THE LANGUAGE OF EUROPE

Translating for the EU

Conference for the 15th Anniversary of

the Translation Centre for the Bodies of the European Union

Luxembourg, 12 November 2010

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TRANSLATION CENTRE FOR THE BODIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Bâtiment Nouvel Hémicycle

1 rue du Fort Thüngen

L-1499 Luxembourg

Tel.: +352 42 17 11 1

Fax: +352 42 17 11 220

E-mail: cdt@cdt.europa.eu

Website: www.cdt.europa.eu

This publication of the Translation Centre for the Bodies of the European Union is available on the Translation Centre's website:

www.cdt.europa.eu.

More information on the European Union can be found on the Europa server: www.europa.eu.

© Translation Centre for the Bodies of the European Union, 2010

–

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15 years of the Translation Centre

The Translation Centre for the Bodies of the European

Union was set up to meet the translation requirements of the

decentralised Community bodies.

The need for a centralised translation service arose after it

was decided to establish a number of decentralised EU

agencies in the early 1990s. The European Council issued a

statement on 29 October 1993 announcing that a Translation

Centre would be set up in Luxembourg, at a time when all

European institutions and other bodies had their own

translation services. The Council Regulation setting up the

Translation Centre was adopted on 28 November 1994.

Our aim was to make the proposed Translation Centre a

meaningful, viable EU institution with favourable long-

term prospects, above all by allowing it to work with

those bodies that had their own translation service.”

(Diemut R. Theato,

former Member of the European Parliament)

In order to make the most of such a service and to

rationalise working methods, the Council Regulation adopted

on 30 October 1995 extended the scope of services

provided by the Centre to enable those institutions and

bodies which already had a translation service to use the

Centre‟s services too. It also gave the Centre a role in

interinstitutional cooperation in the field of translation.

The Centre was therefore created by a split procedure –

I can think of no other examples – as the amendments

proposed by Parliament had been included in a

correcting regulation. This made it possible to reconcile

the urgent need for a practical solution with the

problem of finding an appropriate institutional

framework.”

(Edouard Brackeniers,

former Chairman of the Management Board)

Meanwhile, the operation of the Centre started with the

appointment of its first director, Francisco De Vicente, in

October 1995. It is hard to imagine it now, but the Centre

started work in a single office! The director faced the

problem of creating the necessary administrative and financial

conditions for a functioning organisation while assisted only

by a translator from the Commission and a secretary.

The Centre started life in one tiny office in the BAK

building, provided by the Luxembourg authorities. Even

that got off to a slightly shaky start as the single

telephone line was cut off after a few days because

somebody forgot to pay the bill!”

(Brian McCluskey,

former Chairman of the Management Board)

Chairmen of the Management Board

Edouard Brackeniers (November 1994 – March 1997)

Colette Flesch (March 1997 – September 2000)

Brian McCluskey (October 2000 – September 2002)

Michel Vanden Abeele (October 2002 – December 2003)

Karl-Johan Lönnroth (February 2004 – April 2010)

Piet Verleysen (May 2010 – to date)

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Directors of the Translation Centre

Francisco De Vicente (October 1995 – January 2005)

Marie-Anne Fernández Suárez (ad interim, January 2005 – April 2006)

Gailė Dagilienė (May 2006 – to date)

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During its first decade the Centre managed to build up a

smoothly operating organisation, which is financed mainly

by the revenue it receives from its clients. Its services and

products therefore have to be competitive and effective

and to maintain the highest professional standards.

I would point to the calibre and professionalism of all

those who work so efficiently at the Centre, ever-

conscious that they need to provide a quality service.

It is their intelligence and productivity which

guarantee the Centre‟s future in an expanding

European Union.”

(Michel Van den Abeele, former Chairman

of the Management Board)

Today, the Translation Centre is a truly multilingual

agency. Its staff, from all Member States of the EU, makes

for a colourful community, and translators share their

offices with colleagues of a different nationality. Naturally,

the Centre translates from and into all official languages of

the EU, but when the needs of the clients require it, it also

manages translations from languages like Farsi or

Cantonese, for example. As the scope of work of the EU

agencies ranges from transport and energy through

research and chemicals to property rights and consumer

protection, the Centre translates a wide variety of

documents. What it produces becomes part of everyday

life for the people of the EU.

