THE KDSS Data: Exploring socio-economic and demographic frontiers of research P.K. Viswanathan...

THE KDSS Data:THE KDSS Data:

Exploring socio-economic Exploring socio-economic and demographic frontiers of and demographic frontiers of

researchresearch

P.K. ViswanathanP.K. ViswanathanPostdoc Fellow, IPSRPostdoc Fellow, IPSR

Presentation schemePresentation scheme

Synoptic view of the KDSS rounds: tentative findings Synoptic view of the KDSS rounds: tentative findings and conclusions and conclusions

Emerging issues needing further empirical research Emerging issues needing further empirical research (disaggregate/ micro level)(disaggregate/ micro level)

Briefing up of a research concept Briefing up of a research concept

Research & dissemination planResearch & dissemination plan

KDSS: Data & methodsKDSS: Data & methods

Annual enumeration started in Annual enumeration started in 2000 with 2 components: 2000 with 2 components:

a) regular collection of data on a) regular collection of data on socio-economic status, fertility, socio-economic status, fertility, mortality, migration, health mortality, migration, health behaviour, etc.; behaviour, etc.;

b) coverage of more issues of b) coverage of more issues of topical relevance, like socio-eco topical relevance, like socio-eco security, ageing, disability, security, ageing, disability, government interventions, etc.government interventions, etc.

VillageVillage (100)(100)

VillageVillage (100)(100)

Household Household (12462)(12462)

Household Household (12462)(12462)

Individual (42938)Individual (42938)Individual (42938)Individual (42938)

Strata Strata (Villages)(Villages)

Urban/ Urban/ Semi-urbanSemi-urban RiceRice PlantationPlantation UplandsUplands Mixed Mixed

EconomyEconomy

Coverage of KDSS RoundsCoverage of KDSS RoundsCoverage of data/ informationCoverage of data/ information Round 1Round 1 Round 2Round 2 Round 3Round 3 Round 4Round 4 Round 5Round 5

1. Village data1. Village data ★★ ★★ ★★ ★★

2. Spatial data & GIS2. Spatial data & GIS ★★ ★★

3. Characteristics of population3. Characteristics of population ★★ ★★ ★★ ★★ ★★

4. Socio-Economic Status4. Socio-Economic Status ★★ ★★ ★★ ★★ ★★

5. Migration5. Migration ★★ ★★ ★★ ★★ ★★

6. Mobility & Commuting patterns6. Mobility & Commuting patterns ★★

7. Land use & agricultural Production7. Land use & agricultural Production ★★ ★★

8. Household support & debt8. Household support & debt ★★

9. Nuptiality (marriage pattern)9. Nuptiality (marriage pattern) ★★ ★★

10. Fertility & Family planning10. Fertility & Family planning ★★ ★★ ★★ ★★ ★★

11. Health & health behaviour11. Health & health behaviour ★★ ★★ ★★ ★★ ★★

12. Mortality12. Mortality ★★ ★★ ★★ ★★ ★★

13. Community development13. Community development ★★ ★★ ★★ ★★ ★★

14. Elderly/ Ageing14. Elderly/ Ageing ★★ ★★ ★★

15. Government policy/ interventions15. Government policy/ interventions ★★ ★★ ★★

16. Economic security & insurance16. Economic security & insurance ★★ ★★

17. Disability17. Disability ★★

Note: * Indicates the coverage of the topics in respective rounds.Note: * Indicates the coverage of the topics in respective rounds.

KDSS Data RepositoryKDSS Data Repository

Water Water sourcesource

HealthHealth

Public Public facilitiesfacilities

OccupationOccupation

AgricultureAgriculture

GeneralGeneral

Village dataVillage data

Village dataVillage data

Data sorted by strataData sorted by strata

Dependency Dependency ratioratio

Sex ratioSex ratio

Age structureAge structure

Population sizePopulation size

Population Population DataData

Household dataHousehold data

Data sorted by strata and genderData sorted by strata and gender Contd..Contd..

LanguageLanguage EducationEducation

OccupationOccupation

Socio-Socio-Economic Economic

datadata


Data sorted by strata and genderData sorted by strata and genderContd..Contd..

Family Family planningplanning

Age-specific Age-specific fertility ratesfertility rates

Contraceptive Contraceptive useuse


MigrationMigration

In-migration/In-migration/ out-migrationout-migration Migration by ageMigration by age Destination/ Destination/

source of originsource of origin

Marriage Marriage patternpattern

Marital statusMarital status Age at marriageAge at marriage Marriage Marriage registrationregistration

MortalityMortality

Levels & Levels & patternspatterns Cause of deathsCause of deaths Death Death

registrationregistration

Data sorted by strataData sorted by strata Contd..Contd..

HealthHealthBehaviourBehaviour

Consumption &Consumption &Life stylesLife styles

Spread and Spread and intensity of intensity of

diseasesdiseases


Ageing & Ageing & care for care for elderlyelderly

Characteristics Characteristics Of the elderlyOf the elderly

Socio-economicSocio-economicstatus ofstatus of

care giverscare givers

Self care Self care among elderlyamong elderly

Government Government policypolicy

Health Health Programmes/Programmes/

30 baht 30 baht health cardhealth card

Village Village developmentdevelopment

Community/Community/Social Social

developmentdevelopment

Socio-Econ.Socio-Econ.SecuritySecurity

Access to Access to Resources/ Resources/

assetsassets

Savings/Savings/Health Health

insuranceinsurance

One Tambon One Tambon One Product One Product

(OTOP)(OTOP)

Data sorted by strataData sorted by strata

KDSS: Broad trends revealed…KDSS: Broad trends revealed…

KDSS Data: Some key indicatorsKDSS Data: Some key indicatorsDescriptivesDescriptives Round 1 Round 1

(2000)(2000)Round 2 Round 2 (2001)(2001)

Round 3 Round 3 (2002)(2002)

Round 4 Round 4 (2003)(2003)

Round 5 Round 5 (2004)(2004)

% % changechange

1. Households covered (No.)1. Households covered (No.) 1161211612 1265712657 1268012680 1235612356 1246212462 7.37.3

2. Total population (No.)2. Total population (No.) 4261442614 4602946029 4504345043 4281642816 4293842938 0.80.8

3. Family size (No./ household)3. Family size (No./ household) 3.673.67 3.643.64 3.553.55 3.473.47 3.453.45 -6.1-6.1

4. Male population (No.)4. Male population (No.) 2037820378 2219722197 2167321673 2035020350 2039620396 0.10.1

5. Female population (No.)5. Female population (No.) 2223622236 2383223832 2337023370 2246622466 2254222542 1.41.4

6. Sex ratio6. Sex ratio 91.691.6 93.193.1 92.792.7 90.690.6 90.590.5 -1.3-1.3

7. Total Fertility Rate (TFR)7. Total Fertility Rate (TFR) 2.12.1 2.12.1 2.032.03 2.022.02 2.082.08 -1.0-1.0

9. Total Dependency Ratio9. Total Dependency Ratio 65.665.6 66.066.0 66.766.7 68.568.5 68.368.3 4.14.1

10. Young Dependency ratio10. Young Dependency ratio 49.549.5 49.749.7 49.649.6 50.350.3 49.949.9 0.80.8

11. Old Dependency Ratio11. Old Dependency Ratio 16.116.1 16.316.3 17.117.1 18.218.2 18.518.5 14.914.9

Source:Source: IPSR, Kanchanaburi Project (respective reports). IPSR, Kanchanaburi Project (respective reports).

