The Korean Experience with Technical and Vocational Education Chong Jae Lee Seoul National...

2007-10-2622

Contents

Ⅰ. IntroductionⅠ. Introduction

Ⅱ. Development Stages of Korean EducationⅡ. Development Stages of Korean Education

Ⅲ. The Expansion of Educational Opportunities and ApproachesⅢ. The Expansion of Educational Opportunities and Approaches

Ⅳ. How Education contributes to Economic growth?Ⅳ. How Education contributes to Economic growth?

VI. Relevance of TVE at Upper Secondary education VI. Relevance of TVE at Upper Secondary education

V. Evolution of Technical-Vocational Education & Training ► Evolution ► Finance ► Evaluation

V. Evolution of Technical-Vocational Education & Training ► Evolution ► Finance ► Evaluation

2007-10-2633

Ⅰ. Introduction

PurposesPurposes

– Identify Korean approaches to Expanding Access to Education and education’s contribution to the successful economic growth in Korea

– Overview Korean experiences with Technical and Vocational Education (TVE): Relevance of TVE and Emerging Challenges to TVE

– Highlight key lessons learned from Korean Experiences to the three policy questions

이종재

2007-10-2644

Ⅱ. Development Stages of Korean Education

Four stagesFour stages::

1) Economical Development Phases - 1945~1960 : Economic disruption and recovery - 1961~1979 : Export-oriented, high growth strategy under

the Park’s regime - 1980~1997 : Structural adjustment and stabilized growth - 1998~Present : Transition into knowledge-based society

2) Stages of Educational Development - 1948~1960 : Educational reconstruction - 1961~1980 : Educational Expansion and Economic Growth - 1981~1997 : Exploration for the Qualitative Improvement of Education - 1998~Present :Restructuring Period

2007-10-2655


Modern Korean education begins in 1945Modern Korean education begins in 1945

The situation since 1945

– Korea was liberated from Japanese colonial rule with the end of the World War Ⅱ

– Divided into two countries: South and North Korea

– US Army’s “Military Government” in South Korea(1945-1948)

– Republic of Korea was founded in 1948:

Ideological struggle and political instability

- Korean War(1950-1953): 80% school buildings destroyed

- Shortage of everything except students (P.H. Cooms)

2007-10-2666


Major Economic Indicators Major Economic Indicators

284.416,656.4806,62222,85647,2792005

172.311,129.6578,66521,15645,9852000

65.06,077.4186,69118,08543,3901990

17.51,705.638,77513,68337,4071980

0.84257.62,7649,61731,4351970

-80.0243-24,9891960

----25,1201945

Exports( billion $)

Per CapitaGDP($)

GDP(billion won)

Employees(1000

persons)

Population(1000

persons)

* Population of 1945 is 1944’s. data.

2007-10-2677

Social, Economic index of The Economic Growth Period

70.317.512.210,84190.02000

54.527.617.96,14784.01990

43.422.534.01,64557.21980

35.314.350.425441.11970

38.912.348.88228.0(1960)1961

ServicesMining &

ManufacturingAgriculture

Industrial Origin of GDP(%)

PerCapitaGNP($)

City PopulationRate to Total(%)

Source: National Statistical Office (http://www.nso.go.kr)


73.418.67.916,29190.82005

2007-10-2688

Net Changes in No. StudentsNet Changes in No. Students(Unit: 1,000 Persons)(Unit: 1,000 Persons)

-80+185-308+150+32000

~2005

+647+2,762+374-611-1,6381980

~2000

+5,915+501+1,424+1,943+2,0371960

~1980

+3,067+96-+449+2,2471945

~1960

TotalTertiaryHigh

SchoolMiddleSchool

ElementarySchool

Ⅲ. The Expansion of Educational Opportunities and Approaches

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<Figure 1> Changes of The Number of Students