Multilingualism in this context means the need for

citizens to be able to understand and communicate

with each other amidst this diversity and complexity.

(…) Where the linguistic skills of the citizens prove

insufficient, the translators take over. They ensure the

transparency, legitimacy and efficiency of the

European Union. This is their ultimate objective. The

language services are thereby a guardian of the

functioning of this multilingual experiment of the EU –

which is unique in the world.”

(Karl-Johan Lönnroth, former Chairman

of the Management Board)

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Figure 1 – Volume of translated pages

Figure 2 – Staff

Figure 3 – Budget

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1 International Annual Meeting on Language Arrangements, Documentation and Publications

Besides translation, the Centre is involved in interinstitutional cooperation with

the translation services of the European institutions. The time and effort invested

in terminology work and the continuous development of IT tools have led to the

Centre having a major role in managing the Inter-Active Terminology for Europe

(IATE) database, which is the largest terminology database in the world, with over

9 million terms.

European translators are setting a very high standard for the translation

industry worldwide. Media commentators, especially those dealing with

external relations, often underline the need for the EU to be able to „speak

with one voice‟. This „speaking with one voice‟ is often misunderstood as

„speaking in one language‟, whereas what it really means is with a unity of

purpose. Well, in another sense, I am glad to say that this database brings us a

step closer to speaking with one voice.”

(Leonard Orban, former European Commissioner for Multilingualism, at the

IATE opening ceremony)

The Centre‟s business model is based on the externalisation of translation work to

carefully selected and highly specialised freelancers. The revision of external

translation thus became a cornerstone of the Centre‟s translation quality

management process. A specific workflow developed over the years has made the

Centre a reference point in the field of revision within the international translation

and academic community.

The seminar “Best practices in revision”, which has been given five times by the

CdT in four locations (Luxembourg, Brussels, Geneva and Vienna), and

attended by more than a hundred language staff from over 25 different

organizations, has elicited extremely positive results and feedback. The insight

provided by CdT's three trainers into the fundamental concepts and principles

of revision and CdT's own highly developed practices and processes for ensuring

the production of quality translations, especially its home-grown IT tool for

translation evaluation and feedback, has been of considerable value to

IAMLADP organizations as an undoubted best practice.”

(Anthony Pitt, Chairman of IAMLADP1 Task Force

on Joint Training Ventures)

Over the last fifteen years the Centre has grown in many areas, reflecting the

development of the European Union itself. Due to successive enlargements there

are today 23 official languages using three different alphabets, compared to only 11

languages at the beginning. While the founding regulations listed 8 agencies as

clients, the Centre today has cooperation agreements with 50 clients, reflecting

the proliferation of decentralised agencies since the late 1990s and the

cooperation it has built up with the translation services of the EU institutions. This

has had a major impact on the life of the Centre in terms of the continuous

growth in budget, staff and the number of translated pages, the latter having

doubled in the last five years.

ICTI

The Centre is an active

member of the

Interinstitutional Committee

for Translation and

Interpretation, which is the

forum for cooperation between

the language services of the EU

institutions and bodies. The

Committee was created in

1995 with the mandate to

achieve economies of scale as

regards resources and

complementarities as regards

management practices and to

carry our joint research into

new working methods and

techniques.

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In 2010 the Centre used 1562

framework contracts. Besides

the needs for translation of

documents of a general nature,

these contracts also cover the

following specialised domains:

Law

Maritime

Railways

Environment

Chemistry

Medicine and Pharmacy

Intellectual property rights

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List of clients

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Name of client Acronym Cooperation since

Subject area: Education / Employment / Culture / Research & Innovation

European Training Foundation, Turin ETF 1996

European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training, Thessaloniki Cedefop 2001

European Commission – Directorate-General for Employment, social Affairs and Equal Opportunities, Brussels