Trends in composition of households & population by strataTrends in composition of households & population by strata

StrataStrataHouseholdsHouseholds (%)(%) Population(%)Population(%) Males (%)Males (%) Females (%)Females (%)

R1 R1 (2000)(2000)

R5 R5 (2004)(2004)

R1 R1 (2000)(2000)

R5 R5 (2004)(2004)

R1 R1 (2000)(2000)

R5 R5 (2004)(2004)

R1 R1 (2000)(2000)

R5 R5 (2004)(2004)

Urban/S-urbanUrban/S-urban 22.2 22.2 (2)(2)

20.1 20.1 (3)(3)

21.6 21.6 (2)(2)

19.6 19.6 (3)(3)

20.9 20.9 (2)(2)

19.1 19.1 (3)(3)

22.2 22.2 (2)(2)

20.1 20.1 (3)(3)

RiceRice 16.3 16.3 (4)(4)

16.4 16.4 (4)(4)

16.9 16.9 (4)(4)

16.5 16.5 (4)(4)

16.5 16.5 (4)(4)

16.1 16.1 (4)(4)

17.2 17.2 (4)(4)

16.8 16.8 (4)(4)

PlantationPlantation 15.9 15.9 (5)(5)

15.9 15.9 (5)(5)

15.7 15.7 (5)(5)

15.6 15.6 (5)(5)

16.0 16.0 (5)(5)

15.8 15.8 (5)(5)

15.5 15.5 (5)(5)

15.5 15.5 (5)(5)

UplandsUplands 25.3 25.3 (1)(1)

26.7 26.7 (1)(1)

25.5 25.5 (1)(1)

27.4 27.4 (1)(1)

26.8 26.8 (1)(1)

28.4 28.4 (1)(1)

24.3 24.3 (1)(1)

26.4 26.4 (1)(1)

MixedMixed 20.3 20.3 (3)(3)

20.9 20.9 (2)(2)

20.3 20.3 (3)(3)

20.9 20.9 (2)(2)

20.1 20.1 (3)(3)

20.6 20.6 (2)(2)

20.5 20.5 (3)(3)

21.2 21.2 (2)(2)

TotalTotal (No.)(No.) 1161211612 1246212462 4261442614 4293842938 2037820378 2039620396 2223622236 2254222542

Source:Source: IPSR, Kanchanaburi Project (respective reports) IPSR, Kanchanaburi Project (respective reports)Note: Note: Parenthetic figures are respective rankingsParenthetic figures are respective rankings

Trends in age profile of population (0-14 years): All RoundsTrends in age profile of population (0-14 years): All Rounds

StrataStrata 20002000 20012001 20022002 20032003 20042004 % % changechange

UUrbanrban//Semi-urbanSemi-urban 24.524.5 25.125.1 24.824.8 24.824.8 24.324.3 -0.82 (4)-0.82 (4)

RiceRice 28.728.7 28.528.5 28.628.6 27.827.8 27.927.9 -2.79 -2.79 (2)(2)

PlantationPlantation 30.330.3 30.130.1 29.929.9 29.929.9 29.329.3 -3.30 -3.30 (1)(1)

UplandsUplands 36.136.1 36.136.1 35.535.5 36.636.6 3636 -0.28 (5)-0.28 (5)

MixedMixed EconomyEconomy 28.528.5 27.927.9 27.327.3 27.827.8 27.827.8 -2.46 (3)-2.46 (3)

All StrataAll Strata 29.929.9 29.929.9 29.829.8 29.929.9 29.629.6 -1.00-1.00Source:Source: IPSR, Kanchanaburi Project (respective reports). IPSR, Kanchanaburi Project (respective reports).


UrbanUrban//Semi-urbanSemi-urban 65.265.2 64.364.3 64.364.3 63.963.9 63.763.7 -2.30 -2.30 (1)(1)

RiceRice 59.059.0 59.059.0 58.258.2 58.858.8 58.858.8 -0.34 (5)-0.34 (5)

PlantationPlantation 60.560.5 60.760.7 59.559.5 59.659.6 60.160.1 -0.66 (4)-0.66 (4)

UplandsUplands 56.656.6 56.356.3 56.256.2 54.954.9 55.555.5 -1.94 -1.94 (2)(2)

Mixed Mixed EconomyEconomy 61.261.2 61.861.8 6161 60.960.9 60.560.5 -1.14 (3)-1.14 (3)

All StrataAll Strata 60.460.4 60.260.2 6060 59.459.4 59.459.4 -1.66-1.66

Trends in age profile of population (15-59 years): All RoundsTrends in age profile of population (15-59 years): All Rounds


Trends in age profile of population (Above 60 years): All RoundsTrends in age profile of population (Above 60 years): All Rounds


UrbanUrban//Semi-urbanSemi-urban 10.310.3 10.610.6 1111 11.411.4 12.012.0 16.5 16.5 (1)(1)

RiceRice 12.312.3 12.512.5 13.213.2 13.413.4 13.313.3 8.1 (5)8.1 (5)

PlantationPlantation 9.29.2 9.29.2 9.79.7 10.410.4 10.610.6 15.2 (3)15.2 (3)

UplandsUplands 7.37.3 7.67.6 7.87.8 8.58.5 8.58.5 16.4 16.4 (2)(2)

Mixed Mixed EconomyEconomy 10.310.3 10.310.3 10.610.6 11.311.3 11.711.7 13.6 (4)13.6 (4)

All StrataAll Strata 9.79.7 9.89.8 10.210.2 10.810.8 11.011.0 13.413.4


Age-distribution of population by strata (Rounds 1 & 5)Age-distribution of population by strata (Rounds 1 & 5)