0

2,000,000

4,000,000

6,000,000

8,000,000

10,000,000

12,000,000

1948 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

year

N' of students

Elementary Middle High Tertiary Total

Elementary Education

Completed

Expansion Period of

Secondary Education

Expansion Period of

Tertiary Education

2007-10-261010

0

2,000,000

4,000,000

6,000,000

8,000,000

10,000,000

12,000,000

1948 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

Year

No. of Students

Elementary Middle High Tertiary Total

Educational Expansion

Period

Quality

Improvement

Restructuring


2007-10-261111


Development Approach to Korean Education

: Major Policies: Open door policy

– Six-year Compulsory Education plan (1954-1959)

– Open Door Policy to Secondary Education Abolition of Entrance Exam to Middle School (1968) High School Equalization Policy (1974)

- Abolish entrance exam and replace it with random

assignment

– Open Door Policy to Higher Education July 30 Educational Reform (1980)

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Low Cost Approach (LCA)

– Lowering educational standards (Large class, Double shift classroom, Low level of teacher’s salary) to accommodate more students at given resources Constraints

– Application of LCA: - Expanding Primary compulsory education (1954-1959)

- Expanding Lower Secondary Education(1968) - Expanding Access to Tertiary Education (1980)

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Six-year compulsory education planSix-year compulsory education plan(1954-1959)(1954-1959)

Outcome– Universalization of primary education

Emerging Problem– Successive strong demand for middle school – Resulted in the ‘exam hell’ in elementary school to

prepare entrance examination to selective middle schools

year 1951 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959

Enrollment Rate 69.8 82.5 89.5 89.9 91.1 92.5 96.4

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Egalitarian approachEgalitarian approach

- Abolition of Entrance Exam to Lower and Upper Secondary

Education and admission by “assignment system” in 1968

and 1974

- Providing Equal chance of being admitted to Middle school

and High school

- Lowering educational standards: class size from 60 to 70

- Providing Equal school conditions

- Gradual extension of free compulsory education to middle

school from rural areas in 1984 to all area in 2004

- Priority given to “Region, Low SES, Students at Risk”

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Quantitative expansion of Secondary EducationQuantitative expansion of Secondary Education

School Enrollment Rate:

Source: KEDI, Statistical Yearbook of Education 2004

61.790.191.997.72004

50.289.495.097.22000

22.979.491.6100.51990

11.148.873.397.71980

9.229.353.397.01970

6.420.032.295.31960

---69.81951

TertiaryHigh

SchoolMiddle School

Primary School

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Qualitative Improvement of Education by School Level

15.131.019.335.325.131.82005

19.842.520.138.028.735.82000

21.747.924.848.228.236.41995

24.652.825.450.235.641.41990

30.956.940.061.738.344.71985

32.859.445.165.647.551.51980

31.458.643.264.551.856.71975

29.758.142.362.156.962.11970

30.257.039.460.762.465.41965

27.355.840.560.160.062.91962

StudentsPer

Teacher

Students

Per Class

StudentsPer

Teacher

Students

Per Class

StudentsPer

Teacher

StudentsPer

Class

HighMiddleElementary

Source : The Statistical Yearbook of Korean Education.

2007-10-261717


Years of achieving Universal Enrollment

(Enrollment Rate 90%, Entering Rate to Upper Education 90%)

1995High > Ter-(b)2000Tertiary(b)

1997 High > Ter-(a)2005Tertiary(a)

1985Middle > High1999High

1979Ele- > Middle1990Middle

1957Elementary

Entering rate to upper school90% year

Enrollment Ratio90% year

* Tertiary(a), High > Tertiary(a) : Enrollment/Entering upper class ratio 60%. Tertiary(b), High > Tertiary(b) : Enrollment/Entering upper class ratio 50%.

2007-10-261818


Key factors contributing to Expansion of Access toKey factors contributing to Expansion of Access to

EducationEducation

- Universal enrollment of Elementary Education

- Low cost approach

- Egalitarian approach

- Roles of private schools in expanding access

- Sequential expansion with Bottom-Up approach

- Gov’t budget support for Elementary-Secondary

Education by Law (12.98% of Domestic tax)

- Parent’s strong support to Education

- High level of Economic growth

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Quantitative expansion of Secondary EducationQuantitative expansion of Secondary Education

Distribution of Educational Attainment of Population over 25 years old(%)

year 1970 1980 1990 2000

Primary Graduate and Below 73 55 33 23

Middle School Graduate 12 18 19 13

High School Graduate 10 19 34 40

Jr College Graduate 1 1 2 8

University Graduate and over 4 7 12 16

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Ⅳ. How education contributes to economic growth?How education contributes to economic growth?

