The Kennedy & Johnson years
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Transcript of The Kennedy & Johnson years
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THE KENNEDY & JOHNSON YEARS
Chapter 18
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Democrat Junior Senator Young: 43 Wealthy,
Connected Family Handsome Catholic
Republican VP Youngish: 47 Humble Means “Tricky Dick” Quaker
John F. Kennedy Richard M. Nixon
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Election 1960 Elections first to have
televised debates Kennedy & Nixon Debates Kennedy had Hollywood
producers to coach Makeup, suit, speaking
Nixon refused makeup, grey suit Kennedy played on Cold War
Fears claiming the US had fallen behind in the Arms Race – said Eisenhower not doing enough
Also championed the poor: 17 million hungry
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Camelot Jack & Jackie Photographs
showed JFK strong, athletic, handsome
Young, beautiful wife Jackie (31)
Two small children (first in White House since 1908)
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NEW FRONTIER (536-537) JFK’s plan to change the nation
Tried to reduce taxes – congress said no Federal aid to education – congress said no Cancelled government contracts with steel
companies to lower prices Area Redevelopment Act of 1961- financial
assistance to economically distressed regions Minimum wage raised from $1.00 $1.25
SPACE PROGRAM: we were losing in the Space Race Sets the goal of landing on the moon before the
decade is up – it would be an accomplishment for the entire nation
John Glenn: First American to Orbit Earth
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WARREN COURT Supreme Court under
Chief Justice Earl Warren
Made many reforms BROWN V. BOARD
OF EDUCATION – desegregate schools
MIRANDA V. ARIZONA – right to a lawyer
ENGEL V. VITALE – banned prayer/Bible reading in schools
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Foreign Affairs 1959 FIDEL CASTRO
overthrows Fulgencio Batista (US backed Cuban Dictator)
Takes over Private Business Makes Anti-American Speeches Signed trade agreement with
the USSR CIA believed an invasion of
Cuba would inspire Cubans to rise up
Eisenhower Okayed the operation (about to leave office)
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Foreign Affairs 1960: Kennedy
learns of a plan to train Cuban Exiles to invade Cuba
Kennedy in tough spot: to invade, or not to invade?
CIA assures Kennedy that the plan will succeed
JFK gave the go-ahead
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BAY OF PIGS INVASION No secret “The Perfect Failure”
April 15:Cuban Exiles, fly bomber planes and attack Cuban airfields, Cuban Exiles also invade beachesApril 17:US Navy ships assist Cuban Brigade, but don’t fight Cuban Forces, led by Fidel Castro, sink 2 ships, and capture 1,200 men
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Outcome JFK took the blame – got respect from
the people Collins Type II – Write an article!
Describe the Bay of Pigs Invasion What was the lead up to the event? What happened? What was the outcome? What do YOU think??
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Vienna Conference JFK invited Khrushchev
to meet with him in Vienna, Austria in June 1961 to ease tensions
Khrushchev demanded: US and allies recognize
Communist East Germany as an independent nation
Withdraw from West Berlin
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Vienna Conference West Berlin was an “island
of freedom” surrounded by East Germany 3.5 Million East
Germans escaped through West Berlin
JFK & advisors afraid East Germany would use force to regain West Berlin Called reserves into
active duty, built nuclear shelters in US, troop buildup in West Germany
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Berlin Wall August 13, 1961:
Khrushchev closed crossing points between East and West Berlin
Within hours 25,000 troops were in place to guard a barbed wire barrier around West Berlin
A proper wall soon followed: 97 miles around the three Western Sectors, 27 miles between West & East Berlin
No Mans Land in Between
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Collins Type II – Write a letter
What was the Berlin Wall? What led up to its
being built? What was its
purpose? How will it affect
East & West Germans?
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Cuban Missile Crisis US actions at the Bay of Pigs and Berlin
Crisis encouraged USSR to become more aggressive
Khrushchev pledged to defend Cuba USSR concerned about nuclear missiles
placed in Turkey Convinced Castro to allow Surface - to – air
missiles (SAM) and nuclear missiles in Cuba JFK accused of being “soft on communism”
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Cuban Missile Crisis JFK ordered U-2 spy planes to fly over Cuba 1962: photos showed the building of SAMs JFK’s advisors advised an airstrike
Followed by an invasion Act of war
Robert McNamara & Robert Kennedy wanted a naval blockade This would be an act of war too, less threatening
JFK chose blockade For two days the US prepared for war as Soviet ships
sailed for Cuba – Khrushchev said if we try to stop them, WAR!
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Khrushchev wrote a letter… Offering to remove the missiles if the US promised to
never invade Cuba Then he wrote another letter demanding the US pull
missiles out of Turkey JFK ignored the second letter Secretly, Robert Kennedy promised we would take
missiles out This is the closest the world has ever come to
nuclear war JFK & Khrushchev installed a hotline so they could
communicate directly LIMITED TEST BAN TREATY: end testing nuclear
weapons in the atmosphere & underwater
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13 Days John F. Kennedy – President Robert Kennedy – Attorney
General Kenny O’Donnell - Advisor Robert McNamara –
Secretary of Defense Dean Atcheson – Secretary
of State under Truman Adlai Stevenson –
Ambassador to the UN
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November 22, 1963 JFK went to Dallas to campaign for the 1964 election Rode in a convertible LEE HARVEY OSWALD shot Kennedy from the 6th
floor of the Texas School Book Depository Two days later Oswald was shot by Jack Ruby LYNDON BAINES JOHNSON gave the oath of office
on Air Force One Set up the WARREN COMMISSION TO INVESTIGATE JFK’S
DEATH “The legacy of hope died with him. You never had
that same sense again that we were moving forward.”
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LBJ – Lyndon Baines Johnson Powerful Senator from Texas Hated being VP “It was my duty to carry on” what
JFK had planned Master Legislator – used the
JOHNSON TREATMENT WAR ON POVERTY GREAT SOCIETY: DOMESTIC
PROGRAMS , AIMS TO END POVERTY AND RACIAL INJUSTICE
MEDICAID: healthcare for poor MEDICARE: healthcare for 65+ DAISY AD: election of 1964
Beat Barry Goldwater
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Turn to Page 546 Look at the Major Great Society
Programs Chart Write a Collins Type II:
What was the Great Society & its aims
Use three examples from chart to describe its goals (underline examples!)