Urban/ Semi-urban (2000)

0-14 years, 24.5

> 60 years, 10.3

15-59 years, 65.2

Urban/ Semi-urban (2004)

0-14 years, 24.30

> 60 years, 12.00

15-59 years, 63.70

Rice strata (2000)

0-14 years, 28.70

> 60 years, 12.30

15-59 years, 59.00

Rice strata (2004)

0-14 years, 27.9

> 60 years, 13.3

15-59 years, 58.8

Age-distribution of population by strata (Rounds 1 & 5)Age-distribution of population by strata (Rounds 1 & 5)

Uplands strata (2000)

0-14 years, 36.1

> 60 years, 7.3

15-59 years, 56.6

Plantation strata (2000)

0-14 years, 30.3

> 60 years, 9.2

15-59 years, 60.5

Plantation strata (2004)

0-14 years, 29.3

> 60 years, 10.6

15-59 years, 60.1

Uplands strata (2004)

0-14 years, 36.0

> 60 years, 8.5

15-59 years, 55.5

Age-distribution of population by strata (Rounds 1 & 5)Age-distribution of population by strata (Rounds 1 & 5)Mixed Economy strata (2000)

0-14 years, 28.5

> 60 years, 10.3

15-59 years, 61.2

Mixed Economy strata (2004)

0-14 years, 27.8

> 60 years, 11.7

15-59 years, 60.5

0-14 years: Higher decline in plantation, rice & mixed eco. Strata0-14 years: Higher decline in plantation, rice & mixed eco. Strata

15-59 years: Higher decline in Urban/ S.urban, upland and mixed eco strata15-59 years: Higher decline in Urban/ S.urban, upland and mixed eco strata

Above 60 years: Remarkable growth in all strataAbove 60 years: Remarkable growth in all strata

Clear trend towards ageing of population….means a lot for the state & societyClear trend towards ageing of population….means a lot for the state & society

Age-distribution of population: Kanchanaburi Age-distribution of population: Kanchanaburi vsvs Thailand Thailand

Age distribution of Population (Thailand, 2003)

0-14 years,

24.2 > 65 years, 7.0

15-64 years,

68.8

Age distribution of Population (Kanchanaburi, 2004)

0-14 years,

29.6 > 65 years, 7.4

15-64 years,

63.0

Trends in sex ratio across strata - All roundsTrends in sex ratio across strata - All rounds

RoundsRoundsUrban/ Urban/ S.urbanS.urban RiceRice PlantationPlantation UplandsUplands

Mixed Mixed economyeconomy

All All stratastrata

20002000 85.885.8 87.787.7 94.094.0 100.3100.3 89.089.0 91.491.4

20012001 88.388.3 87.987.9 93.993.9 102.2102.2 90.790.7 92.692.6

20022002 88.988.9 86.586.5 93.893.8 101.1101.1 90.490.4 92.792.7

20032003 85.985.9 86.286.2 92.792.7 96.796.7 89.689.6 90.690.6

20042004 85.585.5 86.186.1 91.491.4 97.497.4 87.587.5 90.190.1

Note: Sex ratio is defined as number of males per 100 females.Note: Sex ratio is defined as number of males per 100 females.Source:Source: IPSR, Kanchanaburi Project (respective reports). IPSR, Kanchanaburi Project (respective reports).

Almost similar except uplands and plantation strataAlmost similar except uplands and plantation strata

Trends in Sex ratio across strata (Under 15 years): All roundsTrends in Sex ratio across strata (Under 15 years): All rounds

StrataStrata 20002000 20012001 20022002 20032003 20042004

UUrbanrban// S. UrbanS. Urban 110.1110.1 103.5103.5 110.8110.8 109.5109.5 108.4108.4

RiceRice 95.195.1 97.797.7 99.299.2 98.898.8 100.3100.3

PlantationPlantation 109.3109.3 104.1104.1 107.4107.4 108.6108.6 104.7104.7

UplandsUplands 107.5107.5 107.7107.7 108.8108.8 108.0108.0 104.8104.8

Mix. economyMix. economy 98.798.7 101.8101.8 100.1100.1 99.799.7 97.597.5

All StrataAll Strata 104.2104.2 104.9104.9 105.7105.7 105.2105.2 103.2 (103.2 (105105))

All agesAll ages 91.491.4 92.692.6 92.792.7 90.690.6 91.1 (98)91.1 (98)

Note:Note: Parenthetic figures are respective national figures. Parenthetic figures are respective national figures.

Above the national level except rice and mixed economy strata…Above the national level except rice and mixed economy strata…

Trends in total age dependency ratio across strata- All roundsTrends in total age dependency ratio across strata- All rounds

StrataStrata 20002000 20012001 20022002 20032003 20042004% %

ChangeChange

UUrbanrban//S.UrbanS.Urban 53.453.4 55.655.6 55.655.6 56.656.6 57.057.0 6.76.7

RiceRice 69.669.6 69.569.5 71.871.8 70.170.1 70.170.1 0.70.7

PlantationPlantation 65.265.2 64.7564.75 66.666.6 67.767.7 66.566.5 2.02.0

UplandsUplands 76.876.8 77.677.6 76.976.9 82.182.1 80.380.3 4.64.6

MixMix. . EconomyEconomy 63.363.3 61.961.9 62.162.1 64.264.2 65.265.2 3.03.0

All StrataAll Strata 65.665.6 66.066.0 66.766.7 68.568.5 68.368.3 4.14.1Note: ADR is defined as the ratio of the population in the ages below 15 and over 65 to the Note: ADR is defined as the ratio of the population in the ages below 15 and over 65 to the population between ages 15 and 65. That is, ADR = (Ppopulation between ages 15 and 65. That is, ADR = (P1515+ P+ P6565)/ P)/ P15-6515-65. ADR is expressed as . ADR is expressed as number per every 100 persons in the productive age group (15-65).number per every 100 persons in the productive age group (15-65).