CCE-EMPLOI 2003

Research Executive Agency, Brussels REA 2005

Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency, Brussels EACEA 2006

European Institute of Innovation and Technology, Budapest EIT 2008

European Research Council Executive Agency, Brussels ERC 2009

ARTEMIS Joint Undertaking, Brussels ARTEMIS 2010

Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking, Brussels FCH 2010

Subject area: Transport & Networks

European Aviation Safety Agency, Cologne EASA 2003

European Maritime Safety Agency, Lisbon EMSA 2003

European Railway Agency, Lille-Valenciennes ERA 2005

European Network and Information Security Agency, Heraklion ENISA 2005

European GNSS Supervisory Authority, Brussels GSA 2007

Community Fisheries Control Agency, Vigo CFCA 2008

Trans-European Transport Network Executive Agency, Brussels TEN-T EA 2008

SESAR Joint Undertaking, Brussels SJU 2009

Subject area: Social Affairs

European Agency for Safety and Health at Work, Bilbao EU-OSHA 1996

European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, Dublin Eurofound 1998

European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, Vienna FRA 2007

European Institute for Gender Equality, Vilnius EIGE 2009

Subject area: Environment & Energy / Drugs / Chemical

European Environment Agency, Copenhagen EEA 1999

European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Lisbon EMCDDA 1999

Executive Agency for Competitiveness and Innovation, Brussels EACI 2006

European Chemicals Agency, Helsinki ECHA 2007

Fusion for Energy (European Joint Undertaking for ITER and the Development of Fusion Energy), Barcelona

F4E 2008

Clean Sky Joint Undertaking, Brussels CSJU 2009

Subject area: Property Rights

Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market (Trade Marks and Designs), Alicante OHIM 1996

Community Plant Variety Office, Angers CPVO 2002

Subject area: General (Legal / Political)

European Commission – Directorate-General for Translation, Luxembourg and Brussels CCE-DGT 1996

Council of the European Union, Brussels Council 1998

Committee of Regions, Brussels CoR 2000

Court of Justice of the European Union, Luxembourg CJCE 2001

European Ombudsman, Strasbourg Ombudsman 2005

European Data Protection Supervisor, Brussels EDPS 2010

Subject area: Budget / Financial

European Central Bank, Frankfurt a. M. ECB 1997

European Court of Auditors, Luxembourg ECA 1998

European Investment Bank, Luxembourg EIB 2001

Subject area: Foreign and Security Policy / Police and Judicial Cooperation

European Police Office, The Hague Europol 1996

European Judicial Cooperation Unit, The Hague Eurojust 2002

European Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation at the External Borders of the Member States of the European Union, Warsaw

FRONTEX 2005

European Police College, Bramshill Cepol 2006

European Defence Agency, Brussels EDA 2007

European Union Satellite Centre, Torrejón de Ardoz (Madrid) EUSC 2007

European Asylum Support Office, Valetta EASO 2010

Subject area: Public Health / Consumer Protection

European Medicines Agency, London EMA 1997

European Food Safety Authority, Parma EFSA 2002

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm ECDC 2005

Executive Agency for Health and Consumers, Luxembourg EAHC 2007

Innovative Medicines Initiative, Brussels IMI 2010

N.B. The grouping of clients according to subject area is informal and is for internal organisational purposes only.

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Foreword

Dear Guests,

Allow me to extend a very warm welcome to all of you attending our conference, „The Language of Europe.

Translating for the EU‟, in celebration of the 15th anniversary of the Translation Centre.

You most definitely recognise that the title of our conference paraphrases Umberto Eco‟s famous dictum „the

language of Europe is translation‟ from his book “The Search for the Perfect Language". Well, we felt that the

world-famous author, linguist, philosopher and semiotician would not object to „lending‟ it to us, provided we use

it for a good cause…

And the good cause is that we have been speaking “the language of Europe” already for fifteen years.

Indeed, for fifteen years the Centre has been translating for its clients – whose number symbolically reached fifty

in 2010 – thus enabling them to communicate with citizens and stakeholders in their own languages, staying true

to the European policy of multilingualism which not only is enshrined in the very first Regulation adopted by the

Council, defining the European Community as a multilingual entity, but also in our hearts.