Cooperative Correspondence relation between economy and education

- Developing Infra-Structure of Human Resource - High economic growth to support educational expansion

Korean education developed infrastructure of human capacity and significantly contributed to economic take-off in 1960's

Human Resource Development in advanced to the manpower requirement

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Educational Expansion Educational Expansion

Development of HRD conditions precedent to economic growth

Harbison & Myers's observation of Korean case of Human Resources development for a country with per capita GNP $380, when its per capita GNP was $ 107.

Per Capita GDP

Enrollment rate of

Secondary Education

KOREA

$ 107 $ 380Low Cost ApproachLow Cost Approach

Ⅳ. How education contributes to economic How education contributes to economic growth?growth?

2007-10-262222

Sequential Bottom-up approach

Sequential expansion of access to education from Elementary, Secondary and Higher Education precedent to the manpower needs for Economic development

– Elementary Ed. → Labor Intensive light Secondary Ed. Manufacturing (1960s)– Vocational-Technical → Capital Intensive High schools Heavy-Chemical Industry (1970s → 1980s)– Expansion → Electronics, High-tech of Higher Education Knowledge Industry (1980s → Present)


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Expand and upgrade Technical and Vocational

Education

Expand and upgrade Technical and Vocational Education and Training Infrastructure to develop technical manpower

– 1960’s : Vocational High school Jr Technical Colleges Technical Universities

– 1970’s : Science Education– Use of External Loans (IDA, IBRD etc)


2007-10-262424

Economy’s support to educational developmentEconomy’s support to educational development

The Law of ‘Grants for Elementary-Secondary Education’ are enacted. This is the return from Economic Growth to Education Sector

– 12.98% of Domestic Tax

– Salaries for elementary school teachers legally secured


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TVET System

– Vocational-Technical High Schools

– Jr Technical Colleges (2-3 years)

– Universities

– Open Technical Colleges for Employed

– Public Job-training centers under Ministry of Labor

– Private Technical training industries (Nurse-aid, etc)

V. Evolution of Technical-Vocational Education & Training

2007-10-262626

Evolution of TVE in 1960~1980: Education for Economic Growth Period

- Policy priority given to TVET during implementation of Economic development plans since 1962 - Expansion of Vocational High Schools: 1962~1980

· Enrollment increase· Curriculum development (1963)· Increase Investment and use loan programs (ICA, IDA, ADB, World Bank)


2007-10-262727

Enrollment of Technical-Vocational High schools - 1970- 1980’s 45% in High school enrollment - decreased from 45%(1980) to 27.7% (2006)

Years General High School Vocational High School

1970 320,000(53.3) 280,000(46.7)

1980 930,000(55.0) 760,000(45.0)

1990 1,470,000(64.5) 810,000(35.5)

2000 1,320,000(63.8) 750,000(36.2)

2006 1,280,000(72.3) 490,000(27.7)

<Number of Students by School Track>


2007-10-262828

School conditions of Vocational High schools compared to General High schools

- less students per teacher

- less students per class

Years

General High School Vocational High School

No. of Schools

No. of students

per teacher

No. of Students per class

No. of Schools

No. of students

per teacher

No. of students per class

1970 408 32.0 62.1 481 27.5 56.1

1980 748 33.9 59.9 605 32.6 59.6

1990 1,096 25.4 53.6 587 23.4 51.5

2000 1,193 20.9 44.1 764 18.2 40.3

2005 1,382 15.9 33.9 713 13.5 30.0


2007-10-262929

Employment rate of vocational high school graduates decreased from 76.6% (1990) to 25.9%(2006)

69% of the graduates entered to tertiary education(2006)

