The Kingdom Protista

The Kingdom Protista Chapter 19

20-1 The Kingdom Protista1. Protists are defined less by what they are and more what they are not.2. A protist is not a plant, animal, fungus or prokaryote.

Left-Over KingdomJUNK DRAWER! Where scientists put everything that does not fit somewhere else!

What Protists ARE3. Protist: Eukaryotes that are not members of the kindgom Plantae, Animalia or Fungi4. Most unicellularHave a nucleus

Protists

The Kingdom Protista5. Protist formal name is Protista, which comes from the Greek words meaning the very first6. This is fitting to them because the first eukaryotes to appear on Earth, 1.5 billion years ago, were protists.

7. How They Get Their FoodProtist TypeHow they get their foodExampleHeterotrophAnimal-likeCannot make their own food must ingestZooflagellatesSarcodineCiliatesAutotrophPlant-likeAbility to make their own foodEuglenophytesChrysophytesDiatomsDecomposer or ParasitesFungus-likeAbsorb nutrients from dead and decaying organismsSlime moldsWater MoldsHeterotrophs

Autotrophs

Decomposers or Parasite

ZoomastiginaCommon Name: zooflagellatesMovement: One or two flagellaFood: Heterotroph Absorb food through cell membraneReproduction: Asexually by mitosis and cytokinesisSexually by meiosisWhere: Aquatic environmentsExample: Leisgmania donovaniZooflagellates

SarcodinaCommon Name: SarcodinesMovement: PseudopodsTemporary cytoplasmic projectionsFalse FootFood: Surround meal and then ingestReproduction: Mitosis and cytokinesisWhere: Warmer regions of oceansExample: Amoeba

Sarcodines

CiliophoraCommon Name: CiliatesMovement: Cilia Hairlike projections that work like oars to help the ciliate move and capture foodFood: HeterotrophReproduction: Asexually by mitosis and cytokinesisSexually by conjugationWhere: Fresh and Salt WaterExample: Paramecium

Ciliates

SporozoansCommon Name: SporozoaMovement: Cannot move on their ownFood: Feed on other organismsReproduction: SporozoitesWhere: Variety of other organismsWorms, fish, birds and humansExample: Plasmodium

Sporozoans

Protista 8. The different types of protists are classified by how they get their foodPlant-like (Autotroph)Animal-like (Heterotroph)Fungi-like (Decomposer or Parasite)

Pseudopods9. Pseudopods are temporary cytoplasmic projectionsExtend out beyond the central mass of the cellCytoplasm streams into the pseudopodThe rest of the cell follow

Cilia10. Cilia are tiny hair-like projections similar to flagellaThe beating of the cilia are like the pull or hundreds of oars on an old shipPropels cell rapidly through the water

Food VacuoleSmall cavity in the cytoplasm that temporarily stores foodFood is rapidly digested and passed to the rest of the cellUndigestible food is stored until can be released

12. Contractile vs Food VacuoleContractile vacuole: Specialize to collect water so the cell does not burstFood Vacuole: Specializes in storing foodDiffer in what they store

Ciliates13. A ciliate needs two types of nuclei because:Macronucleus: working library of genetic informationMultiple copies of genetic material needed day to dayMicronucleus: contain reserve copy of the cells genetic material

Conjugation14. During conjugation two cells exchange genetic materialOccurs under stress to help increases genetic diversityNOTHING NEW IS FORMED!

Protozoa 15. Some animal-like protists cause serious diseases, including malaria and African sleeping sickness.

Malaria16. Cycle of malarial infection (Plasmodium)Only carried by female mosquitoInfected mosquito bites humanMosquitos saliva enter blood streamInfects liver and blood cells and multiplies rapidlyMany strains are resistant to drugs

17.Benefits to HumansSymbiotic relationshipsTermite and protist in intestineRecycle dead and decaying organisms Symbiosis vs MutualismSymbiosis: Close relationship in which at least one of the species benefitsMutualism: When both partners benefit from living together

Symbiosis ExampleClown fish and sea anemone

Plant-Like ProtistsUnicellular Algae

18. Four Phlya of Unicellular AlgaeEuglenophyta (euglenophytes)Chrysophytes (yellow-green and golden-green algae)Golden Plants)Bacillariophyta (diatoms)Pyrrophyta (Dinoflagellates)Plant-like Protists19. One of the key traits used to classify algae is the type of photosynthetic pigments they contain.20. Algae have adapted to deeper water by evolving to have different types of chlorophyllThis attracts the different types/colors of light that reach the deeper areas21. EuglenophytesA. Eyespot: Helps organism find sunlight to power photosynthesisB. Pellicle: Cell membraneTough and flexible, letting euglenas crawl through mud when not enough water to swim

Chrysophyta22. Chrysophyta means Golden Plants23. They get this name because they have gold-colored chloroplasts

Diatoms24. The most abundant and beautiful organisms on Earth25. Diatoms get their glass-like appearance because they contain siliconThe same substance that makes up glass

Dinoflagellates26. Dinoflagellates get their food by both heterotroph and autotrophsUse flagella to capture food and then ingestMake their own food with photosyntheiss

Luminescent Dinoflagellates27. When agitated by sudden movement, they give off light.

What are Phytoplankton?28. Phytoplankton are small, photosynthetic organisms found near the surface of the oceanThe provide direct nourishment for organisms from shrimp to whalesAbout half the photosynthesis on Earth carried out by phytoplankton

Fungus-Like ProtistsPages 516-520

Examples of Fungus-Like Protists34. Two examples are:Slime MoldsWater Molds

35. Slime MoldsA. Found in places that are damp and rich in organic matter (ex: floor of forest)

B. Two groups recognnized are cellular slime molds and acellular slime molds

C. They are difficult to classify as unicellular or multicellular because they can be both in their life cycle

Slime Mold36. Water MoldsA. Live on dead or decaying organic matter in water or parasites on land

B. Reproduce both sexually and asexaully in their lifecycle (Spores)

Hyphae: Thin filaments that develop into zoosporangia and used with reproduction

Water MoldRecyclers37. Slime molds and water molds are important as recyclers because they help things rot.They help break down dead and decaying organisms and make sure they do not litter the ground

38. Water Mold and FamineWater mold attacked potatoesFarmers used it as a staple in their foodBasically destroyed all their food