Rise in ADR mostly accounted for by rise in old dependency ratio…Rise in ADR mostly accounted for by rise in old dependency ratio…

Trends in young dependency ratio across strata- All roundsTrends in young dependency ratio across strata- All rounds



RiceRice 48.748.7 48.348.3 49.149.1 47.347.3 47.447.4 -2.7-2.7

PlantationPlantation 50.150.1 49.649.6 50.550.5 50.250.2 48.848.8 -2.6-2.6

UplandsUplands 63.863.8 64.164.1 63.163.1 66.666.6 64.964.9 1.71.7

MixMix. . EconomyEconomy 46.546.5 45.245.2 44.844.8 45.645.6 45.945.9 -1.3-1.3


Decline in most strata with fluctuations between rounds…Decline in most strata with fluctuations between rounds…

Trends in old dependency ratio across strata- All roundsTrends in old dependency ratio across strata- All rounds

StrataStrata 20002000 20012001 20022002 20032003 20042004% %

changechange


RiceRice 20.920.9 21.221.2 22.722.7 22.822.8 22.722.7 8.68.6

PlantationPlantation 15.115.1 15.115.1 16.316.3 17.417.4 17.717.7 17.217.2

UplandsUplands 13.013.0 13.413.4 13.813.8 15.515.5 15.315.3 17.717.7

MixMix. . EconomyEconomy 16.816.8 16.716.7 17.317.3 18.618.6 19.319.3 14.914.9


Rise in old dependency ratio across all strata with urban villages reporting highest Rise in old dependency ratio across all strata with urban villages reporting highest rise, followed by uplands, plantation and mixed economy strata…rise, followed by uplands, plantation and mixed economy strata…

Trends in age-specific fertility rates and TFRTrends in age-specific fertility rates and TFRAge

group 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004%

changeThailand (2003 est.)

15-19 0.0782 0.0693 0.0647 0.0687 0.0772 -1.2 0.0360

20-24 0.1287 0.1332 0.1264 0.1451 0.1310 1.7 0.1000

25-29 0.0978 0.1026 0.1056 0.0939 0.0942 -3.7 0.1160

30-34 0.0613 0.0691 0.0652 0.0604 0.0672 9.6 0.0820

35-39 0.0401 0.0359 0.0320 0.0291 0.0356 -11.1 0.0350

40-44 0.0111 0.0074 0.0105 0.0078 0.0086 -22.4 0.0120

45-49 0.0019 0.0028 0.0018 0.0000 0.0024 26.0 0.0040

TFR 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.08 -1.0 1. 91


TFR above the national level, but close to the replacement level..TFR above the national level, but close to the replacement level..

Trends in TFR across strata- All roundsTrends in TFR across strata- All rounds

StrataStrataRound 1 Round 1

(2000)(2000)Round 3 Round 3

(2002)(2002)Round 4 Round 4

(2003)(2003)Round 5 Round 5

(2004)(2004) % % changechange

UUrbanrban// S.urban S.urban 1.431.43 1.611.61 1.511.51 1.561.56 9.19.1

RiceRice 2.092.09 1.761.76 1.831.83 1.791.79 -14.4-14.4

PlantationPlantation 1.911.91 1.771.77 2.082.08 1.871.87 -2.1-2.1

UplandUpland 3.233.23 3.073.07 2.932.93 2.922.92 -9.6-9.6

Mix. economyMix. economy 1.741.74 1.541.54 1.511.51 1.981.98 13.813.8

All strataAll strata 2.102.10 2.032.03 2.022.02 2.082.08 -1.0-1.0

TFR closely follows the national pattern in most cases, except the upland strata; TFR closely follows the national pattern in most cases, except the upland strata; though declined over time, it tends to be stagnant in upland strata…though declined over time, it tends to be stagnant in upland strata…

What factors could better explain the TFR to be below replacement level?-higher What factors could better explain the TFR to be below replacement level?-higher rates of adoption of contraception (75-80%) or education or social rates of adoption of contraception (75-80%) or education or social development? ...need more empirical testing…development? ...need more empirical testing…

Trends in Mortality, crude death rate and causes of deathsTrends in Mortality, crude death rate and causes of deaths

Census Census RoundsRounds

No. of deaths reportedNo. of deaths reported

Death of Death of females females ((%)%)

Crude Crude death death rate/ 1000rate/ 1000MaleMale FemaleFemale TotalTotal

20002000 256256 165165 421421 39.239.2 9.99.9

20012001 170170 9696 266266 36.136.1 5.85.8

20022002 150150 107107 257257 41.641.6 5.75.7

20032003 155155 125125 280280 44.644.6 6.56.5

20042004 187187 139139 326326 42.642.6 7.6 (7.6 (6.946.94))


Cause of death Cause of death (Round 4)(Round 4)

Death Death (%)(%)

Infectious diseasesInfectious diseases 21.121.1

Non-infectious Non-infectious diseasesdiseases

43.943.9

AccidentAccident 13.613.6

Suicide/homicideSuicide/homicide 3.63.6

SenilitySenility 17.517.5

UnknownUnknown 0.30.3

No of deathsNo of deaths 280280

Educational status of male population – 2 to 5 RoundsEducational status of male population – 2 to 5 RoundsEducational Educational statusstatus

Round 2 Round 2 (2001)(2001)

Round 3 Round 3 (2002)(2002)

Round 4 Round 4 (2003)(2003)

Round 5 Round 5 (2004)(2004) % Change% Change

No schoolingNo schooling 19.019.0 19.219.2 12.712.7 9.29.2 -51.5-51.5

< 6< 6thth Grade Grade 39.139.1 37.537.5 43.943.9 45.245.2 15.615.6

66thth Grade Grade 15.615.6 16.016.0 15.715.7 17.017.0 9.39.3

Lower sec. or Lower sec. or lessless 10.910.9 11.311.3 12.812.8 13.613.6 24.724.7

Upper sec. or Upper sec. or lessless 10.710.7 10.710.7 9.59.5 9.59.5 -11.1-11.1

Above Above secondarysecondary 4.74.7 5.45.4 5.55.5 5.55.5 7.087.08

TotalTotal 2193621936 2329723297 1678216782 1629516295

Educational status of Female population – 2 to 5 RoundsEducational status of Female population – 2 to 5 RoundsEducational Educational statusstatus

Round 2 Round 2 (2001)(2001)

Round 3 Round 3 (2002)(2002)

Round 4 Round 4 (2003)(2003)

Round 5 Round 5 (2004)(2004)

% % ChangeChange

Males Males (%)(%)

No schoolingNo schooling 23.623.6 23.423.4 18.518.5 16.2816.28 -31.0-31.0 9.209.20

< 6< 6thth Grade Grade 39.939.9 38.638.6 44.044.0 45.0245.02 12.712.7 45.245.2

66thth Grade Grade 14.014.0 14.314.3 14.514.5 15.3215.32 9.79.7 17.017.0

Lower sec. or Lower sec. or lessless 8.68.6 9.39.3 9.69.6 10.8410.84 26.026.0 13.613.6

Upper sec. or Upper sec. or lessless 8.18.1 8.48.4 7.47.4 7.087.08 -13.0-13.0 9.59.5

Above Above secondarysecondary 5.85.8 6.16.1 6.06.0 5.465.46 -5.7-5.7 5.55.5

TotalTotal 2375123751 2494224942 1917919179 1858318583 1629516295

Sounds like gender disparity in access to education/ educational levels?…Sounds like gender disparity in access to education/ educational levels?…

Educational attainment:Educational attainment: ObservationsObservations

Considerable decline in the proportion of ‘no-schooling’ Considerable decline in the proportion of ‘no-schooling’ population, irrespective of gender; but, still high proportion of population, irrespective of gender; but, still high proportion of women (16%) with ‘no schooling’ against men (9%).women (16%) with ‘no schooling’ against men (9%).