Identity of vocational high schools questioned

Years Employment rate(%)1 Entering rate(%)2

1970 50.2 9.6

1980 51.1 11.4

1990 76.6 8.3

2000 51.4 42.0

2006 25.9 68.6

1. Number of employees/graduates 2. Number of entering to tertiary ed/graduates

<Vocational High School Employment and Entering rate to HE>


2007-10-263030

The enrollment of Junior Colleges and College of technology increased since 1990’s

- more students entered to Jr colleges

< Number of Schools and Students in Vocational High School, Junior Colleges & U. Of Technology>

Years Vocational High Junior Colleges U. of Technology

N. of Schools

N. Of Students

N. Of Schools

N. Of Students

N. Of Schools

N. Of Students

1970 481 275,015 65 30,000 - -

1980 606 764,187 128 170,000 - -

1990 587 810,651 117 320,000 6 520,000

2000 764 746,986 159 920,000 19 171,000

2005 713 503,104 152 820,000 18 189,000


2007-10-263131

Identity of Technical-Vocational High Schools questioned : 1990’s

- Demand shift from TV high school to Jr Technical college

- Weak Incentive system of semi-skilled job (Pay, promotions, working conditions)

- Less opportunities for occupational growth, Life-long learning and HRD

- Directions for development of VH, not clear - Students preference higher education to

vocational high school


2007-10-263232

Policy mistakes for Technical-Vocational

High Schools in 1990’s

- ‘Structural adjustment policy’ of TV high schools to increase the number of students in vocational high school from 32%(1990) to 50% failed

- Introduce ‘2+1’ system to provide one-year practice on the Job for Technical High School students. No merit point.· The outcomes depend upon the quality of on the Job practice

- New Developments

· Specialized vocational schools emerged (animation, cartoons, design, computer networking, etc)

· Establish KRIVET: Korean Research Institute for Vocational Education and Training


2007-10-263333

Shift of emphasis to Science-Technical Education: 1980’s~2000

Priority shifted from TVET toward Science-Technical Education as Korean Economy focus New Technology Industry

– Support Science education in Elementary & Secondary

– Human Resource Development in Science-Tech with BK project (HRD support program at Graduate level)

– Research Support


2007-10-263434

Financing Technical and Vocational High School - Education budget in Government budget - 18~22 % - 2000’s 20.2%

(Unit: 1 billion won, %)

20.1

20.4

22.3

18.9

17.6

B/A (%)

29,127144,8082006

19,17293,9372000

5,06222,6891990

1,0995,8041980

784461970

MOE Budget(B)2)

Government Budget(A)1)구분

3.6

3.3

2.7

2.8

2.8

B / GDP (%)


2007-10-263535

Government allocated less than 2% of Government budget for Technical and Vocational education in 1990’s.

The share of vocational High schools in TVE budget decreased from 40%(1996) to 18.4% (2000)

YearsVocational High

S.Junior College U. of Technology Total

1996 99,320(40.2) 94,614(38.3) 52,966(21.5) 246,900

1997 126,100(33.5) 148,700(39.5) 101,300(26.9) 376,100

1998 120,465(34.4) 165,964(47.4) 63,921(18.2) 350,350

1999 70,127(21.6) 192,036(59.1) 62,444(19.3) 324,607

2000 55,633(18.4) 187,115(61.7) 60,281(19.9) 303,029

(Unit: 1 million won, %)


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Student pay 32.4% of the cost in Vocational high school - In Public schools 21.4% - Private schools 46.9% Student pay more of the cost in General High schools

2000

Expenditure in won(A)

Tuition in won (B)

B/A(%)

Expenditure

in $(C)

C /Per CapitaGDP

General High School 2,428,000 1,106,000 45.5 2,149 19.8

Public 2,740,000 858,000 31.3 2,425 22.4

Private 2,194,000 1,292,000 58.9 1,941 17.9

Vocational High School 2,611,000 846,000 32.4 2,311 21.3

Public 3,035,000 650,000 21.4 2,686 24.8

Private 2,204,000 1,035,000 47.0 1,950 18.0


2007-10-263737

Share of Government’s support in the expenditures of Vocational High schools in 2000.