Therefore, while thinking how we should celebrate our anniversary, we felt that we should not limit ourselves to

a retrospective review of these fifteen years only but should look further and beyond. Thus, we decided to come

together to discuss the latest trends and challenges in the profession of translation, to contemplate what, in point

of fact, it means in the 21st century to speak this “language of Europe”. Discussions on the theory and practice of

translation date back to antiquity and show remarkable continuity. Despite occasional theoretical diversity, the

actual practice of translation has barely changed. Just how thrilling is it to consider the very existence of partial

translations from the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh into Southwest Asian languages, dating around two millennia

before Christ!

With contributions from renowned speakers from the academic world, today‟s conference will try to reflect on

the translator‟s role as a bridge for carrying values across borders, cultures and nations. We do not expect this

conference to uncover a Rosetta Stone, a new secular icon for the art of translation, but we do hope that you will

find the presentations stimulating, challenging and thought-provoking.

Thank you for celebrating with us!

Gailė Dagilienė

Director

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Programme of the conference

08:00 Registration

09:00 Opening of the conference in the presence of Son Excellence Monsieur Pierre Mores, Maréchal

de la Cour de son Altesse Royale le Grand-Duc. Welcome and introduction – Gailė Dagilienė,

Director, Translation Centre

09:10 Jean Asselborn, Vice-Prime Minister, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Government of

Luxembourg

09:20 Androulla Vassiliou, member of the European Commission responsible for Education, Culture,

Multilingualism and Youth

09:30 Coming of Age – The Translation Centre between 1995 and 2010

Gailė Dagilienė, Director, Translation Centre

Edouard Brackeniers, the first Chairman of the Translation Centre’s Management Board

Karl-Johan Lönnroth, former Chairman of the Translation Centre’s Management Board

10:00 La diversité des langues et des cultures face à la mondialisation

Keynote speaker: Claude Hagège, Collège de France, Paris

10:45 coffee break

11:15 Life in the Tower of Babel – Multilingualism in Action

“English as a global lingua franca: A threat to multilingualism and translation?” by Juliane

House, University of Hamburg

“La terminologie, enjeu de développement” by Marc Van Campenhoudt, Institut Supérieur de

Traducteurs et Interprètes, Brussels

12:15 lunch

14:15 An Artful Craft – Translation, Linguistics and Beyond

“Exploring the Linguistic Behaviour of Professional Translators: Learning from Authentic Data”

by Mona Baker, University of Manchester

“Translation as Imagery, Imagery in Translation” by Elżbieta Muskat-Tabakowska, Jagellonian

University of Krakow

15:15 coffee break

15:45 Friend or Foe? – Translators and the Computer

“Large-Scale use of Machine Translation at Microsoft” by Chris Wendt, Microsoft Research,

Redmond, USA

“Translation as Human-Computer Interaction” by Sharon O’Brien, Dublin City University

16:45 Launch of the Translation Centre’s new website

Closing by Piet Verleysen, the Chairman of the Management Board of the Translation Centre

Cocktail

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Abstracts

Keynote speech

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Claude Hagège holds a Chair in Linguistic Theory at the

Collège de France and is Study Director in Structural

Linguistics at the École Pratique des Hautes Études in Paris.

Besides several degrees in linguistics and languages, he has a

Doctorate from Université Paris 5. He knows around 50

languages to varying degrees. His research covers four main

areas: general linguistics (linguistic theory, phonology,

syntax, semantics, pragmatics, translation theory, the origins

of language and languages, the history of linguistics);

typology (language types, language universals,

grammaticalisation); sociolinguistics (language planning and

reform, the status and function of languages, field work,

creolistics, mixed languages, Jewish languages, language

death) and specific language domains (French, Indo-

European, Uralic, Semitic, African, Amerindian, Sino-Tibetan

and Austronesian languages). He has published more than

twenty books, including L‟Enfant aux deux langues (1996),

Halte à la mort des langues (2000) or Dictionnaire

amoureux des langues (2009), and has written hundreds of

articles. He is president of the Société de Linguistique de

Paris and other scientific committees and is a regular visiting

professor in France and abroad.