Almost similar pattern in educational attainment by levels of Almost similar pattern in educational attainment by levels of schooling; but proportion of male population is over and above schooling; but proportion of male population is over and above that of female population.that of female population.

Though Rounds 2-4 indicated higher ratios for female Though Rounds 2-4 indicated higher ratios for female population having above secondary levels, 5population having above secondary levels, 5thth round indicated a round indicated a convergence. convergence.

Trends in Occupational shift (male population)- 1-4 RoundsTrends in Occupational shift (male population)- 1-4 Rounds

OccupationOccupation Round Round 1 (2000)1 (2000)

Round 2Round 2(2001)(2001)

Round 3Round 3(200(20022))

Round 4Round 4(200(20033))

% % change change (R1-R4)(R1-R4)

Not working Not working 10.110.1 8.78.7 8.88.8 9.99.9 -2.0-2.0

ProfessionalProfessional 3.53.5 3.53.5 2.82.8 2.42.4 -31.4-31.4

Administrative/ clericalAdministrative/ clerical 6.26.2 3.83.8 3.23.2 4.14.1 -33.9-33.9

SalesSales 5.05.0 6.16.1 6.06.0 6.36.3 26.026.0

ServicesServices 2.62.6 3.33.3 2.92.9 3.13.1 19.219.2

AgricultureAgriculture 52.752.7 52.052.0 54.054.0 51.451.4 -2.5-2.5

Transport/ communicationTransport/ communication 2.92.9 3.53.5 4.04.0 3.83.8 31.031.0

Craft & labourCraft & labour 11.511.5 11.411.4 12.812.8 13.813.8 20.020.0

StudentStudent 5.95.9 6.26.2 5.35.3 5.15.1 -13.6-13.6

Other occupationOther occupation 0.10.1 0.20.2 0.10.1 0.20.2 100.0100.0

Total (No.)Total (No.) 1389513895 1513615136 1319213192 1318813188 -5.1-5.1

Trends in Occupational shift (Female population)- 1-4 RoundsTrends in Occupational shift (Female population)- 1-4 Rounds

OccupationOccupationRound 1 Round 1 (2000)(2000)

Round 2Round 2(2001)(2001)

Round 3Round 3(200(20022))

Round 4Round 4(200(20033))

% % change change (R1-R4)(R1-R4)

Not working Not working 24.324.3 24.424.4 25.625.6 26.326.3 8.28.2

ProfessionalProfessional 3.93.9 3.53.5 3.33.3 3.13.1 -20.5-20.5

Administrative/ clericalAdministrative/ clerical 2.62.6 2.72.7 2.32.3 3.23.2 23.123.1

SalesSales 9.79.7 9.89.8 9.69.6 10.610.6 9.39.3

ServicesServices 2.82.8 2.62.6 2.62.6 3.23.2 14.314.3

AgricultureAgriculture 42.642.6 43.643.6 44.344.3 41.041.0 -3.8-3.8

Transport/ communicationTransport/ communication 0.10.1 0.10.1 0.10.1 0.10.1 0.00.0

Craft & labourCraft & labour 7.37.3 7.37.3 6.76.7 7.37.3 0.00.0

StudentStudent 6.66.6 5.85.8 5.55.5 5.25.2 -21.2-21.2

Other occupationOther occupation 0.10.1 0.10.1 0.10.1 0.10.1 0.00.0

Total (No.)Total (No.) 1602016020 1711217112 1570715707 1568515685 -2.1-2.1

Trends in occupational shift: ObservationsTrends in occupational shift: Observations Males experienced ‘job loss’ in professional (31%) and administrative/ Males experienced ‘job loss’ in professional (31%) and administrative/

clerical (34%) services, leading to a rise in proportion of men joining clerical (34%) services, leading to a rise in proportion of men joining occupations, viz., transport & communication (31%), sales (26), craft & labour occupations, viz., transport & communication (31%), sales (26), craft & labour (20%) and services (19%). (20%) and services (19%).

Men tend to dominate occupations such as agriculture (51%), craft & labour Men tend to dominate occupations such as agriculture (51%), craft & labour (14%) and sales (6%) with a non-working population close to 10%.(14%) and sales (6%) with a non-working population close to 10%.

Though women lost jobs in professional activities (20%), they have Though women lost jobs in professional activities (20%), they have increasingly replaced men in administrative/ clerical (23%) jobs. increasingly replaced men in administrative/ clerical (23%) jobs.

Majority of women work in agriculture (41%), followed by sales (10.6%), craft Majority of women work in agriculture (41%), followed by sales (10.6%), craft & labour (7.3%).& labour (7.3%).

Over quarter of the women in economically active population remain to be Over quarter of the women in economically active population remain to be ‘not working’ with increasing proportions over time. ‘not working’ with increasing proportions over time.

Contd..Contd..

Trends in occupational shift: Observations (contd..)Trends in occupational shift: Observations (contd..)

How do we account for this large (and growing) chunk of women (in How do we account for this large (and growing) chunk of women (in particular) population reporting to be ‘non-working’? particular) population reporting to be ‘non-working’?

Do they remain as ‘household management workers’? – or do they have Do they remain as ‘household management workers’? – or do they have alternative and economically productive sources of employment? alternative and economically productive sources of employment?

Could factors such as ‘old age’ or ‘lack of education’ or ‘lack of Could factors such as ‘old age’ or ‘lack of education’ or ‘lack of infrastructure/ financial support’ explain this higher out turns?infrastructure/ financial support’ explain this higher out turns?

If they remain to be ‘idle’ (doing routine household management), how best If they remain to be ‘idle’ (doing routine household management), how best to make them economically productive?- interventions for capacity buildingto make them economically productive?- interventions for capacity building

Detailed enquiries needed to explore these issues further.Detailed enquiries needed to explore these issues further.

