterization Core needle biopsyCore needle biopsy CryosurgeryCryosurgery En bloc resectionEn bloc resection

Excisional biopsyExcisional biopsy ExenterationExenteration Fine needle aspiration biopsyFine needle aspiration biopsy FulgurationFulguration Incisional biopsyIncisional biopsy


Cancer Treatment: Radiation Cancer Treatment: Radiation Therapy (Radiation Oncology)Therapy (Radiation Oncology)

BrachytherapyBrachytherapy Electron beamsElectron beams External beam radiation External beam radiation

(teletherapy)(teletherapy) FieldsFields FractionationFractionation Gray (Gy)Gray (Gy) Linear acceleratorLinear accelerator

Photon therapyPhoton therapy Proton therapyProton therapy Radiocurable tumorRadiocurable tumor Radioresistant tumorRadioresistant tumor Radiosensitive tumorRadiosensitive tumor RadiosensitizersRadiosensitizers


Radiation Therapy Side EffectsRadiation Therapy Side Effects

Alopecia (baldness)Alopecia (baldness) Fibrosis (increase in connective tissue)Fibrosis (increase in connective tissue) Mucositis (inflammation and ulceration of mucous Mucositis (inflammation and ulceration of mucous

membranesmembranes Myelosuppression (bone marrow depression)Myelosuppression (bone marrow depression) Nausea and vomitingNausea and vomiting PneumonitisPneumonitis Xerostomia (dryness of mouth)Xerostomia (dryness of mouth)


Chemotherapy, Biological Therapy, Chemotherapy, Biological Therapy, and Differentiating Agentsand Differentiating Agents

Alkylating agentsAlkylating agents AntibioticsAntibiotics AntimetabolitesAntimetabolites AntimitoticsAntimitotics Hormonal agentsHormonal agents


Cancer Chemotherapeutic Agents and Cancer Chemotherapeutic Agents and the Cancers They Treatthe Cancers They Treat


Cancer Chemotherapeutic Agents and Cancer Chemotherapeutic Agents and the Cancers They Treat (cont’d)the Cancers They Treat (cont’d)


Mechanisms of Action of Cancer Mechanisms of Action of Cancer Chemotherapeutic AgentsChemotherapeutic Agents


Biological AgentsBiological Agents Agents that use or fortify the body’s own defenses Agents that use or fortify the body’s own defenses

against tumors (e.g, biological response against tumors (e.g, biological response modifiers/interferon)modifiers/interferon)


Combining FormsCombining Forms

COMBINING FORMS

alveol/ocac/ocarcin/ocauter/ochem/ocry/ocyst/ofibr/o

follicul/ofung/imedull/omucos/omut/amutagen/oonc/opapill/o

pharmac/oplas/ople/opolyp/oprot/oradi/osarc/oscirrh/oxer/o


Suffixes PrefixesSuffixes Prefixes

-blastoma-blastoma

-genesis-genesis

-oma-oma

-plasia-plasia

-plasm-plasm

-suppression-suppression

-therapy-therapy

ana-ana-

apo-apo-

brachy-brachy-

epi-epi-

meta-meta-

tele-tele-


Clinical Procedures to Detect or Clinical Procedures to Detect or Treat MalignanciesTreat Malignancies

Bone marrow biopsyBone marrow biopsy Bone marrow or stem Bone marrow or stem

cell transplantcell transplant CT scansCT scans Fiberoptic colonoscopyFiberoptic colonoscopy Exfoliative cytologyExfoliative cytology

LaparoscopyLaparoscopy MammographyMammography MRIMRI Needle biopsyNeedle biopsy Radionuclide scansRadionuclide scans UltrasoundUltrasound X-raysX-rays

The Language Of Medicine 9 th edition Davi-Ellen Chabner

Documents

Transcript of The Language Of Medicine 9 th edition Davi-Ellen Chabner