Claude Hagège:

Linguistic and cultural diversity in the context of globalisation

Current estimates on the actual number of spoken

languages in the world, including dialects and regional

differences, vary from linguist to linguist and the figures

generated by evaluation bases and methods do not

always tally. Nonetheless, this figure is estimated to

stand somewhere between 5 000 and 7 000. Despite

the worrying pace at which languages are disappearing,

this rather significant figure suggests that languages are

polygenetic in origin rather than monogenetic as

advocated by some revealed religions. Shows of

nationalism here and there, particularly in the wake of

break-ups of federations, are moving towards a

growing diversification which counteracts the

disappearance of languages. It is for that reason that I

doubt that any one language in particular has the

makings of achieving world domination.

Some economists, including Galbraith, have expressed

doubts about the real substance of the concept of

globalisation and about the real benefits it brings to

countries other than the industrialised and rich

countries which thought it up. Where languages are

concerned, the only concrete reality is the benefit that

English has drawn from globalisation as a particularly

efficient international vehicle for communication.

The future seems to belong instead to several

widely-spoken languages, as well as English, such as

Spanish, Russian, Arabic, Portuguese, Chinese and

French. The presence of French on the five continents

is addressed by the Organisation Internationale de la

Francophonie comprising 70 States and provinces. This

represents one of the robust measures against

uniformity.

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Life in the Tower of Babel – Multilingualism in Action

Juliane House has a PhD from the University of

Toronto and an honorary doctorate from the

University of Jyväskylä. She is a Professor of

Applied Linguistics at Hamburg University, a

senior member of the German Science

Foundation‟s Research Centre on Multilingualism

and chair of language programs at Hellenic

American University. Her publications include

Translation Quality Assessment. A model revisited

(1997), Multilingual Communication (2004) and

Translation (2009).

Marc Van Campenhoudt teaches at the Institut

supérieur de traducteurs et interprètes at the Haute

École de Bruxelles, where he runs the TERMISTI

research centre for applied linguistics. He

specialises in lexicology, terminology and

specialised languages. He is also coordinator of

the „Lexicologie, terminologie, traduction‟ network,

which links some 800 researchers across the

world and conducts research benefiting the

languages of the South.

Juliane House:

English as a global lingua franca: A threat to

multilingualism and translation?

In this lecture I will first discuss the status of English in

the world and in Europe in the 21st century and

consider the question of whether the spread of English

can be considered a threat to other European

languages and to European multilingualism. This will be

done from both a socio-political and a linguistic

perspective. Thirdly I will discuss the implication of the

role of English as a default means of communication for

translation and translator education.

Marc Van Campenhoudt:

Terminology, a question of development

Terminology, or to be more precise, terminography,

represents an issue of great importance for the

countries of the South. In these countries, all with

various kinds of relations with the European Union,

linguistic diversity is often a fact of life and diglossic

situations are common. Much more than in the

northern world, in the South, respecting multilingualism

and developing vocabularies capable of matching

modern developments in different mother tongues is a

necessary stage in the acquisition of knowledge and

skills. Here, as elsewhere, such linguistic renewal

should take place in concertation with experts in the

field and with end users and ensure that the

terminographic data are widely disseminated.

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An Artful Craft – Translation, Linguistics and Beyond

Mona Baker is Professor of Translation Studies

at the Centre for Translation and Intercultural

Studies, University of Manchester, UK. She is

author of In Other Words: A Coursebook on

Translation (Routledge, 1992; second edition in

preparation) and Translation and Conflict: A

Narrative Account (Routledge, 2006), Editor of

the Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies

(1998, 2001; second edition, co-edited with

Gabriela Saldanha, 2008); Critical Concepts:

Translation Studies (Routledge, 2009); and Critical

Readings in Translation Studies (Routledge, 2010).

She is also founding Editor of The Translator (St.

Jerome Publishing, 1995- ), Editorial Director of

St. Jerome Publishing, and founding Vice-

President of IATIS (International Association for

Translation & Intercultural Studies –

www.iatis.org).

Elżbieta Muskat-Tabakowska, full professor at

the Jagiellonian University of Kraków, Poland.

Specializing in Cognitive Linguistics and

Translation Studies. Since 2002 head of the

UNESCO Chair for Translation Studies and

Intercultural Communication at the Jagiellonian

University. Practising interpreter and translator,

specializing in historical narrative; author of

numerous published translations, esp.

monumental books by the British historian

Norman Davies. Her own list of publication

includes six books and over a hundred articles,

published in Poland and abroad. Lectured as

visiting professor at several European

universities. Author of an M.A. programme,

selected (2009) for the EMT network.