Trends in In and Out-migration: 2-5 RoundsTrends in In and Out-migration: 2-5 RoundsInIn--migrationmigration UrbanUrban RiceRice PlantationPlantation UplandsUplands Mixed eco.Mixed eco. All strataAll strata

Round 2Round 2 8.68.6 5.75.7 8.08.0 9.49.4 7.97.9 8.18.1

Round 3Round 3 8.68.6 4.84.8 6.76.7 8.58.5 6.76.7 7.37.3

Round 4Round 4 6.76.7 5.95.9 5.65.6 7.57.5 6.26.2 6.56.5

Round 5Round 5 8.28.2 8.38.3 10.810.8 11.711.7 9.99.9 9.99.9

% % changechange -4.7-4.7 45.645.6 35.035.0 24.524.5 25.325.3 22.222.2

OutOut--migrationmigration UrbanUrban RiceRice PlantationPlantation UplandsUplands Mixed eco.Mixed eco. All strataAll strata

Round 2Round 2 10.610.6 7.87.8 9.79.7 12.412.4 8.98.9 10.210.2

Round 3Round 3 11.411.4 8.78.7 11.911.9 13.013.0 12.012.0 11.711.7

Round 4Round 4 12.912.9 9.69.6 12.812.8 15.015.0 11.411.4 12.612.6

Round 5Round 5 17.017.0 9.39.3 12.512.5 18.318.3 13.213.2 14.714.7

% % changechange 60.460.4 19.219.2 28.928.9 47.647.6 48.348.3 44.144.1

Net outNet out--migration ratemigration rate

Round 2Round 2 2.02.0 2.12.1 1.71.7 3.03.0 1.01.0 2.12.1

Round 5Round 5 8.88.8 1.01.0 1.71.7 6.66.6 3.33.3 4.84.8

Note: In and out-migration rates were calculated from the number of in-migrants or out-Note: In and out-migration rates were calculated from the number of in-migrants or out-migrants per 100 population at the time of census.migrants per 100 population at the time of census.

Trends in In and out-migration: ObservationsTrends in In and out-migration: Observations

In- migration rates have declined across strata between Rounds 2 and 4, followed by a In- migration rates have declined across strata between Rounds 2 and 4, followed by a significant rise during the latest round of census. significant rise during the latest round of census.

Between 2Between 2ndnd and 5 and 5thth rounds, all strata experienced significant rise in in-migration rates, rounds, all strata experienced significant rise in in-migration rates, with an exception in urban/ semi-urban strata.with an exception in urban/ semi-urban strata.

Though all strata experienced significant rise in out-migration rates, uplands strata Though all strata experienced significant rise in out-migration rates, uplands strata reported highest rates during all the rounds and the rice strata had the lowest rates. reported highest rates during all the rounds and the rice strata had the lowest rates.

2003 Report bring out that the country’s economic recovery might resulted in 2003 Report bring out that the country’s economic recovery might resulted in increasing out-migration rates in the study villages.increasing out-migration rates in the study villages.

Need for more micro-level analysis examining the influence of age, gender and the Need for more micro-level analysis examining the influence of age, gender and the socio-economic factors acting as intervening factors in the process of in and out-socio-economic factors acting as intervening factors in the process of in and out-migration (data on age distribution of in/out-migrants across strata is highly useful in migration (data on age distribution of in/out-migrants across strata is highly useful in this regard).this regard).

Recent study by Saifi, Rumana (2006) [PhD Thesis Mahidol Uty.], which examines the Recent study by Saifi, Rumana (2006) [PhD Thesis Mahidol Uty.], which examines the relation between migration and health, using the KDSS data, 2003.relation between migration and health, using the KDSS data, 2003.

Socio-economic status andSocio-economic status andaccess to resourcesaccess to resources

Access to agricultural land, farming operations and income Access to agricultural land, farming operations and income (Baseline survey, 2000)(Baseline survey, 2000)

Agri. Land/ farming Agri. Land/ farming activitiesactivities

Urban/ semi-Urban/ semi-urbanurban RiceRice PlantationPlantation UplandUpland

Mixed Mixed EconomyEconomy

AgriAgri. . land ownership (%)land ownership (%) 22.722.7 75.575.5 64.664.6 59.159.1 54.354.3

AvgAvg. . land owned land owned ((rairai)) 15.015.0 29.629.6 29.929.9 19.019.0 21.121.1

Rice farming (%)Rice farming (%) 19.819.8 72.772.7 10.110.1 28.928.9 13.513.5

Plantation (%)Plantation (%) 42.642.6 23.023.0 74.574.5 53.553.5 61.261.2

Gardening (%)Gardening (%) 18.118.1 1.51.5 8.28.2 9.99.9 13.613.6

VegetableVegetable (%) (%) 10.610.6 0.60.6 5.45.4 4.44.4 8.68.6

Mixed crops (%)Mixed crops (%) 6.06.0 0.60.6 0.90.9 2.32.3 1.91.9

Other (%)Other (%) 2.92.9 1.61.6 0.90.9 1.01.0 1.21.2

AvgAvg. . agri. income agri. income (baht/year)(baht/year) 6265662656 7389773897 8346783467 3512435124 8243482434

Agri. Income Agri. Income ((baht/rai/yearbaht/rai/year)) 41774177 24972497 27922792 18491849 39073907

Source of drinking waterSource of drinking water

SourceSourceRound 3 Round 3

(2002)(2002)Round 4 Round 4

(2003)(2003)Round 5 Round 5

(2004)(2004)Urban Urban

(Round 5)(Round 5)MixMix. . EcoEco

(Round 5)(Round 5)

RainwaterRainwater 60.260.2 60.960.9 59.559.5 4.14.1 53.453.4

Tap waterTap water 16.616.6 15.115.1 17.917.9 27.627.6 17.017.0

WellWell/ / pondpond 2.12.1 1.71.7 2.12.1 0.10.1 0.80.8

Underground Underground waterwater 6.46.4 5.75.7 4.84.8 9.59.5 10.910.9

Bottled waterBottled water 19.519.5 21.321.3 25.525.5 66.266.2 29.129.1

Others Others (carbonated)(carbonated) 4.14.1 5.85.8 4.14.1 4.04.0 2.52.5

Rainwater harvesting forms an important source, except urban strata- what mechanisms Rainwater harvesting forms an important source, except urban strata- what mechanisms exist for harvesting, how safe, sustainable and economic they are given the long spell of exist for harvesting, how safe, sustainable and economic they are given the long spell of summer? summer?

How cost economics work with respect to increasing rates of consumption of bottled How cost economics work with respect to increasing rates of consumption of bottled water?water?