Total

Expenditure(million $)

Govt.(%)

Students(%)

Others(%)

Expenditure per Student($)

GDP per

Capita($)

Vocational High School

1,726 65.1 32.4 2.6 2,301

10,841

Public 984 77.9 21.4 0.7 2,655

Private 742 48.1 46.9 5.0 1,947

Junior College 2,309 2.5 78.7 18.8 3,894

Public 31 64.7 31.6 3.7 1,239

Private 2,278 1.6 79.3 19.0 3,982

U. Of Technology

487 31.2 60.7 8.1 2,832

Public 217 60.5 33.8 5.7 2,655

Private 270 7.8 82.2 10.0 3,009


2007-10-263838

Evaluation Remarks on TV High school in Korea

Technical-Vocational High Schools

– Remarkable contribution in 1960’s-1970’s– As Korean economy utilizes new technologies, TV high

schools face identity crisis

Jr. Technical Colleges and Science-Engineering programs of Universities play more important roles of HRD in 1980’s-2000


2007-10-263939

New challenges and Perspectives emerged for HRD at Individual and Institutional level

– Individual level: developing core competence and job-related

capabilities HRD through Life-long learning Upgrade qualification & Certification Career-path development

– Institutional Level: Developing Relevance, Quality, Competitiveness of

the program Market control model: autonomy and market

evaluation Use Public Support in the Voucher Form


2007-10-264040

New Policy tasks emerged

– Upgrade and transform vocational high schools into “Diversified-specialized Elite Vocational Schools”

– Strengthening functional relationship among general high schools, vocational high schools and Jr. Technical Colleges

– Develop “Private technical institutes” and OJT Centers in corporations as specialized technical institute


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VI .The relevance of TVE at Upper secondary education

Relevance of TVE: The most important dimension of TVERelevance of TVE: The most important dimension of TVE

Three factors related to the Relevance of TVEThree factors related to the Relevance of TVE

1) Market Demand: demands of graduates from the market ( ++ + ) 2) Supply side: capacities to develop

technical core competency( -- ) social capital ( ? ) self-directed learning capacities( ?? )

3) Relative Position of TVE lowered: As more high school graduate enter Tertiary education, As Economy developed,

Job training for lower sec graduates ( - ) TVE at Upper Sec Edu ( - )

2007-10-264242

Emerging Challenges to TVE at Upper Sec EducationEmerging Challenges to TVE at Upper Sec Education

(1) Demand change: As economy grow and develop, the demands of TVE and job competency are changing.

- demand of simple, low level, technical competency decreased - and demand of higher level, multi-tasking job competency increased.

(2) Quality Upgrade: Unless TVE at Upper Secondary Education upgrade its quality level, TVE at USE lose its relevance of TVE.


2007-10-264343

Upgrading the Quality of TVE at USEUpgrading the Quality of TVE at USE

(1) Horizontal Upgrading: Dual mode approach - Establish a few but “Specialized Intensive Elite” Technical and Vocational Schools. They should be Leading and Model TV High Schools

- Establish a “Generalized Technical and Vocational” Schools with Vocational Orientation and guidance. - General education - Objective: Minimize total training costs - Basic exercise and training at School - Intensive training at the Workplace with Government’s financial support. - 2 + 1 system (two years school education and one years practice in the workplace - “General TV Schools” provide the flexibility maintaing the balance between General and TV Schools.


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(2) Vertical Upgrading: Relocating the Core TVE

function from Upper Sec Ed to “Junior Technical Colleges” (Polytechnic Institute)

(3) Making the relationship “closer” between TVE and Work places (Industry) to upgrade the relevance.

- demand orientation in Governance, Program, teacher

recruitment, and evaluation. - Government’s support to “the development of cooperative relation between school and Industry - implementation of the “customized programs”


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Development of institutional infrastructure to support TVE.

- Developing the system of Qualification and License - Job-Information system (Work-net) - Expanding the opportunity to acquire

qualifications and Licenses.

Development of Life-long Learning system for Job Competency.

- National agenda for HRD


The Korean Experience with Technical and Vocational Education Chong Jae Lee Seoul National...

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