Mona Baker:

Exploring the Linguistic Behaviour of Professional Translators:

Learning from Authentic Data

The Translational English Corpus held at the Centre for

Translation & Intercultural Studies at the University of

Manchester is a computerised collection of authentic,

published translations into English from a variety of source

languages and by a wide range of professional translators. This

resource provides the basis for investigating a range of issues

that directly impact the work of professional translators of

both literary and non-literary text. The talk will discuss some

of these issues and offer concrete examples that demonstrate

their relevance to professional translators, including those

working for the European Union.

Elżbieta Muskat-Tabakowska:

Translation as Imagery, Imagery in Translation

I will address the problem of figurative language in non-

literary/specialized texts, providing evidence for the point of

view held within the framework of the theory of language

known as cognitive linguistics: speakers/writers express their

own view of reality rather than an "objective" state of affairs.

Consequently, an objectively existing scene can be depicted in

a number of ways, depending on such aspects as level of

specificity, figure and ground arrangement, perspective or

scope. The choice of "dimensions of imagery" is

supplemented by a wide use of metonymy and metaphor,

which in specialized texts is mostly "didactic". I will illustrate

my claims with examples taken from parallel texts, showing

the relevance of imagery recognition for translation.

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Friend or Foe? – Translators and the Computer

Chris Wendt:

Large-Scale use of Machine Translation at Microsoft

Microsoft has a history of being both a supplier of

machine translation technology and a user of it. The

use scenarios include Microsoft‟s own localization and

publishing needs, as well as the users of Microsoft‟s

online and productivity products. In this talk we share

the design basics of our statistical MT system and its

implementation as a web service. We discuss the

design and quality criteria for our users and the

integration with Microsoft‟s Search engine. Lastly, we

describe how a custom tailored version of our engine

helps internal teams to publish more content in more

languages, growing the extent of localization that way,

and how we monitor the effect for the users of the

material we publish. Microsoft has experience in using

MT to boost the productivity of human translators,

internally and together with our translation service

providers. It also publishes raw MT on some of its web

sites. We will detail the experience with it, and how

users react to this material.

Sharon O‟Brien:

Translation as Human-Computer Interaction

For many years now, and especially since the mid-90s,

translators have been using computer applications to

aid them with the task of translating. Early attempts to

impose a change in translation processes via translation

memory tools were not always welcomed, but were

more or less successful. While machine translation has

enjoyed a lower acceptance rate than translation

memory and terminology management tools, its use is

now also on the rise. However, it cannot be said that

translators have welcomed these applications with

open arms. Friction still exists between tool developers

and translation clients, on the one side, and

professional translators, on the other. By presenting

translation as a form of human-computer interaction,

this paper will suggest some underlying reasons for this

friction and will ask whether translators should stand

their ground or adapt and reinvent?

Chris Wendt graduated as Diplom-Informatiker

from the University of Hamburg, Germany, and

subsequently spent most of his career in

globalization-related positions at Microsoft‟s

headquarters in Redmond, Washington, including

Windows, Internet Explorer, MSN and Windows

Live. He is leading the program management for

Microsoft's Machine Translation (MT)

development, and machine translation

applications inside and outside the company.

Sharon O'Brien works as a lecturer in

translation studies at the School of Applied

Language and Intercultural Studies in Dublin City

University. She is also affiliated with the

research centres: the Centre for Translation and

Textual Studies and the Centre for Next

Generation Localisation. Prior to her

appointment at DCU, she worked as a language

technology specialist in the localisation industry.

Her research interests centre around

translation technology, machine translation,

post-editing and controlled authoring, and her

recent research has involved the use of eye

tracking technology to investigate the cognitive

aspects of translator/technology interaction. Her

teaching activities involve translation practice,

localisation, translation theory and research

methods.

TRANSLATION CENTRE FOR THE BODIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Bâtiment Nouvel Hémicycle

1 rue du Fort Thüngen

L-1499 Luxembourg

Tel.: +352 42 17 11 1

Fax: +352 42 17 11 220

E-mail: cdt@cdt.europa.eu

Website: www.cdt.europa.eu