Availability of public facilities in the study villages (%) – Baseline surveyAvailability of public facilities in the study villages (%) – Baseline survey

Public facilitiesPublic facilities UU//SEUSEU RiceRice PlantationPlantation UplandUpland MixedMixed All strataAll strata

Public telephonePublic telephone boothbooth 28.628.6 38.138.1 30.030.0 66.766.7 75.075.0 50.650.6

Working pubWorking pub. . TelephoneTelephone 14.314.3 33.333.3 30.030.0 28.628.6 55.055.0 34.834.8

Cellular phoneCellular phone 71.471.4 81.081.0 70.070.0 47.647.6 90.090.0 71.971.9

PubPub. . address systemaddress system 57.157.1 61.961.9 60.060.0 66.766.7 60.060.0 61.861.8

2-way radio2-way radio 57.157.1 66.766.7 80.080.0 76.276.2 85.085.0 75.375.3

Internet connectionInternet connection 14.314.3 9.59.5 0.00.0 4.84.8 10.010.0 6.76.7

Temple in villagesTemple in villages 0.00.0 52.452.4 15.015.0 85.785.7 40.040.0 44.944.9

Total study villagesTotal study villages 77 2121 2020 2121 2020 8989

Note:Note: Figures represent the number of villages having such facilities as a proportion to total Figures represent the number of villages having such facilities as a proportion to total study villages in each strata.study villages in each strata.

Access to healthcare facilities (Baseline surveyAccess to healthcare facilities (Baseline survey))

Health servicesHealth servicesUrban/ Urban/

S. urbanS. urban RiceRice PlantationPlantation UplandUplandMixed Mixed

EconomyEconomyAll All

stratastrata

Health centerHealth center 42.942.9 33.333.3 20.020.0 33.333.3 30.030.0 30.330.3

Primary health centerPrimary health center 57.157.1 61.961.9 65.065.0 33.333.3 55.055.0 53.953.9

Malaria centreMalaria centre 0.00.0 0.00.0 0.00.0 9.59.5 5.05.0 3.43.4

Drug fundDrug fund 28.628.6 33.333.3 40.040.0 19.019.0 35.035.0 31.531.5

Untrained midwiferyUntrained midwifery 0.00.0 9.59.5 15.015.0 52.452.4 5.05.0 19.119.1

Trained midwiferyTrained midwifery 0.00.0 9.59.5 5.05.0 19.019.0 5.05.0 9.09.0

Traditional doctorTraditional doctor 28.628.6 19.019.0 10.010.0 42.942.9 10.010.0 21.321.3

Grocery storeGrocery store 85.785.7 76.276.2 75.075.0 90.590.5 95.095.0 84.384.3

Total study villagesTotal study villages 77 2121 2020 2121 2020 8989

Note:Note: Figures represent the number of villages having such facilities as a proportion to total Figures represent the number of villages having such facilities as a proportion to total study villages in each strata.study villages in each strata.

Amount and composition of money sent outside and money received by Amount and composition of money sent outside and money received by households by status of receivers–(Baseline survey)households by status of receivers–(Baseline survey)

Status of receiversStatus of receivers UU//SEUSEU RiceRice PlantationPlantation UplandUpland MixedMixed

Outflow:Outflow: 1. Spouse 1. Spouse 31.931.9 18.118.1 56.956.9 27.427.4 35.235.2

2. Father 2. Father 4.64.6 4.14.1 5.15.1 8.88.8 5.85.8

3. Mother3. Mother 5.35.3 5.45.4 4.74.7 10.310.3 4.84.8

4. Children4. Children 44.444.4 25.225.2 18.918.9 28.828.8 30.330.3

5. Grandchildren5. Grandchildren 7.17.1 40.340.3 8.48.4 13.813.8 15.515.5

6. Brother/Sister/Cousin6. Brother/Sister/Cousin 6.66.6 6.86.8 6.06.0 10.910.9 8.48.4

Avg. money sent outAvg. money sent out 4115741157 2103021030 2476924769 1553315533 2406924069

Inflow:Inflow: 1. Spouse 1. Spouse 42.942.9 64.564.5 35.835.8 39.339.3 36.836.8

2. Father 2. Father 13.213.2 9.69.6 10.110.1 11.311.3 16.416.4

3. Mother3. Mother 11.211.2 5.25.2 6.86.8 9.89.8 9.99.9

4. Children4. Children 11.611.6 7.17.1 15.815.8 16.316.3 11.911.9

5. Grandchildren5. Grandchildren 6.36.3 3.63.6 13.513.5 6.96.9 7.97.9

6. Brother/Sister/Cousin6. Brother/Sister/Cousin 14.714.7 10.010.0 17.917.9 16.316.3 17.217.2

Avg. money receivedAvg. money received 2034720347 2923329233 1377113771 1107611076 2685526855

Ratio of outflow to inflowRatio of outflow to inflow 2.022.02 0.720.72 1.801.80 1.401.40 0.900.90

Access to and type of state support by strata (Baseline survey)Access to and type of state support by strata (Baseline survey)

Type of state supportType of state supportUrban/ Urban/ S.urbanS.urban RiceRice PlantationPlantation UplandUpland


1. Loan for job creation1. Loan for job creation 16.516.5 86.386.3 81.281.2 58.058.0 77.377.3

2. Loan for children education2. Loan for children education 2.42.4 1.11.1 2.52.5 15.415.4 5.25.2

3. Cash transfer to elderly3. Cash transfer to elderly 11.811.8 6.76.7 7.37.3 15.415.4 8.18.1

4. Social security refund4. Social security refund 2.42.4 0.50.5 00 0.70.7 0.60.6

5. Cash transfer for children5. Cash transfer for children 38.838.8 1.61.6 3.13.1 6.36.3 2.92.9

6. Cash transfer for poor6. Cash transfer for poor 24.624.6 2.22.2 4.74.7 1.41.4 4.74.7

7. Cash transfer for disabled7. Cash transfer for disabled 3.53.5 1.61.6 1.21.2 2.82.8 1.21.2

Total (No.)Total (No.) 8585 371371 258258 143143 172172

Household debt by strata (Baseline survey)Household debt by strata (Baseline survey)

With/ without debtWith/ without debtUrban/ Urban/ S.urbanS.urban RiceRice PlantationPlantation UplandUpland


1. With debt1. With debt 48.248.2 65.065.0 63.563.5 46.346.3 52.552.5

2. Without debt2. Without debt 51.851.8 3535 36.536.5 53.753.7 47.547.5

3. Total (No.)3. Total (No.) 25582558 18871887 18351835 29262926 25322532

4. Mean debt (baht)4. Mean debt (baht) 311464311464 102683102683 101142101142 101618101618 112400112400

5. Median debt (baht)5. Median debt (baht) 7000070000 4000040000 3000030000 1600016000 3000030000

Is high levels of household debt a cumulative effect of spending for childrens’ education, care for the elderly, luxurious consumption?....

How households come to terms with high levels of debt?

How effective are the state support measures (if any) in redeeming the debt levels?

Caring for the elderly: characteristics of care givers (Round 4)Caring for the elderly: characteristics of care givers (Round 4)Number of Number of cared Elderlycared Elderly

Urban/ Urban/ S.urbanS.urban RiceRice PlantationPlantation UplandsUplands

MixMixed ed EconomyEconomy All strataAll strata

1 person1 person 75.475.4 7171 77.577.5 77.677.6 73.673.6 75.075.0

2 persons2 persons 23.823.8 2727 21.721.7 21.321.3 25.425.4 23.923.9

3 persons3 persons 0.80.8 22 0.80.8 1.11.1 1.01.0 1.11.1

TotalTotal 13031303 818818 837837 964964 11841184 51065106

Females (%)Females (%) 59.359.3 62.562.5 55.755.7 54.954.9 56.156.1 57.657.6

Income below Income below 100,000 baht100,000 baht 43.743.7 41.041.0 47.947.9 40.140.1 47.647.6 44.244.2

No incomeNo income 25.325.3 45.845.8 37.237.2 38.638.6 32.632.6 34.834.8

Proportion of caregivers supporting one person is very high in all strata

Females tend to give more care for the elderly

Majority of caregivers have an annual income below 100,000 baht

Caregivers having ‘no income’ is a cause of concern

Characteristics of the elderly (Round 4)Characteristics of the elderly (Round 4)

CharacteristicsCharacteristicsUrban/ Urban/

S.urbanS.urban RiceRice PlantationPlantation UplandsUplands MixMixed ed

EconomyEconomy All strataAll strata

1. Females (%)1. Females (%) 63.163.1 60.060.0 62.162.1 59.559.5 61.361.3 61.361.3

2. Parents to 2. Parents to caregivers (%)caregivers (%) 74.474.4 72.772.7 69.069.0 69.569.5 69.169.1 71.171.1

3. Parents of 3. Parents of spousespouse 11.611.6 15.615.6 16.916.9 16.816.8 15.615.6 15.015.0

Care for the elderly: emerging area of researchCare for the elderly: emerging area of research

Increasing proportion of the elderly and old dependency ratioIncreasing proportion of the elderly and old dependency ratio

Growing economic burden on the families, society and the stateGrowing economic burden on the families, society and the state

What measures are in place to support the growing elderly? How What measures are in place to support the growing elderly? How community level institutions to be integrated with the process of elderly care?community level institutions to be integrated with the process of elderly care?

Access to and use of healthcare Access to and use of healthcare (30 baht health scheme for all) - Round 3(30 baht health scheme for all) - Round 3

Access/ useAccess/ useUrban/ Urban/

S.urbanS.urban RiceRice PlantationPlantation UplandsUplands MixMixed ed

EconomyEconomy

Received health cardReceived health card 61.461.4 79.079.0 83.783.7 72.172.1 75.575.5

Use of the ‘gold card’Use of the ‘gold card’ 31.131.1 50.150.1 47.847.8 50.350.3 45.945.9

Not using the card Not using the card due to ‘no sickness’due to ‘no sickness’ 72.972.9 87.887.8 84.084.0 89.789.7 76.576.5

Using other cardsUsing other cards 12.012.0 4.94.9 3.93.9 2.42.4 7.27.2

Despite high levels of access, usefulness of the scheme is highly Despite high levels of access, usefulness of the scheme is highly contested.. what could explain this dynamics?... contested.. what could explain this dynamics?...

Access to economic, social and financial security measuresSecurity Security measures/assetsmeasures/assets

Urban/ Urban/ S.urbanS.urban RiceRice PlantationPlantation UplandsUplands

MixMixed ed EconomyEconomy All strataAll strata

1. Own land1. Own land 38.238.2 54.754.7 50.450.4 38.138.1 46.146.1 44.644.6

2. Own house2. Own house 47.947.9 65.065.0 71.371.3 68.068.0 61.661.6 62.362.3

3. Life insurance3. Life insurance 30.430.4 28.428.4 22.522.5 8.48.4 21.721.7 21.521.5

4. Health insurance4. Health insurance 13.313.3 9.79.7 11.111.1 5.15.1 10.610.6 9.79.7

5. Savings5. Savings 51.751.7 51.751.7 31.431.4 32.732.7 36.536.5 40.640.6

6. Funeral aid6. Funeral aid 27.027.0 65.565.5 57.257.2 51.251.2 42.042.0 47.447.4

7. Co-operative 7. Co-operative sharesshares 17.117.1 25.825.8 26.226.2 17.617.6 18.518.5 19.819.8

Total (No.)Total (No.) 60856085 47464746 44884488 69976997 62366236 2855228552

Access to and control over assets like house and land is strong across strataAccess to and control over assets like house and land is strong across strata

Higher savings reported in all strata with access to life insurance scheme (uplands Higher savings reported in all strata with access to life insurance scheme (uplands being an exception) and shares in co-operativesbeing an exception) and shares in co-operatives

Households in all strata have weaker access to health insurance schemesHouseholds in all strata have weaker access to health insurance schemes

Participation in state sponsored development programmes Participation in state sponsored development programmes (one million baht village fund)- Round 4(one million baht village fund)- Round 4

Participation Urban Rice Plantation Uplands Mix.Eco Total

Participation (2002) 29.2 59.7 54.7 46.5 47.9 47.4

Number (2002) 2040 1994 1929 2575 2441 10979

Participation (2003) 30.7 63.1 61.0 45.5 51.2 49.9

Number (2003) 1957 1967 1891 2829 2501 11145

Change in Participation (%) 5.1 5.7 11.5 -2.2 6.9 5.3

Change in number of participants -4.1 -1.4 -2.0 9.9 2.5 1.5

The one million baht village and community development fund aims at providing source The one million baht village and community development fund aims at providing source of working capital for peoples business undertakings, security against disasters and of working capital for peoples business undertakings, security against disasters and thereby to strengthen the village communitiesthereby to strengthen the village communities

More analysis needed to understand the effectiveness and the diversity of activities More analysis needed to understand the effectiveness and the diversity of activities being promoted under the scheme with emphasis on gender participation into such being promoted under the scheme with emphasis on gender participation into such schemes.schemes.

THE KDSS Data: Exploring socio-economic and demographic frontiers of research P.K. Viswanathan...

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